英译汉翻译方法.ppt

英译汉常用方法和技巧,方法和技巧（一）,词义的选择 词义的引申 词义的褒贬 词类转译法 增词法 重复法 省略法 正、反表达法,词义的选择,根据词在句中的词类选择确定词义 根据词在句中的搭配选择确定词义 根据上下文联系选择确定词义,I record all my thoughts in a notebook. 我在笔记本上记下我所有的想法。 Ill bring you some records next time. 下次我给你带一些唱片来。,a good Christian good gold good match good eggs good land good look good excuse,Tension is building up. (1) 形势紧张起来。 (2) 张力在增大。 (3) 电压在增加。 (4) 压力在增强。 (5) 血压在增高。,help,He helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms. 他帮助打扫了候车室。 The government needs to help the needy. 政府要救济穷人。 Trade helps the development of industry. 贸易促进工业的发展。 I couldnt help crying. 我忍不住哭了。 This organization may be able to help you with such information. 这个组织也许能为你提供这类信息。 Maybe it would help if you took some adult education courses. 你要是学点成人教育课程也许会有好处。 This room is so depressing I suppose new curtains would help. 这房间让人觉得压抑我想换上新窗帘会觉得好些。 Humor often helps a tense situation. 幽默常能缓和紧张局面。,story,(1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. (2) It is quite another story now. (3) Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4) The girls story is one of the saddest. (5) A young man came to Scottis office with a story. (6) , but officials refused to confirm the story. (7) The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American TV.,Home: Ill see her home tonight. Hes at home with the classics. New homes are for sale. Shes at home where she is. Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply. Much is produced here for home market. He looks on London as his home.,kill He killed the man. They killed the proposal. Please kill the engine. She kills her child with kindness. He took a snack to kill his hunger. He killed time every day at the park. The news killed their hope. He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.,Rain R is roaring thunder A is amazing lightening I is incredible downpour N is nothing to do. 雨 雨是咆哮的雷鸣 雨是骇人的闪电 雨是难以置信的大雨倾盆 雨意味着百无聊赖。,词义的引申 Semantic extensions of concepts,The words do not have meanings; people have meanings for words. （一）通过抽象化加以引申 （二）通过具体化加以引申 （三）专有名词普通化引申,通过抽象化加以引申,They have their smiles and tears. 他们有自己的欢乐与悲哀。 We insist that international trade should not be a one-way street. 我们坚持主张国际贸易不应是有来无往。 I have no head for mathematics. 我没有数学方面的天赋。 He managed to make a living with his pen 他靠写作维持了生计。 The pen is mightier than the sword 笔诛胜于剑伐。,Instead，an assassins bullet erased in the minds of Americans any faults he had 事实正好相反，一个刺客的暗杀行径反而使美国人忘却了他所有的毛病。 The engine has given a constantly good performance 这台发动机性能一直良好。 Thats a long storyYou are getting me into deep waterPhil 说来话长啊，你问到我难以启齿的话题了，菲儿。 Arabs rub shoulders with the Jews and have been doing so since the earliest settlement of this territory 阿拉伯人与犹太人比邻而居，而且有人在此地定居以来一直如此。,通过具体化加以引申,The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green. 我前面的车停住了，我错过了绿灯。 Perhaps the only trouble with copper is that it is not hard enough for some uses. 就某些用途来说，铜的唯一缺点也许是硬度不够。 Dobbin had been in the coffee room for an hour or more. He had tried all the papers but could not read them 杜宾在咖啡室少说也待了一个钟头。他翻遍了所有的报纸，可什么也没看进去。,The first step might be to bring about an efficacious UN presence in the area 第一步也许应该在该地区设立联合国有效的办事机构。 Even when we reduce salt to a fine powder，it still tastes salty 盐捣成粉末仍是咸的。 At 22，he had first learned what it is to a Negro 22岁那年，他第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。(或“了解了黑人的境遇”),专有名词普通化引申,I want to be TVs Czar of script and grammar 我真想成为电视这一行的霸主，所有节目我说了算。 Churchill，a bent Pickwick in blue uniform，looked up at him with majestic good humor 邱吉尔身着蓝装，背有点驼，俨然一个好老头，抬头望着他(罗斯福)，显得庄重而又亲切， This summer vacation，I had a quixotic adventure on the railroad trip 今年暑假我乘火车旅行，有一次匡扶正义，保护弱小之举。