山西5月28日讲座.ppt

Effective Classroom Teaching,南京市教学研究室 邢文骏 ,主要内容,一、教师素质与教学质量 二、提高教师素质的几个方面 三、课堂教学的具体实施 （写作课、语法课、词汇学习课、听力训练课）,一、教师素质与教学质量,外语教学质量,联合国教科文组织对外语教学质量提出了“五个因素，一个公 式”。 五个因素： 国家的外语政策；学生来源与组织；教材质量； 教学环境与条件；教师素质。 是可变因素，是决定因素。 一个公式： 教学质量=学生(1分)+教材(2分)+环境(4分)+教法(3分)x教师 括号内4者相加是10分，相对来说是固定的，而 “教师的素质”分 值越大，乘积越大，则教学质量就越高。由此可见，提高外语教 学质量，外语教师的素质至关重要。,教师的类型,The mediocre teacher tells. The good teacher explains. The superior teacher demonstrates. The great teacher inspires. 一般的教师照本宣科； 优秀的教师释疑解惑； 杰出的教师引路示范； 伟大的教师激励动机。 -William Arthur Ward,5%,Tell me, I forget; Show me, I remember； Involve me, I understand. - Mentessori,二、提高教师素质的几个方面,1. 英语是一门什么样的课程？ - 树立正确的英语课程观,21世纪教育的四大支柱,learning to know learning to do learning to live together learning to be,approaches,goal,-教育 财富蕴藏其中，国际21世纪教育委员会，1996,基础教育阶段英语课程之任务,激发和培养学生学习英语的兴趣，使学生树立自信心，养成良好的学习习惯和形成有效的学习策略，发展学生自主学习能力和合作精神； 使学生掌握一定的英语基础知识和听、说、读、写技能，形成一定的综合语言运用能力； 培养学生的观察、记忆、思维、想象能力和创新精神； 帮助学生了解世界和中西方文化差异，拓展视野，培养爱国主义精神，形成健康的人格，为他们的终身学习和发展打下良好基础。,综合语言运用能力,情感态度,学习策略,文化意识,语言技能,语言知识,国际视野祖国意识合作精神自信意志兴趣动机,交际策略资源策略调控策略认知策略,跨文化交际 文化理解 文化知识,话题功能语法词汇语音,写读说听,综合语言运用能力,情感态度,学习策略,文化意识,语言技能,语言知识,国际视野祖国意识合作精神自信意志兴趣动机,交际策略资源策略调控策略认知策略,意识和能力跨文化交际 文化理解 文化知识,话题功能语法词汇语音,写读说听,英 语 课 程 总 的 目 标,英语是一门什么样的课程？ （1）工具性与人文性的高度统一 工具性 英语课程承担培养学生基本英语素养和发展学生思维能力的任务，即学生通过英语课程掌握基本的英语语言知识，发展基本的英语听说读写技能，初步形成用英语与他人交流的能力，进一步促进思维能力的发展，为今后继续学习英语和用英语学习其他相关科学文化知识奠定基础。,人文性 英语课程承担着提高学生综合人文素养的任务，即学生通过英语课程能够开阔视野，丰富生活经历，形成跨文化意识，增强爱国主义精神，发展创新能力，形成良好的品格和正确的人生观与价值观。,（2） 英语课程内容的特点,时代性 所选语言素材具有时代性，既反映英语语言的最新发展，又反映时代发展对学生语言能力的要求。,基础性 课程内容的选择和编排体现教育的基础性原则，保证绝大多数学生的共同基础，课程内容的安排使绝大多数学生达到毕业的基本要求。,选择性 课程内容应有可选择性，即课程应提供较多的内容，供学生有选择地学习。,（3） 英语课程的评价体系,实行评价方式多元化 对学生学习的评价，不仅仅依据纸、笔方式的考试，还采用对学生综合语言运用能力、学习态度、行为表现、思维能力和自主学习能力等有促进作用的评价方式。,评价主体的多元化 既有教师对学生的评价，又要有学生的自评和互评。 终结性评价与过程性评价结合 积极有效的评价应贯穿英语教学的全过程，应是形成性评价与终结性评价的有机结合。,2. 语言与文化的关系,3. 正确的教材观 正确认识教材的作用，合理使用教材 用教材去教而不是教教材； 要充分认识教材对教学的重要意义，同时也要认识到教材的局限性； 要在教学中创造性地使用教材。 1. 金中英语课程体系 2. 教材的二次加工 3. 课程资源的开发/authentic materials,4. 完整的课程评价 正确理解评价的功能 美国教育评价专家斯塔弗尔比姆认为：评价最重要的意图不是为了证明（Prove), 而是为了改进（Improve)。 正确认识教材与考试的关系 教材的内容不等于考试的内容，不能出于应付考试的目的而对教材进行随意的取舍和调整。 建立科学合理的课程评价体系 金中评价体系/portfolio,5. 严谨的学术规范 (1) 教案设计 教案格式 目标分解，目标叙写 Rationale, Reflection, Needs analysis,(2) 教学方法 CLT Information gap-jigsaw reading TBLT Task Micro teaching Teaching atmosphere motivation, anxiety, affect FonF,(3)自我提高 善于观察 多思慎行 乐于学习,三、课堂教学的具体实施 （写作课、语法课、阅读课、语言词汇学习课、听力训练课）,I. 写作课 1. 结合课文教学培养 Dear Annie, I feel betrayed by my friend Hannah. We have been best friends since primary school and spend almost every day with each other. Sometimes, other children say we are no fun because we are both very academic and like to study, but we like it that way. We are both very hard-working and always get good grades at school.,写作能力培养 On Monday we had a surprise math quiz. I thought it was quite easy and was not worried about the results. I must have sounded very proud of myself after the quiz, saying how easy it was and