《级新题型杨》PPT课件.ppt

强化培训- Skills,英语四级CET-4阅读冲刺,To think we are able, is almost to be so; to determine on attainment is frequently attainment itself .,强化培训- Skills,自信有能力， 几乎等于有能力； 决心要达到某种成就， 往往就能达到某种成就。,英语四级Band 4,原题型 (100分） Part I Listening comprehension (20 minutes 20% ) Part II Reading comprehension (35minutes 40%) Part III Vocabulary and Structure ( 20minutes 15%) Part IV Cloze (15minutes 10%) Part V Writing (30 minutes 15%),（96年）新增题型 Spot Dictation Compound Dictation Short Answer Translation,（05年）新题型（710分）,1. 写作15%，合106.5分 (63.9分 ) (体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。) 2. 快速阅读（fast reading）占10% 合71分，每个7.1分 , (42.6分 ) 3. 听力35%，合248.5分 (149.1分 ) 其中听力对话占15%,(短对话和长对话),合106.5分 (63.9分 ) 听力短文占10%。共177.5分, （106.5分） 复合式听写10%,合71分,前八个每个3.55分共28.4分，后三个每个14.2分，(42.6分)； 4. 阅读理解35%，合248.5分 (149.1分 ) 仔细阅读部分（careful reading）占25%,合177.5分 (35.5分 / 142分 ) 5. 综合测试15%， 第一部分为完型填空或改错,占10%.合71分,共20个每个3.55分。 第二部分为短句问答或翻译,占5%.合35.5分,共5个,每个7.1分。,四、六级口语考试,大学英语四、六级口语考试仍将与笔试分开实施，继续采用已经实施了13年的面试型的四、六级口语考试（CET-SET）。同时，考委会将积极研究开发计算机化口语测试，以推动大学英语口语教学,强化培训- Skills 目的: 了解试题的设计规律 培训应试的能力和方法 培养语感 掌握技能 注重实效,培训重点和方式,重点: 测试的命题思路 快速定位 阅读的路标 六大题型的解题思路 难点分析 方式： 单项阅读技能训练 真题讲座题8-10套,英语四级CET-4 阅读理解（B） 的 应试技能,I. 阅读简介,1. 阅读理解比例为35%， 其中仔细阅读部分（careful reading）占25%， 快速阅读（fast reading）占10%, 2. 快速阅读理解部分测试的是浏览阅读和查读能力. 10(7个选择题每个1，3个填空题也是1，单词拼写错误不给分，题号为1-10。用时15分钟) 3. 仔细阅读分为a)一篇选词填空型的阅读和b)两篇约350字的篇章阅读,每篇文章后附有五个问题，每到题的四个选项中选择一个最佳答案. 篇章阅读20+选词阅读5（传统阅读10个，一个2，选词填空10个，一个0.5。题号为36-66. 用时25分钟） 4. 四级考试的阅读侧重于速度，在规定时间40分钟内阅读同时考核阅读理解的准确性 5. 阅读文章和答题的时间的比例：1：0.75, 阅读：共40分钟，答题：30分钟,II. 文章特点：,A. 题材：议论文、说明文、记叙文、应用文，以议论文和说明文为主，议论文占80%。 B. 内容：人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等，,III. 阅读考点,考生应能读懂不同类型的文字材料（生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%，超纲词，无法猜测而又影响理解的关键词，用汉语标注词义）， 考生应能： 1 理解主旨和大意 2 理解文中的具体信息和细节 3 理解文中的概念性含义,4 进行有关的判断、推理和引申 5 根据上下文推测生词的词义 6 理解文章的总体结构以及单句之间、段落之间的逻辑关系 7 理解作者的意图、观点或态度,IV. 复习材料,真题是最好的复习材料，做到：真题中没有任何一个单词是生词；真题中没有任何一个长句是难句；真题中每个选项都知道其在原文中的相应出处。考试的阅读文章主题和结构有极强的相似性。,如何应对阅读,一、 阅读的大忌 -试图弄懂文章中的每一个词 对付生词的有效方法-合理化原则顺势阅读。 不影响理解的生词，顺势读下去， 影响理解的生词，要根据语境，推测出一个合理的含义，继续顺势读下去,二、积极的阅读,较高境界的阅读-作者的思想（而非个别单词） 注意文章的结构词，把握文章的脉络。 文章按结构分类：顺承式和转折式。 顺承结构：前后两个部分内容相近，相辅相成，连接词：similarly, first, second, because, thus 转折结构：前后两个部分内容相饭。相互对立，连接词：however, yet, but, while, nevertheless,结构词,综述-详述结构词 综述：Often, generally speaking, thus therefore 详述：For example, because. 分类-列举结构词 分类：There are two/ three types（基数词） 列举：First, second, third（序数词） 对比-比较结构词 对比：Similarly（顺承） 比较：However, but（转折）,四、阅读的误区,1 . 阅读图快，做题靠印象或直觉。不能准确理解文章的问题，一目十行后，大脑一片空白，根本不知文章所云。 2. 先读文章，后做题目，把大量的时间花在了读文章上，而留给题目的时间很少 3 .不知如何做记号（应标记那些标识性、指示性信息，比如时间，地点，人名，国名等，和显示文章结构的信息，比如中心句，核心概念以及although, furthermore等词）,五、 阅读顺序 -先读文章？还是先读题？,仁者见仁，智者见智，多种方法。 传统三部曲： 第一步：读文章 第二步：做题目 第三步：由拿不准的再回头读文章 先浏览题：记住大致的考点，再读文章，划下重点位置，最后做题， 一气呵成。 直接从问题入手：边读题边到前面的文章寻找答案。 不读文章，只做题目：（狗急跳墙的时候）,六、不良的阅读习惯,指读：限制了眼睛的“扫瞄”的速度。 头读：颈部容易疲劳，限制了阅读的速度 声读：进行“默读”的训练，学会直接将字符化成意思的技能 回读：一遇到生词或短语，就返回句首或段首重读 译读： 不断地将单词、短语、句子译成母语来达到理解,七、培养正确的阅读技巧,1 充分利用标点符号 2 长难句解析方法和基本语法结构：形式宾语或主语，强调结构，非限定性定语从句，同位语从句，倒装结构，虚拟语气，省略等 3 类比关系: 把类比看作特殊的例证；识别一下，作者把什么比喻成什么,八、阅读的路标（快速定位） -阅读的十大命题原则,英语四、六级阅读，依据一定的命题原则进行题目设计。这种规律总结成以下十条原则，即十大考试要点： (一)列举处常考 列举：First,Second,Third,逐条列出 并列：A,B,C 逐项列出 列出三点或三点以上的条目。该题型是细节性问题。主要有两种：Which 题型和 Except 题型,(一)列举处常考,Which 题型： 从并列的选项中选一项作为答案，排除与题目无关的选项。 