2018_2019学年高中英语Unit19LanguageSectionⅧGrammar学案（含解析）.docx

Section Grammar单元语法项目(一)名词性从句语法图解探究发现It was predicted as early as the 1700s that English would one day be the global language .Experts say that just 15 minutes of extracurricular study a day can really accelerate foreign language learning.What this means is that they make sure there is an adequate amount of input in English . the chances that we will all have the opportunity to live in an Englishspeaking country are small.我的发现(1)在主从复合句中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句依据其句法作用，分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句如句，宾语从句如句，表语从句如句，同位语从句如句。(2)名词性从句用陈述语序。一、基本概念1在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组，它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。2引导名词从句的连接词可分为三类：(1)从属连词：that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)(2)连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which(3)连接副词：when, where, how, why二、基本用法(一)主语从句在句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句。连接主语从句的引导词有连接词(that, whether, if)、连接代词和连接副词。1that引导的主语从句(1)that置于句首的主语从句that在主语从句中不作任何成分，也没有含义，只起连接从句的作用。That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time.长久以来我听到的最好的消息就是你要来伦敦。(2)形式主语it替代主语从句常见的it替代主语从句的句式主要有如下几种：It系动词形容词that从句常用于这种结构的形容词有：necessary 必要的right 正确的likely 可能的 unlikely 不可能的wrong 错误的 important 重要的certain 明确的 clear 清晰的obvious 明显的 strange 奇怪的natural 自然的Its certain that he will succeed.他肯定会成功的。名师点津在It is necessary/important/strange/naturalthat从句结构中，从句常用“should动词原形”形式，其中should可省略。It is necessary and important that you (should) master a foreign language so as to meet the need of a job.为了工作的需要，你掌握一门外语是很有必要并且是很重要的。It is strange that you (should) trust Jane.很奇怪你竟然相信简。It 系动词名词(短语)that从句常用于这种句型的名词(短语)有：a pity 遗憾 a shame 遗憾，耻辱good news 好消息 a fact 事实an honour 荣耀 a wonder 奇迹no wonder 难怪It is a pity that you didnt attend the lecture yesterday.你昨天没参加讲座真是遗憾。It is our duty that we should help the people in need.帮助那些处在困境中的人是我们的责任。Itbe动词的ed形式that从句常见的动词的ed形式有：said 据说 told 有人告诉heard 有人听说 reported 据报道hoped 有人希望 turned out 结果pointed out 有人指出 decided 作出决定suggested 有人建议 advised 有人建议ordered 根据命令 remembered 有人记得thought 有人认为 considered 据认为well known 很著名Its said that Tu Youyou has won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.据说屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。名师点津在“Itbesuggested/advised/ordered/requested/insisted/required/decidedthat从句”的结构中，that从句中的谓语动词应用“should动词原形”，should也可省略。It was decided that they (should) start the project next month.他们下个月开始这项工程已经定下来了。It is suggested that you (should) spend more time in studying English.你应该花更多的时间学习英语。It特殊动词that从句常见的此类动词有seem, happen, matter, occur等。It really matters that you havent turned up.你没来，这的确很重要。2由whether, if引导的主语从句当主语从句放于句首时，只能用whether，不用if引导主语从句；当it作形式主语，主语从句放在句末时，用whether或if均可。Whether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否举行会议仍然是一个问题。It is doubtful whether/if he will come here.他是否来这里是令人怀疑的。3特殊疑问词引导的主语从句What they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本好的教科书。Whichever he likes will be given to him.无论他喜欢哪一个都可以给他。Whatever/What changes we make in our plans will be announced later.在我们的计划里不管有什么改变，以后都要公布。即时演练1(1)用适当的连接词填空(2017北京高考改编)Every year, whoever makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival.(2016江苏高考改编) It is often the case that anything is possible for those who hang on to hope.(2015江苏高考改编)Where Li Bai, a great Chinese poet, was born is known to the public, but some wont accept it.(2014陕西高考改编)When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.That you dont like him is none of my business.Whether you can succeed or not depends on how hard you work at it.(2)完成句子It_is_certain_that she will do very well in her exam.她的考试成绩一定会很好。When_we_will_start_off is an important question.