how I was sure to get a good grade. The next day after class, my math teacher told me that I had the lowest grade in the class! I felt so ashamed; I must be really stupid to fail a simple math quiz!,写作能力培养 Afterwards, I pretended to be cheerful, but Hannah sensed something was wrong. We went to wash our hands in the girls washroom before lunch and I admitted how badly I had done. I begged her not to tell anyone else, and she said she would keep my secret.,写作能力培养 那位感到被出卖的学生是莎拉。虽然她和汉娜都很擅长学习，但同学们认为她们没趣。她们努力学习是为了得到好成绩。 在昨天进行的突袭数学考试中，莎拉得了班中最低的分数。她为自己感到害羞，并且感到自己不应该在这样简单的数学测试中不及格。在过去，她对自己良好的成绩感到自豪，但现在她责备自己太骄傲。,写作能力培养 虽然她假装高兴，但汉娜还是感到(sense)她很悲伤。汉娜恳求(beg)她不要悲伤。有一次，她们一起上女厕所洗手时，汉娜告诉她只要能知道为什么错，她下次考试一定会得到好成绩的。这是公开的秘密。,写作能力培养 The student who felt betrayed was Sarah. Though both she and Hannah were very academic, their classmates thought them no fun. They studied hard so as to get good grades.,写作能力培养 In the surprise math quiz they had yesterday, Sarah got the lowest grade in the class. She felt ashamed of herself and felt that she shouldnt have failed such a simple math quiz. In the past, she felt proud of her excellent math, but now she blamed herself for being too proud.,写作能力培养 She pretended to be cheerful, but Hannah still sensed her sadness, so Hannah begged her not to be sad. Once, when they went together to the girls washroom to wash our hands, Hannah told her that as long as she knew why she was wrong, she was sure to get good grades in the quiz next time. This was an open secret.,2.让 书 面 表 达 文 采 飞 扬,高考英语书面表达评分原则,评分依据的主要内容为：内容要点、应用词汇和语法结构的数量和准确性及上下文的连贯性。,怎 样 让 书 面 表 达 文采飞扬,1. 多实少虚 :,nice,2. 短语优先：,I cannot bear it. I want it.,generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable,I cannot put up with it. I am looking forward to it.,弃旧取新:,e all have the same chance. There are more opponents.,We all possess the same opportunity. There exist more opponents,学生过街在车辆中穿行危险。,1. Its very dangerous for the students to go through the traffic.,2. Students are risking their lives when threading their way among cars.,社会应加强对学生的交通安全教育。,1. The students should be taught more about the traffic safety.,2. And also it is of great use to strengthen the safety education over the students.,1.We all think he is a great man. 2. As a result the plan was a failure. 3. She went there in order to study music. 4. In our school, there are twenty-six classrooms.,We all of him .,The plan to be a failure.,She went there studying music.,Our school twentysix classrooms.,think highly,turned out,for the purpose of,is made up of,5. You can find my house easily. 6. Because the weather was good, our journey was comfortable. 7. Suddenly I thought out a good idea.,Youll finding my house.,A good idea to me.,the good weather, our journey was comfortable.,have no trouble,A good idea suddenly me.,Thanks to,occurred,struck,运用多种语法结构，句式灵活多变，可以使文章增色不少。,1. When he arrives, please give me an e-mail.（使用介词短语形式）. 