新世纪实用英语写作Cha.pptVIP

ENGLISH ACADEMIC WRITING,Chapter 6,6.1 Scientific Research Papers 6.2 Writing an Abstract 6.3 Summary 6.4 Academic Presentation 6.5 Documentation Style,English Academic Writing,6.1 Scientific Research Papers,To know Definition Characteristics Writing Requirements,To do Preparation Writing,Writing for Academic Purposes,An acceptable primary scientific publication must be the first disclosure containing sufficient information to enable peers to assess observations, to repeat experiments, and to evaluate intellectual processes; Moreover, it must be susceptible to sensory perception, essentially permanent, available to the scientific community without restriction, and available for regular screening by one or more of the major recognized secondary services (e.g.Biological Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Index Medicus, Excerpta Medica, Bibliography of Agriculture, etc., in the United States and similar services in other countries).,Definition of a Scientific Research Paper,美国生物学编辑委员会 (The Council of Biology Editors) 于1968年总结出科学论文的定义，既全面又具有权威性。此定义可释义如下：一个可以接受的原始科学论文，必须是首次发表并含有充分的信息，使同行可以： （1）评估观察结果； （2）重复实验； （3）评价理性思维过程。 此外，必须易于理解，基本上是恒久的，可以不受限制地为科学界所利用的，并且可供主要公认的一种或多种二次文献检索服务机构进行正规筛选。 (如: 目前在美国或其它国家出版的生物学文摘、化学文摘、医学捡索、荷兰医学文摘、农业书目 等）,Creativity Scientificity Standardization,Characteristics of Scientific Writing,The Need for Clarity,What Is Scientific Writing ? I believe that the key to scientific writing is clarity. Successful scientific experimentation is the result of a clear mind attacking a clearly stated problem and producing clearly stated conclusions. Ideally, clarity should be a characteristic of any type of communication; however, when something is being said for the first time, clarity is essential. Most scientific papers, those published In our primary research journals, are accepted for publication precisely because they do contribute new knowledge. Hence, we should demand absolute clarity in scientific writing. -Robert A Day,Preparing for a Research Paper,Choosing a Topic Preparing the References Analyzing the Data Making an Outline,Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion,“IMRAD”Format,Format for a Research Paper,1. Cover (封面) 2. Title Page (标题页) 3. Table of Contents (目录) 4. Abstract (摘要) 5. Body (正文) 6. Appendices（附录/图表）,Title Page (标题页) Acknowledgement （致谢) Contracts (目录 ) Chinese & English Abstract (摘要) Introduction (引言) Review (文献综述) Materials & Methods (材料与方法 ) Results (结果) Discussion (讨论) Conclusion (结论) References (参考文献) Resume (个人简历),Thesis Format 学位论文的结构,Prepare the Title First impressions are strong impressions; a title ought therefore to be well studied, and to give, so far as its limits permit, a definite and concise indication of what is to come. - T. Clifford Allbutt What is a good title? I define it as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. - Robert A. Day,Functions and Requirements of the Title,Functions： summing up the general idea attracting readers easy to retrieve Requirements： concise and accurate informative,Design for the Title,asking questions or hypothesizing discussing research subject giving main results methods of research or application,Useful Sentence Patterns I. Introduction The experiment on was carried out by Our theory is based on the assumption that The object of this theory is to The research on was done by Recent experiments by have suggested,II. Materials and Methods,was obtained by the courtesy of All theused were of analytical grade and were obtained from were done following procedure The method ofwas first developed by The newly elaborated technique is different from the one previously used.,III. Results,In conclusion, the results of the experiment indicate On the basis of the following conclusion can be made We have demonstrated in this paper The results shed some new light on the behavior of The results reported here prove the hypothesis that.,IV. Discussion,The findings reported here are quite striking. This fruitful work gives an explanation for Our work has contributed to the understanding of Our data leave open the question of whether We evaluated a broad range of outcomes including,V. Acknowledgements,The authors are indebted to for This work was supported in part by Acknowledgement is made to for The financial support for this research came in the form of The friendly advice and comments of .are also warmly acknowledged.,6.2 Abstract,(1) Types of Abstracts (2) Linguistic Features and Writing Requirements (3) Sentences Patterns Used in English Abstracts (4) Key Words (5) Practical Example An abstract should not exceed 250 words and should be designed to define clearly what is dealt with in the paper. It should be typed as a single paragraph.,Importance of an Abstract,A well-prepared abstract enables readers to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether they need to read the document in its entirety” American National Standards Institute 撰写完善的摘要使读者能够迅速而准确地确定论文的基本内容，以及确定该论文与他们的研究兴趣是否相关，藉此确定是否需要阅读文献的全文 (美国国家标准研究所1979年) 。,Definition,An abstract should be viewed as a miniversion of the paper. The abstract should provide a brief summary of each of the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, and Discussion. - Robert A. Day An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information in a document. - Houghton. B. (1975, Scientific periodicals),（1）Types of Abstracts,Indicative /Descriptive Abstract （指示或描述性摘要） Informative Abstract （报道性摘要） Objective：指出研究 范围。 