我们何时出发是个重要的问题。Whether_she_comes_or_not makes no difference.她来不来不重要。Whoever_did_this_job must be rewarded.无论谁做了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。(二)宾语从句在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类：动词(短语)的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。1动词(短语)的宾语从句大多数动词(如hope, tell, say, know, think, consider, imagine, hear, expect, suppose, guess等)后可以接宾语从句。We all expect that they will win, for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢，因为他们的队员更强壮。名师点津动词find, feel, think, consider, make, believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的。2介词的宾语从句(1)一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否应该让学生加入我们的俱乐部。We could see the temple quite clearly from where we lived.我们能从我们住的地方清楚地看到寺庙。(2)that引导的从句作介词宾语是很少有的，只有在except, in, but等介词后偶尔可能用到。Your composition is quite good except that the organization is a bit loose.除了结构有点松散以外，你的作文相当不错。He differed from his colleagues in that he devoted his spare time to reading.他和他的同事们不同的地方在于他把业余时间用在阅读上。3形容词的宾语从句类似于sure, certain, glad, sorry, amazed, surprised, proud, pleased, shocked, disappointed等表心理状态的形容词后，可以跟that从句或wh从句作宾语。Im sure/certain that hell succeed.我确信他会成功。She was not aware how dangerous it was.她没意识到当时有多危险。4注意事项(1)宾语从句的语序和时态。宾语从句一律要用陈述语序。若主句是祈使句或主句用的是一般现在时/一般将来时，从句可根据需要选用合适的时态；若主句用的是过去的某种时态，从句一般用过去的某种时态；若从句表达的是客观事实、真理、自然现象等，从句通常用一般现在时。The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.老师告诉我们汤姆离开我们去美国了。The teacher said that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.老师说太阳东升西落。(2)否定转移：当think, believe, suppose, imagine等动词的主语是第一人称，谓语为没有副词修饰的一般现在时，它们的否定实际上是对宾语从句的否定。变反意疑问句时简略问句的主语和谓语应与宾语从句的主语和谓语分别保持一致。I dont think he can remember the 100 words within two hours, can he?我想他不能在两小时内记住这100个单词，是吗？(3)引导词that不能省略的情况：当主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时，引导词that通常不省略。当一个动词带有两个或两个以上that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可以省略，第二个及第二个以后的that不可以省略。I believe (that) you have done your best and that things will improve.我相信你已经尽力了，而且一切都会好起来的。(4)用whether而不用if引导宾语从句的情况：与or not连用时I want to know whether its good news or not.我想知道是否是好消息。从句位于介词之后时I worry about whether he can survive the crisis of his illness.他生病了，我担心他能否度过危险期。即时演练2(1)用适当的连接词填空(2017江苏高考改编)We choose this hotel because the price for a night here is down to $20, half of what it used to charge.(2017天津高考改编)She asked me whether/if_ I had returned the books to the library, and I admitted that I hadnt.(2017北京高考改编)Jane moved aimlessly down the treelined street, not knowing where_ she was heading.(2015重庆高考改编)We must find out when Karl is coming, so we can book a room for him.(2015陕西高考改编)Reading her biography, I was lost in admiration for what_Doris Lessing had achieved in literature.(2)单句改错They want to make it clear to the public which they do an important job.whichthatIt depends on if its going to rain.ifwhether(福建高考改编)Pick yourself up. Courage is doing how youre afraid to do.howwhatI insisted that we went on a picnic this weekend. wentgoHe ordered that the injured were taken good care of.werebe(三)表语从句在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。能引导宾语从句的连接词(if除外)皆可引导表语从句。1引导表语从句的连接词主要有以下几类(1)连接词that/whetherthat和whether在表语从句中不作任何成分，that无实义，但whether仍保留“是否”的意义。Our plan is that well go there once a week.我们的计划是我们一周去一次那里。The question is whether they will support the plan.问题是他们是否会支持这个计划。(2)连接代词引导表语从句的连接代词主要有：who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever等。The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替代她。Tom is no longer what he used to be.汤姆不再是以前的汤姆了。(3)连接副词引导表语从句的连接副词主要有：when, where, why, how, whenever, wherever, however等。That was where we camped last time.那就是我们上次野营的地方。This is why Sara was late for class.这是Sara 上课迟到的原因。(4)其他连接词另外，because, as if, as though, as, like等连接词也可引导表语从句。