2. To his surprise, the little girl knows so many things.（使用名词性从句） 3. He came in and there was a baby in his arms. (用with结构), please give me an e-mail.,is that the little girl knows so many things.,On his arrival,What surprises him,He came in ,with a baby in his arms.,4.(由于不知道他的电话号码，他没法跟Mary联系)(用非谓语） 5. He did not know what had happened until he had read the news in the newspaper.(使用强调句型) 6. Tom and Mary like singing songs.( 使用倒装）,It was not until he had read the news in the newspaper that,，he cant get in touch with Mary.,Not knowing his telephone number,he knew what had happened.,Tom likes singing songs, Mary.,so does,7. She walked out of the lab and many students followed her. (使用过去分词) 8. When he spoke, he felt more and more excited.（使用句型结构） 9. Because the weather is fine, many people went to climb the Western Hill. （使用独立主格结构）,by many students, she walked out of the lab., a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.,he spoke, excited he felt.,Followed,The more the more,The weather being fine,一篇好的书面表达，还应该行文连贯流畅，具有“逻辑美”。使用恰当连接词，能使文章上下衔接自然、紧凑，使文章更为地道，更具“英语味”。记得使用恰当的连接词，如:,soon, immediately, suddenly, in front of, next to, on one hand, on the other hand, however, though, otherwise, thanks to, as a result (of), so long as, on condition that, even if/though, whats more, besides, to make the matter worse, Im afraid, you know, As we all know,1. This village is very small. It used to be very poor. It has changed a lot since 1978 .,This village is a small one with/which has nearly 100 families and about 500 people. It used to be very poor. However, it has changed a lot since 1978 .,2. All the school-age children can study here. They enjoy free education in it.,All the school-age children can study here. Whats more, they enjoy free education in it.,3. Yesterday， there was a policeman in the street. He stopped a car. The car was at the corner. It looked like a Honda. There was a boy on the sidewalk. He was riding his bicycle. The bicycle was a two-wheeler. The car nearly knocked down the boy.,Yesterday， a policeman stopped a carHonda at the corner of the street， because it nearly knocked down a boy who was riding a two-wheel bicycle on the sidewalk.,Last Sunday, two Young Pioneers were on their way to the Childrens Palace . They saw a box fall off a passing truck. They shouted “stop” to the driver at the top of their voice.,Last Sunday, two Young Pioneers were on their way to the Childrens Palace when they saw a box fall off a passing truck. Without delay, they shouted “stop” to the driver at the top of their voice.,1. 学习 put ones heart into ; be poor at/be weak in ; be good at/do well in; fail in; be interested in; pass the exam; make progress in; be tired of; major in English; be absorbed in; acquire /obtain knowledge); work hard at; learn by heart; take an active part in; succeed in; work out a problem,备用语料库,1. 