,词义的褒贬Commendatory and derogatory words:,Many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。 Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work. 他虽然很年轻，但是在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。 They incited him to go into further investigation 他们鼓励他做进一步的调查。 The plotters incited the soldiers to rise against their officers. 阴谋家煽动士兵们造军官的反。 The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。 An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。,词类转译法conversion,转译成动词 （名-动、介-动、形-动、副-动） 转译成名词 转译成形容词 其他词类转译,转译成动词,1、名词转译成动词 1）由动词派生的名词转译成动词。 In China, there is a lot of emphasis on politeness. 在中国，人们非常注重讲礼貌。 The operation of a machine needs some knowledge of its performance. 操作机器需要懂得机器的一些性能。,2）含有动作意味的名词往往可以转译成动词。 The appearance of the book on the market caused a sensation. 这本书一上市就引起了轰动。 A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial. 从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念馆的全景。 A careful study of the original text will give you a better translation. 仔细研究原文，你会翻译得更好。 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的轰鸣声，我特别神往。,3）英语中有些加后缀-er的名词。 He is a good singer.他唱歌唱得好。 He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. 他不抽烟，但他的父亲却是烟鬼。 He was a regular visitor.（名词） 他以前经常来。（动词） Those small factories are also lavish consumer and waster of raw materials. 那些小工厂也在极大的消耗和浪费原材料。,4）作为习语主体的名词往往可以转译成动词。 They took a final look at the tower, still intact in the darkness. 他们最后看了塔一眼-它依旧安然无恙地耸立在黑暗中。 The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no mention of the demonstration. 下一个新闻节目比通常短，没有提到游行。 Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children. 孩子们过多地看电视会大大地损坏视力。 You must be tired. Why dont you take a rest? 你一定很累了，为什么不休息一会呢?,Practice,1. Unfortunately, he was also a bit bossy, and he wasnt a very good listener. 2. Talking with his son, the old man was the forgiver of the young mans past wrong doings. 3. A successful scientist must be a good observer. 4. In some cases, deserts are the creation of destruction of virgin forest.,2、英语前置词转换成汉语动词 go by bike 骑自行车去 a present for Mary （送）给玛丽的礼物 a letter written in English 一封用英语写的信 This computer is of high sensibility. 这台计算机具有很高的灵敏度。 The shaft turns about its axis. 轴围绕它的轴心转动。 I shall be with you in a few minutes. 我一会儿就来陪你。 Colonel House was between the sheets by twelve. 12点的时候，豪斯上校已经睡在被窝里了。,The police are after you. 警察正在追捕你。 They went out after new mineral resources. 他们外出寻找新的矿源。 Jim was named after his father. 吉姆的名字是以他父亲的名字而命名的。 He is a man after my own heart. 他是一个合我心意的人。 “Coming!“ Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda and onto the porch. “来啦！” 她蹦蹦跳跳地穿过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，经过走廊，进了门廊。,Practice,1. The road to development is long but we are firmly on it. 2. It is our goal that the people in the undeveloped areas will be finally off poverty. 3.The company has advertised in the newspaper for electronic experts. 4. The teacher entered into the classroom，book in hand. 5. Ivy Baker Priest, the treasurer of the United States, is from a poor miner family. 6. Your behavior was against the rules of the hospital.,3、形容词转译成动词 If we were ignorant of the structure of the atom, it would be impossible for us to study nuclear physics. 如果我们不知道原子的结构，我们就不可能研究核子物理学。 The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious. 她能够给我带个信儿这件事就是个暗示。但是我必须小心谨慎。 They are quite content with the data obtained from the experiment. 他们对于实验中获得的数据非常满意。 Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. 科学家们都深信，所有的物质都是不灭的。 Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea or who might even be smarter than you are. 不要恐惧那些想法可能比你高明，或者头脑可能比你更聪明的人。,4、副词转译成动词 She opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。 