Except 题型：通过核对文章内容，排除符合文章内容的选项，而留下“不”符合文章内容“错误”选项作为答案，通常称为“三缺一”题型,But privacy does matter- at least sometimes. Its like health: When you have it , you dont notice it . Only when its gone do you wish you d done more to protect it. 66.According to the passage, privacy is like health in that_. A) people will make every effort to keep it B) its importance is rarely understood C) it is something that can easily be lost D) people dont cherish it until they lose it,2008年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,(二)转折处与强对比处常考,转折处常常是语义的重点，命题常常要涉及，转折一般通过 however, but , yet, in fact 等词引导。 强对比常由 unlike, until, however, but 等词引导。命题模式如下： 说A具有X属性，B与A不同。问题是B有何属性？答案为非X属性。,When submerged, theyre also able to emit signals from depths of 20,000 ft. Experts believe the boxes from Air France Flight 447. which crashed near Brazil on June 1,2009, are in water nearly that deep but statistics say theyre still likely to turn up. In the approximately 20 deep-sea crashes over the past 30 years, only one planes black boxes were never recovered. 61. What do we know about the black boxes from Air France Flight 447？ There is still a good chance of their being recovered. There is an urgent need for them to be restructured. They have stopped sending homing signals. They were destroyed somewhere near Brazil.,2010年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,(三)例子常考,由as, such as, for example, for instance等引导的短语或句子为举例句。一般是与文章的中心或段中心紧密相关的。 常考“推断型问题”和“细节型问题”. 大多数这类问题的解都符合“中心是解”的解题思路.,The studys authors, Joanne Wood and John Lee of the University of waterloo and Elaine Perunovic of the University of New Brunswick, begin by citing older research showing that when people get feedback which they believe is overly positive, they actually feel worse, not better. If you tell your dim friend that he has the potential of an Einstein, youre just underlining his faults 64. what does the author mean by “ youre just underlining his faults” (Line 4,Para 3） A) You are not taking his mistakes seriously enough. B) You are pointing out the errors he has committed. C) You are emphasizing the fact the he is not intelligent . D) You are trying to make him feel better about his faults.,2010年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,(四)数字与年代常考,文中的数字、年代、日期等常常是命题点。 考察学生 对数字的理解能力。一般有如下5种考察方法： 1.运算型：四则运算求解。(多为加减）注意原始数据不是解 2.多个选一个题型：文中出现多个时间或数字，对应不同的事物，问题只考其中一点。对号入座 3.区域型：文中时间后数字为-区域、范围，求最高、最低或其中一点。 4.世纪型：已知某一年分，求其为哪个世纪。已知1906，问是19世纪还是20世纪，（易做错） 5.不规则型：未出现数字，只有数字概念，求其数量（稍难，推断）如：一个圆被相交直线分割几部分,Today foreign students earn 30 percent of the doctoral degrees awarded in the United States and 38 percent of those in the United Kingdom. And the number crossing borders for undergraduate study is growing as well, to 8 percent of the undergraduates at Americas best institutions and 10 percent of all undergraduates in the U.K. In the United States, 20 percent of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born, and in China 3. In the United States, how many of the newly hired professors in science and engineering are foreign-born? A) 10 % B) 20 % C) 30% D) 38%,2007年12月四级真题（快速阅读）,(五)最高级与绝对性词汇常考,文中 若出现 Most, all, only, anyone, always, never等绝对性词汇； 或First, most beautiful等最高级词汇往往是考试要点。 一般出“细节型问题”。 因为他们的共同特点是概念绝对, 答案唯一，无论命题还是答题，不会产生岐义和疑问。 因此很容易命题，答案绝对正确。,相对性的词汇,相反，如果文中出现相对性的词汇，就很难有唯一的答案了。 Some of the people chose red hats, some chose green hats, and others blue ones. 问题：What color hats did some people choose? some是相对性的词汇，就没有唯一的答案了。 答案可能为 red, green或 blue。