He didnt have breakfast.That is because he got up late.他没吃早饭，因为他起晚了。2注意事项(1)reason作主语时的表语从句主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用because。The reason for such a serious accident is that the driver was too careless and drank too much.这么严重的一起事故完全是司机太粗心、喝酒太多造成的。(2)如果主句的主语是idea, advice, suggestion, order, request, requirement 等名词时，表语从句的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“(should)动词原形”的形式。His suggestion is that we should stay calm.他的建议是我们应保持冷静。(3)其他系动词表语从句除be以外，可用于表语从句的系动词有：seem, look, appear, sound, taste, feel, remain等。It looks as if it is going to rain.看来要下雨了。It sounds as if you are from the south of the United States.听起来你好像来自美国南部。即时演练3(1)用适当的连接词填空(2016北京高考改编)The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is that one can be entirely free from dust.(2015安徽高考改编)A ship in harbor is safe, but thats not what ships are built for.(2014浙江高考改编)“Every time you eat a sweet, drink green tea.”This is what my mother used to tell me.(2014江苏高考改编)What a mess! You are always so lazy!Im not to blame, mum.I am what you have made me.(2014四川高考改编)Grandma pointed to the hospital and said，“Thats where I was born.”(2014北京高考改编)The best moment for the football star was when he scored the winning goal.(2)单句改错If he attends the club is unknown to us.IfWhetherMy question is if you are in favour of us.ifwhetherThe fact is youve lost a good chance.is后加thatI got up late. Thats because I was late for school.becausewhyThe reason why he was sad was because he lost his new cellphone.becausethatHis requirement was that we started making preparations right now. startedstart(四)同位语从句用作同位语的从句，叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词(如fact, idea, news, promise, information, message等)的后面，用以说明或解释前面的名词。1同位语从句的连接词引导同位语从句的词有从属连词that(没有词义，不作成分，不能省略)，连接副词how, when, where等。We must remember the fact that goats usually live in mountainous country.我们得记住山羊通常生活在山区这一事实。They usually write exact instructions how the music is to be played.他们通常要为如何演奏音乐而写出精确的说明。2注意事项(1)分隔式同位语从句：被与所解释说明的名词分隔开的同位语从句叫分隔式同位语从句。A saying goes that practice makes perfect.常言道，熟能生巧。(2)表示建议、命令、要求等的名词(如suggestion, order, demand, command, request, advice等)后的同位语从句要用虚拟语气，即从句谓语用“(should) do”。Our teacher gave us some advice how we (should) use the computer.老师给了我们一些使用电脑的建议。(3)名词doubt(怀疑)用于肯定句时，其后的同位语从句用whether引导；用于否定句时则用that引导。We have some doubt whether they can complete the task on time.我们有些怀疑他们不能按时完成任务。There is no doubt that Zhang Wei will keep his promise.毫无疑问，张卫会信守承诺的。(4)同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句起解释说明作用，而定语从句起修饰限制作用。在限制性定语从句中关系代词that充当主语或宾语，有实际意义，作宾语时，可省略。同位语从句中that是连词，不充当句子成分，没有任何实际意义，一般不可省略。The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们足球队获胜的消息是鼓舞人心的。(同位语从句)The news (that) we heard on the radio was not true.我们在收音机上听到的新闻不是真的。(定语从句)即时演练4单句改错The news he has adjusted himself to the life there makes his parents glad.news后加thatI have no idea if he will come or not.ifwhetherMy suggestion is that we must inform his parents of this.mustshould或去掉mustIs it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday?Yeah, but I have no idea that he did it; thats one of his favorite universities.答句第一个thatwhyI have some doubt that he is suitable for the job.thatwhether三、注意的问题1what和that在名词性从句中的区别(1)what在名词性从句中可充当主语、宾语和表语，意义上相当于the thing(s) that，引导主语从句时，其谓语动词的单复数依句意而定；(2)that不充当任何句子成分，只起连接作用，无任何意义，引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，谓语动词用单数，引导宾语从句时，有时可省略。2whether和if在名词性从句中的区别下列情况只用whether不用if：(1)引导主语从句且置于句首时；(2)引导表语从句时；(3)引导同位语从句时；(4)引导宾语从句且前置时；(5)作动词discuss和介词的宾语时；(6)其后紧跟or not时；(7)后接动词不定式时；(8)用if引导会引起歧义时。My problem right now is whether I should have someone else take the place of me.我现在的问题是我是否应该让某个人来代替我的位置。即时演练5用适当的连接词填空(2016天津高考改编)The manager put forward a suggestion that we should have an assistant.There is too much work to do.