After careful investigation they found the design behind. 经过仔细研究之后，他们发现这个设计落后了。 What film will be on this evening? 今晚放映什么影片？ In those years the republicans were in. 那些年是共和党执政。 Double windows are fixed to keep the cold out. 双层窗是用来御寒的。,转译成名词,1、名词派生的动词 To them, he personified the absolute power. 在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。 The development of scientific research in China is characterized by the integration of theory with practice. 中国科学研究发展的特点是理论联系实际。 2、有些英语被动式句子中的动词，可以译成“受(遭)到+名词”、“予(加)以+名词”这类结构。 He was treated very shabbily by the press during this period. 在这期间，他受到了新闻界极不公正的对待。 Satellites, however, must be closely watched, for they are constantly being tugged at by the gravitational attraction of the sun, moon and earth. 由于经常受到太阳、月亮和地球引力的影响，人们必须密切观察卫星活动。,Practice,1.The book did not impress me at all. 2. Harry aims to become a computer expert. 3. Your work is characterized by lack of attention to detail. 4. The machine weighs about five hundred kilograms. 5. The youths always dream fondly of their future. 6. When light falls on certain things, it bounces back, which we say the light is reflected.,3、形容词转译成名词 英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。 They did their best to help the sick and the wounded. 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 Both compounds are acids, the former is strong and the latter is weak. 两种化合物都是酸。前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。 有时候根据情况，可以灵活处理，把有些形容词转换成名词来翻译。 He was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 他有口才、有风度，但性格软弱。 His whole family were religious. 他全家都是教徒。 Obedience is obligatory on a soldier. 服从命令是军人的天职。 They were considered insincere. 他们被认为是伪君子。,转译成形容词,1)名词转译： The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她当时的情绪。 He talked for some time with Bundy, and his questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他同邦迪谈了一会儿，他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。 I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries. 我认识到,通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的.,2)名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词： He is a stranger to the operation of the electronic computer. 他对电子计算机的操作是陌生的。 The blockade was a success. 封锁是成功的。 3) 副词： 由于动词变为名词，原来修饰动词的副词相应地变为形容词： In engineering, it is of great importance to state the laws and principles accurately. 工程学方面，对定律和原理的正确叙述是非常重要的。 The wide application of electronic computers affects tremendously the development of science and technology. 电子计算机的广泛应用，对科学技术的发展有极大的影响。,其他词类转译,1) adj. & adv. He was in a clear minority. 他显然属于少数。 He didnt succeed in ringing her up, for he dialed the wrong number. 他没有给她打通电话,因为他拨错了号码. Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能确切地把这句话译出来吗?,2) n. & adv. 名词转译为副词： When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。 He had the kindness to show me the way. 他好意地给我指路。 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长彬彬有礼地走访了城市贫民，获得了他们的一些好感。 副词转译为名词： He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他身体虽弱，但思想健康。 He had the honor to attend the conference. 他荣幸地出席了这次会议.,增译法Amplification,（1）Mary washes before meals （2）Mary washes before going to bed （3）Mary washes after getting up. （4）Mary washes for a living （5）Mary washes in a restaurant 玛丽饭前洗手。 玛丽睡前洗脚。 玛丽起床后洗脸。 玛丽靠洗衣度日。 玛丽在饭店洗碗。,根据意义上或修辞上的需要,1. 增加动词 2. 增加形容词 3. 增添必要的连接成分 4. 增加名词 5. 增加表示名词复数的词 6. 增加表示时态的词 7. 增加语气助词 8. 增加量词 9. 增加概括词 10重复性增词,增加动词,1) Matter can be changed into energy, and energy into matter. 物质可以转化为能量，能量也可以转化为物质。 2) In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu . 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演以后，他还得起草最后公报。 