就给评卷造成了困难。,(六)专有名词常考,人名、地名、或其他的专有名词。 阅读之前，先扫视一下文章后的题。 如有专有名词，划下来。 这样在阅读时才能有的放失。,(七)隐蔽处常考,作者观点的提出，具有一定的隐蔽性，并且选项的迷惑性比较大。 隐蔽处顾名思义，即指句子中隐蔽之处、容易忽视之处，包括： 同位语 插入语 定语 长句后半句 从句 副词 不定式,（八）因果句常考,因果的连词：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, consequently 等 因果的动词： cause, result in, originate from 因果的名词： base, basis, result, consequence 通过命题考查文中两个事件内在的因果关系。一般为 “推断性问题”,In 1958，Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first model for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane - the area least subject to impact - from it original position in the landing wells(起落架舱). That same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. 59. Why was the black box redesigned in 1965? A) New materials became available by that time. B) Too much space was needed for its installation. C) The early models often got damaged in the crash. D) The early models didnt provide the needed data.,2010年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,In 1958，Australian scientist David Warren developed a flight-memory recorder that would track basic information like altitude and direction. That was the first model for a black box, which became a requirement on all U.S. commercial flights by 1960. early models often failed to withstand crashes, however, so in 1965 the device was completely redesigned and moved to the rear of the plane - the area least subject to impact - from it original position in the landing wells(起落架舱). That same year, the Federal Aviation Authority required that the boxes which were never actually black, be painted orange or yellow to aid visibility. 60. Why did the Federal Aviation Authority require the black box be painted orange or yellow? A) To distinguish them from the color of the plane. B) To caution people to handle them with care. C) To make them easily identifiable. D) To conform to international standards.,2010年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,(九)段落句常考,文中首段第一句(段首句)和末段最后一句(文尾句)都是十分重要的。 往往是文章作者表达中心思想,进行总结综述的地方. 因此常出 “主题性问题”、“细节性问题”和“结构性问题”。,The paper provides support for newer forms of psychotherapy(心理疗法) that urge people to accept their negative thought and feelings rather that fight them. In the fighting ,we not only often fail but can make things worse, Meditation (静思) techniques, in contrast, can teach people to put their shortcomings into a larger, more realistic perspective. Call it the power of negative thinking. 66. What do we learn from the last paragraph? A) The effects of positive thinking vary from person to person. B) Meditation may prove to be a good form of psychotherapy. C) Different people tend to have different ways of thinking. D) People can avoid making mistakes through meditation.,2010年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,(十)特殊标点常考,有一些特殊标点的含义也属于考查范围： 破折号：表示解释，考细节性问题； 括号：表示解释，考细节性问题； 冒号：表示解释，考细节性问题； 引号：表示引用，考细节性问题。,“路标”小结,综上所述，利用上面所介绍的考题点，作为“路标”，迅速地指引我们找到正确答案。 同时作为命题规律，检验所选答案的正确性。 做题快的本质原因在于对考点非常敏感，见到“路标”就能预见考题，未见考题，已知答案。,九、常规命题思路,中心+细节=文章 文章中心常考：主题句（首句或篇中）一篇文章也可以没有明确的主题句。 段中心常考：段落的（首句或末句）也可以没有明显的中心句，需要自己概括出来。 细节题的实质： 针对某一个局部命题，将文章中的一句话拿出来单考。,九、常规命题思路,指代（信息传递）常考：文章中的指代常作为考查的内容。命题模式： B指代A, B具有X特点，结论为A具有X特点。有时只是简单地提问指代关系。 倒着考：将文章中的某句话倒过来考一遍。命题模式：文章中A导致B；问题：有B这一结果，为何？答案：因为A。 反着考：将文章中的某句话反过来考一遍。命题模式： 文章中A具有X属性，B与A不同；问题：B有何属性？答案： 非X属性。,十、六大题型及解题思路,1 主旨题 （5%） 2 细节事实题 （48%） 3 推理题/ 判断题（36%） 4 作者态度题（6%） 5 词汇题（4%） 6 句子理解题（1%）,1 主旨题,主题性问题-文章的中心思想。