(2015北京高考改编)I truly believe that beauty comes from within.(2014湖南高考改编)As John Lennon once said, life is what happens to you while you are busy making other plans.Whether the sports meet will be held next week depends on whether the weather will be fine.It seemed that he was going to cry.用适当的连接词填空1The decision was made that more medical teams would be sent to help people in the flood.2I dont know whether or not he will agree to the plan.3Scientists study how human brains work to make computers.4Journal writers write about their travels in what is called a travel journal.5We dont have money; it was why we wanted to wait until our mother came back.6What is known to us all is that the Chinese government has spared no efforts to protect people from fake food.7When the news came that the ship was missing, she almost broke down, for her husband was on board.8Generally speaking, being hardworking is just what it takes to be successful in your career.9As many as five courses are provided, and you are free to choose whichever suits you best.10No matter how far you may go, never forget where you come from.完成句子1It_is_said_that (据说) they have succeeded in carrying out the experiment.2Whoever_breaks_the_law (无论谁犯法) shall be punished.3We are excited at the news that_well_have_a_threeday_off (我们要放三天假) at Qingming Festival.4Word came to him that_Mary_had_probably_fallen_ill (玛丽很有可能病了)5Whether_he_will_attend_the_meeting (他是否要来参加会议) is uncertain.6I havent settled the question of whether_Ill_go_back_home (我是否要回家)7I insist that she_(should)_finish_her_work_alone_(她独立完成工作)8The trouble is that_I_have_lost_his_address (我丢了他的地址)单元语法项目(二)非人称转述结构语法图解探究发现He is known to be the last surviving member of his subspecies . . it is hoped that George will pass on his genes to a new generation.The number of Galapagos tortoises are said to have begun their decline . . it was realized that they could supply excellent fresh meat for passing ships . . they were known to be able to survive for six months without food and water.Nevertheless, it was the effect of the goats introduced to the Galapagos by the early settlers that are understood to have destroyed the ecological balance on the islands and the livelihood of Georges clan. . it was feared that the islands many unique species would be damaged . . but the archipelago is expected to make a full recovery. . George was taken to the Charles Darwin Research Centre on Santa Cruz island and provided with a harem from related subspecies, but was said to have been uninterested.我的发现(1)转述人们的一般认识或说的话时，我们可以用“It is/was动词的过去分词that .” 结构(如句、句、句)；亦可以把有关的人或事放在句首用“人/事被动形式to do . ”结构(如句、句、句、句、句、句)。(2)如果转述的动作发生在转述的同一时间，可以用动词不定式的一般式(如句、句、句)。(3)如果转述的动作发生在转述之前，用动词不定式的完成式(如句、句、句)。一、概述当转述人们的一般认识或说的话时，常用这样的结构：Itbe过去分词that从句，其中it是形式主语，真正的主语是that从句。常用于这一结构的动词有：predict, say, know, believe, claim, suppose, think, fear等，这一结构称为非人称转述结构。二、用法1“It be过去分词that从句”可以变为“People动词that从句”和“Sb./Sth.be过去分词不定式”。如：It is said that George will pass on his genes to a new generation.People say that George will pass on his genes to a new generation.George is said to pass on his genes to a new generation.人们说乔治会把他的基因传给新一代。2若主句谓语是suggest, order等，从句须用虚拟语气，谓语部分用“(should)do”形式。It has been suggested that measures (should) be taken at once.人们已经建议必须立即采取措施。名师点津(1)如果转述的动作此时正在发生，不定式用进行时态。He is said to be studying abroad now.据说，他现在正在国外学习。(2)如果转述的动作发生在转述之前，不定式用完成时态。He is said to have gone abroad two years ago.据说他是两年前出的国。(3)如果转述的动作或状态发生于转述的同一时间或还未发生，不定式用一般时态。The mayors father is said to live a simple life in the countryside.据说市长的父亲在乡下过着简朴的生活。句型转换It is said that he is going to move to the South this winter.He is said to_move to the South this winter.People_say_that he is going to move to the South