3）There were no speeches, no foreign diplomats，no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and banquets of flowers。 没有发表讲话，没有各国外交官到场，也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束欢迎的热闹场面。,4) Air pressure decreases with altitude. 气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。 5) They build roads, houses, bridges, ships, pipelines, and canals. 他们修路、盖房、架桥、造船、铺管道、挖运河。 6）Rostow was about to become，for lack of anyone or anything better，a very influential intellectualthe very wrong man at the wrong place with the wrong idea。 因为找不到比他更合适的人，也没有更好的办法，于是，罗斯托就要成为一个很有影响的知识分子，这真是在错误的地方任用错误的人去实行他的错误主张。,增加形容词,1）With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism。 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊！ 2）The plane twisted under me，trailing flame and smoke。 （敌人的）飞机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。,增添必要的连接成分,1) Heated, water will change into vapor. 水如受热，就会汽化。 2) Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it. 因为空气具有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。 3）In the films of those days，all too often it was the same one：boy tractor driver meets girls tractor driver；they fall in love and drive tractor together。 那时的电影情节总是老一套：男拖拉机手和女拖拉机手先是相遇，然后相爱，最后就肩并肩开拖拉机了。,增加名词,在不及物动词后面增加名词 ： 1）Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute pneumonia。 玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎去世后，靠洗衣维持生活。 2）Day after day he came to his worksweeping，scrubbing，cleaning。 他日复一日地干着这些活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 3）First you borrow，then you beg。 头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭。,在形容词前增加名词 ： 1）This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine。 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 2）A new kind of aircraftsmall，cheap，pilotlessis attracting increasing attention。 一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大，价钱便宜，无人驾驶。 3）These early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient. 早期的汽车速度缓慢，行动笨拙，效率不高。,1）After all preparations were made ，the planes were flown across the United States to San Francisco. 一切准备工作就绪以后，飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。 2) In the summer of 1969, the Administration urged an easing of tensions with China. 一九六九年夏天，当局极力主张缓和与中国的紧张关系。 3) Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty. 氧化作用会使钢铁生锈。 4) Recourse to arms is not the best solution to a quarrel between countries. 国与国之间的争端诉诸武力，并不是最好的解决方法。,在抽象名词后增加名词,persuasion 说服工作 backwardness 落后状态 tension 紧张状况 arrogance 自满情绪 madness 疯狂行为 antagonism 敌对态度,1）Tess is queer. 苔丝脾气古怪。 2）He felt the patriot rise within his breast。 他感到一种爱国热情在胸中激荡。 3）He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge，and declared his own son guilty。 他作为法官的责任感战胜父子私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,在具体名词后增加名词：,增加表示名词复数的词,增加重叠词表示复数： 1）Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 2) Newsmen went flying off to Mexico. 记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。 3) There were rows of houses which he had never seen before. 一排排的房子都是他从来没有见过的。 4）Fogs hide the mountain peaks. 云雾遮蔽了重重峰峦。 5）I saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我看到一个个气泡从水底升起。 6) He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。,增加数词或其它词表示复数 ： 1) The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王。 2）The very earth trembled as with the tramps of horses and murmur of angry men. 连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。 3) Most were absorbed into the Russian empire through colonial expansion under the Tsars. 大部分是在历代沙皇统治下，通过殖民扩张而并入俄罗斯帝国的。,增加表示时态的词,对某种时间概念作强调时，往往要加一些词。 1）Britains railway system is being improved. 英国的铁路系统正日益完善。 2）The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. 