命题形式有以下3种： Main Idea类型: 典型问题形式：What is the main idea /point of this passage? 选项为陈述句。选择表达作者思想、观点的句子 Main Topic类型： 典型问题形式： What is the main topic of this passage? 选项为名词或名词词组。指出文章的Topic（论题），或Subject（主题）或Title（标题）,Purpose类型： 典型问题形式： what is the authors main purpose in the passage? 选项为动宾结构。 找出主要的写作目的。 对策：有超过一半的文章中心在文章的首句和末句。 从解的特征来看，一般符合“概括性的是解”的思路,1 主旨题,Global warming may or may not be the great environmental crisis of the 21st century, but - regardless of whether it is or isnt - we wont do much about it. We argue over it and may even, as a nation, make some fairly solemn-sounding commitments to avoid it. But the more dramatic and meaningful these commitments seem, the less likely they are to be observed. 57. What is said about global warming in the first paragraph? A) It may not prove an environmental crisis at all. B) It is an issue requiring worldwide commitment. C) Serious steps have been taken to avoid or stop it. D) Very little will be done to bring it under control.,2008年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,2. 细节事实题,细节题为阅读考题的基本问题，比重大。此类考题十分简单，因此是我们拿分的部分，有必要争取全部答对。 细节题绝大部分体现为“中心思想是解”思路。 According 题型： 此题型为最基本题型 由According to the passage 或 The passage states that引导，考查对文章中 Factual （事实）内容的掌握，如时间、地点、事件等细节问题。 对策：利用题目中关键词寻找文中对应词，在对应词周围查找答案,Usually, the lives of black women go largely unexamined. The prevailing theory seems to be that were all hot-tempered single mothers who cant keep a man. Even in the world of make-believe, black women still cant escape the stereotype of being eye-rolling, oversexed females raised by our never-married, alcoholic (酗酒的) mothers. 58. What is the common stereotype of African-American women according to the author? A) They are victims of violence. B) They are of an inferior social group. C) They use quite a lot of body language. D) They live on charity and social welfare.,2009年12月四级真题（传统阅读）,2.细节事实题,数字题型：此题型为比较基本题型 考察学生 对数字的理解能力。一般有5种考察方法。见(四)数字与年代常考 Except 题型： 该题型俗称“三缺一”题型，即四个选项中有三个符合文章内容，剩下一个不符合，题目便是要求选出这个不符合文章内容的选项。 例如：All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning handedness Except.,2. 细节事实题,这种题型有两种考法： 一种是考并列、列举句：只考一个句子，考局部。 三个选项中的每一个都是文章中并列或列举句中出现的。 利用这一特点，读文章时多留心，看到并列、列举句可预想有可能被考到。 发现题目是“三缺一”题型，则应到并列、列举处找答案。 另一种是篇章性的考法：三个干扰项在文章中不同部分出现，难度很大。这种题目难度大于TOEFL, 接近GRE,3 推理题/ 判断题,典型提问方式：It can be inferred from the passage that _. 推断性问题考查根据已知内容推断引申含义的能力。命题形式包括以下五个动词：infer, imply, suggest, conclude 和 mean. 推断性问题要求根据文章中的关键词、短语、结构等进行推断，或要求通过阅读某段或几段内容，推断出一个结论，类似于主题性问题。 学会找同义转换是非常重要的应试技能。 注意防止不依据关键词而凭空进行推断，这是许多考生存在的一个通病。,Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性)of conflict. 57. What can we learn from some recent studies? A) Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable. B) Students of different races are prejudiced against each other. C) Interracial lodging does more harm than good. D) Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.,2011年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye the only black student on his freshman year floor -said that “if youre surrounded by whites, you have something to prove.“ 58. What does Sam Boakyes remark mean? A) White students tend to look down upon their black peers. B) Black students can compete with their white peers academically. C) Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year. D) Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.,2011年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,4 作者态度题,态度性问题考查是否了解作者对事物所持观点或态度。