Method：说明基本设计如对象（分组、 对照）、材料、方法和统计方法等。 Results：科学地列出所得到的主要结果和确切的统计学数据（如 x_、sx_ 、r、P值）等，说明其价值及局限性。 Conclusions: 说明经论证取得的正确观点、理论意义或实用价值，可否推广等。,（2）Linguistic Features,Concise and accurate Complete contents Clear type Fixed structure Abundant information Self-contained Self-explanatory,Tense,contents and purpose-The Present/Past experiments (materials, methods and results) - The Past Tense background (previous conclusion/founding) - The Past Perfect conclusion - The Present/Present Perfect discussion or suggestions - The future Indefinite,（3）The Basic Sentence Patterns,I. To state the purpose of the experiments II. To state the background of the experiments III. To state the methods of the experiments IV. To state the results of the experiments V. To state the discussion conclusion VI. To state the conclusion,I. To state the purpose of the experiments It is the purpose of this article to The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to The objectives of this study were to This report is intended to In this study, an attempt was made to The present study aims to demonstrate ,In order to explore, we analyzed in/ among evaluate studied compare performed investigate surveyed test tested examine made,II. To state the background,The authors have confirmed the previous observation that Previous studies have reviewed that A few comparisons have been made betweenand The mechanisms that underline remain unclear. have been associated with Relatively little knowledge is available related to,III. To state the methods,The present study has been carried out using investigated waswere isolated using analyzed measured by the method of investigated by the use of assessed by the measurement of diagnosed performed with the test treated by techniques,Using, we demonstrated that found A recent study by indicates that shows demonstrates proves provides information concerning The model was established bymethods. set up,IV. To state the results,It was found that It showed that It failed to show was/were significantly associated with correlated with related to was/were in inverse proportion to directly proportional to,There was no strong relationship between and inverse association negative correlation The result showed that revealed indicated presented The details ofare presented. results No relationship was found between and,V. To state the discussion,We suggest/ believe/ conclude/ recommend/propose that We propose to do Our/These/The results suggest that findings indicate that observations demonstrate that data prove that studies support that researches provide information concerning,VI. To state the conclusion,On the basis of we concluded that From these results, it is conclude that Recent research indicates that These results support the hypothesis that These findings lend us support to the hypothesis Further work may be needed to definitely determine Further study is needed to establish,（4） Key Words,关键词又称主题词，是表达论文中最重要、最关键内容的名词或词组。 论著性文章一般需标引35 个关键词，如按温哥华格式要求撰写，则可列出310 个词或短语作为关键词。选择论文的关键词必须规范化，应符合国际标准化组织（ISO）规定的国际标准。,Key Words,General Function as the term suggests easy to retrieve Linguistic Feature noun used more word limited word selected Writing Requirements appellation position writing types,（5）Practical Example,肥胖与非肥胖大学生饮食及生活习惯比较 【摘要】目的 了解肥胖大学生与非肥胖大学生在饮食及生活习惯上的不同，为改善肥胖大学生的体质状况和生活质量提供依据。方法 采用问卷调查的方法对淮北师范大学141名非肥胖大学生和134名肥胖大学生进行饮食及生活习惯调查。结果 肥胖大学生与非肥胖大学生比较，偏食、挑食的情况比较严重(P0.01)，在脂肪类食物、甜食、零食的摄入上，显著高于非肥胖大学生(P0.01)，且存在每餐进食过量的情况。生活习惯上，肥胖大学生与非肥胖大学生比较存在着长时间睡眠(P0.01)和久坐(P0.05)的习惯。结论 肥胖大学生在饮食及生活习惯上存在不合理的情况，提示可能是导致其肥胖的原因。 【关键词】肥胖症; 饮食习惯; 对比研究 （China J Sch. Health, June 2012 Vol.33, No.6）,Objective To know the difference between the obese undergraduates and the common college students in diets and life habits，and to provide evidence for improving their physical constitution Methods Using questionnaire survey to investigate 141 common college students and 134 obese undergraduates Results Compared with the common college students，the obese students had serious problems because they were too fussy about their food and had an unbalanced diet(P0.01)As the polyphage，the obese students had a higher uptake percentage than average students especially in fatty foods，dessert，,snack and a surfeit of food(P0.01). The obese students were accustomed to long sleep(P0.01) and sedentariness (P0.05). Conclusion The obese undergraduates poor eating and living habit maybe the reason of obesity 【Key words】Obesity; Food habits; Comparative study,医务人员手卫生的行为干预与医院感染的相关研究,摘要：目的 探讨医院感染及对医务人员手卫生行为干预的影响效果。方法 选取基层医院医师、护士、检验人员为研究对象，通过对其实施手卫生干预措施，评价其干预前后的情况。结果 加强医院感染管理，医护人员手卫生的依从性得到提高。结论 提高医护人员洗手的效果，是控制医院感染的重要措施，对医护人员进行手卫生的干预是有效可行的。 关键词：医院感染；手卫生；行为干预；医务人员 (天津东丽区疾病预防控制中心，天津东丽，300300),Abstract:,OBJECTIVE To evaluate the nosocomial infections and the impact of behavior intervention in hand hygiene of medical personnel. METHODS The doctors, nurses, and inspectors in grass-roots hospitals were selected as study subjects. The situation before and after hand hygiene intervention was evaluated through implementation of intervention in