老头儿教会了孩子捕鱼， 所以孩子很爱他。 强调时间上的对比时，往往需要加一些词。 1 ) I had never thought I would be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was. 以往我从未想过，当我发觉人们认为我无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确实如此。 2 ) The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird。 这种高空飞机过去是现在仍是一种了不起的飞机。,增加语气助词,1）Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。 2) As for me, I didnt agree from the very beginning. 我呀，从一开始就不赞成。 3) They (the eyes) were the same color as the sea. 那双眼啊，像海水一样的颜色。 4) It is entirely possible that things are being done for my release right now and that it takes time to do this. 眼下完全有可能想办法使我获释，只不过需要时间而已。,增加量词,a bike 一辆自行车 a typewriter 一台打字机 a mouth 一张嘴 a full moon 一轮满月 a bad dream 一场恶梦,1）A red sun rose slowly from the calm lake。 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。 2）Into the dim clouds was swimming a crescent moon。 一钩新月渐渐隐没在朦胧的云彩里去了。 3）A stream was winding its way through the valley into the river。 一条小溪蜿蜒流过山谷，汇到河里去了。 4）I could see every pebble on the path, and every blade of grass, by that splendid moon. 借着明亮的月光我能够看清楚小路上的每一颗鹅卵石和每一片草叶。,英语中有些动词或动作名词，译成汉语动词时常需增加一些表示行为、动作量的动量词。 have a rest 休息一下 make a stop 停一下 Once, they have a quarrel。 有一次，他们争吵了一番。 Herb gave her a sly look。 赫伯狡猾地看了他一眼。,增加概括词,You and I 你我俩人 The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France 苏、美、英、法四国 militarily, politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面 1) The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages. 美日双方在完全保密的情况下互相交换了信件。 2）The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artificial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。,重复性增词,1) Avoid using this computer in extreme cold, heat, dust or humidity. 不要在过冷、过热、灰尘过重、湿度过大的情况下使用此电脑。 2) I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. 我曾经遇到的情况要么氧气设备出故障，要么引擎出故障，或两者都出故障。 3）Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration. 无知是恐惧的根源，也是钦佩的根源。,重译法(repetition),重复法实际上是一种特殊的增词法，虽然翻译和写作一样，应力求简洁。但有时为了明确、强调或生动的需要，翻译时往往要重复一些重要的词语。 为了语义明确的目的而重复 为了强调而重复 为了使译文生动而重复,为了语义明确的目的而重复,1重复名词 The spokesman said that safety and sanitary regulations in the Department of State would be revised soon. 发言人称国务院的安全规则和卫生规则很快会得到修订。 He became an oil baronall by himself. 他成为一个石油大王一个白手起家的石油大王。 A foreign language learner will get more knowledge from practice than from books. 学习外语的人从实践中学到的知识比从书本上学到的知识要多。,2重复动词 The primary aim of science is to find truth, new truth. 科学的基本目标就是寻求真理，寻求新的真理。 Some motions appear to be very simple; others very complicated. 有些运动显得很简单，而另一些运动显得很复杂。 We talked of ourselves, of our prospects, of the journey, of the weather, of each other. 我们谈到自己，谈到前途，谈到旅程，谈到天气，谈到彼此的情况。 We should think more of others than of ourselves. 我们应该多为别人着想，少为自己着想。 Bombing foreign embassy is a clear violation of international lawin particular of the Geneva Conventions. 轰炸外国大使馆显然违反了国际法，尤其是违反了日内瓦公约。,3、重复代词,If you need any more money, you must get some out of the bank; there is hardly any in the house. 如果你还需要钱，你就得到银行去取，家里已几乎没有钱了。 The properties of alloys are much better than those of simple metals. 合金的特性比纯金属的特性好得多。 Happy families also had their own troubles. 幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的难处。 Each country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。,After high school some of my classmates entered colleges and others went to work. 高中毕业后，我的同学上大学的上大学，上班的上班了。 Some were playing soccer and others were playing volleyball. 有的人在踢足球，有的人在打排球。 Daylight comes from the sun, which is a mass of hot glowing gas. 日光来自太阳，太阳是一团炽热、发光的气体。 We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa. 我们提倡和平共处的原则，这个原则目前在亚非各国越来越得人心了。 You may ask whoever is willing to help you. Dont come to me. 只要有人愿意帮你，你爱找谁找谁去，就是别找我。,4、形容词的重复,He was pr