命题形式为：The attitude of the author towards something is one of ? 态度性问题的选项一般分为以下3种： 褒义词：Positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring; 中义词：Indifferent, impassive, uninterested, neutral, humor, tolerant, 贬义词：disgust, critical, negative, disappointment， disinterested, disinterest,4 作者态度题,策略： 遇到这样的词，要用笔画下来，以免以后不好找。 根据文中有典型褒贬含义的词汇判断。 当题目要求找出作者对某人的态度时， 答案多为褒义词，其他词类可能性较小。,2011年6月四级真题（传统阅读）,Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained. 61. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging? A) It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study. B) Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging. C) Students racial background should be considered before lodging is assigned. D) Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.,5 词汇题,根据上下文判断大纲词汇表以外某些词汇和短语的意思，主要考查两种情况： 1）熟词僻义或具体词义在特定语言环境的场合用法。常规含义不是解。 2）超出词汇表的生词含义的推断. 主要策略: 心里一定要清楚，只有根据上下文来判断该词真正具有合理性的词义，才是你唯一的出路。,It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations. 57. By “a one-way street” (Line 1, Para. 1), the author means _. A university researchers know little about the commercial world B there is little exchange between industry and academia C few industrial scientists would quit to work in a university D few university professors are willing to do industrial research,2010年12月四级真题（传统阅读）,It is pretty much a one-way street. While it may be common for university researchers to try their luck in the commercial world, there is very little traffic in the opposite direction. Pay has always been the biggest deterrent, as people with families often feel they cannot afford the drop in salary when moving to a university job. For some industrial scientists, however, the attractions of academia (学术界) outweigh any financial considerations. 58. The word “deterrent” (Line 2, Para. 1) most probably refers to something that _. A keeps someone from taking action B helps to move the traffic C attracts peoples attention D brings someone a financial burden,2010年12月四级真题（传统阅读）,At Yorkshire Pudding, Hill says that his staff asks diners whether they would like to share their meals. Small dishes, shared meals and “mixing it up“ is not something commonly done in Britain, but Yorkshire Pudding will bring full dishes to the table and offer individual plates for each diner. “That way, people still get the presentation of the dishes as they were designed, but can carve them up however they like,“ Hill says. 10. Yorkshire Pudding is a restaurant which will bring full dishes to the table but offer plates to those diners who would like to _.,2011年6月四级真题,Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning),(Fast Reading),(Para1) After determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisements. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail. 10. This passage discusses how advertisers select _ for advertisements.,(Fast Reading),2008年6月四级真题,In families with two working parents, fathers may have more impact on a childs language development than mothers, a new study suggests. Researchers 47 92 families form 11 child care centers before their children were a year old, interviewing each to establish income, level of education and child care arrangements. Overall, it was a group of well-class families, with married parents both living in the home. When the children were 2, researchers videotaped them