学习 put ones heart into ; be poor at/be weak in ; be good at/do well in; fail in; be interested in; pass the exam; make progress in; be tired of; major in English; be absorbed in; acquire /obtain knowledge); work hard at; learn by heart; take an active part in; succeed in; work out a problem,备用语料库,2. 活动 have a swim/ picnic/ party; enjoy doing; go to the cinema; hold a sports meeting; go for an outing; go traveling ; play chess； play the piano； do some reading； help do ； enjoy a family trip； get ready for； ride ones bike to ； hold an organized activity; a very relaxing day,语料库,3. 交流 tell to do ； hear from ； talk about / of ；explain to ; get information about； thank for； write a letter saying； express ones idea；apologize to for ； take a message for ； send a message to ；,语料库,4. 态度 would like to do； feel bored /nervous； allow to do ； feel like doing； keep/ prevent from; call on to do ； be afraid to do / of ； insist on doing sth； speak highly/ ill of ； think highly of ； force to do ； offer to do ; had better do ; refuse / agree to do ； regret doing ；would rather do than do ,语料库,5. 做事 do as usual；set about doing； help out； try ones best / spare no efforts to do； get into trouble； have no trouble doing sth； have the habit of doing； make up ones mind ； prepare for； give up doing ； cant help doing ； find a way to do ； make friends with ；,语料库,6. 心情 be pleased with； be sorry for； be delighted in doing； be worried about； feel surprised at； be angry with sb for sth； look forward to doing；expect to do sth； have a desire to do；,语料库,7. 健康 develop a disease； enjoy good health； be in good / poor health；feel well ( weak, sick)； fall ill； take ones temperature； have got a pain in； be good for ； have got a fever/cold； stay in bed ； save ones life ； Its nothing serious.,语料库,II. 语法课,语法教学 语法，语言的法则规律。无数事实和研究证明，在婴童时期，模仿是学习语言的主要手段，而在此之后学习语言，特别是在缺少母语氛围的情况下学习外语，必须通过语法和口笔头练习，才能获得理想的学习效果。尤其是在高中阶段，学生忙于学习诸多科目，不可能有许多时间用于机械的模仿，因此必须有一条学好英语的快速通道，实用简练的语法教学就是成年人学好语言的快速通道。,语法教学 语法分为句法和词法。句法主要讲述句子结构，在初学阶段是学习重点，熟悉了句法，就能轻而易举地说写出规范的句子。句法主要涉及句子种类（陈述句，疑问句，感叹句和祈使句）、句子类型（简单句，并列句和复合句）、主谓一致、IT的用法、倒装与省略等。词法主要讲述词类，包括名词、冠词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词和动词，其中谓语动词的时态、语态、数和语气，非谓语动词，名词、形容词和副词是学习重点。 教语法重在讲规律，切忌面面俱到。,1. 定语从句中如缺少主语、表语或宾语，从句用which, that, who或whom引导。 2. 定语从句中如不缺少主语、表语或宾语，从句用when, where或why引导。 The man _ I saw just now is a teacher. The book _ I bought just now is very interesting. The place _ we visited last week is the place _ the famous writer spent his childhood.,例1：借助定语从句教同位语从句,4. The days _ I spent on your farm were the days _ I felt the happiest. 5. The fact _ you told me just now is the fact _ he was ill yesterday. 6. The question _ he went there yesterday is the question _ I want to ask you.,3. 当从句中既不缺少主表宾语，先行词又不是时间、地点或原因，该从句就是同位语从句，这时应根据先行词决定是用that还是疑问词引导。,resist, imagine, delay, admit, mind, enjoy regret, give up, avoid, risk, consider, keep, finish, escape, practise, suggest, appreciate, miss,例2： 动名词教学,be accustomed to, look forward to, object to, get down to, lead to, pay attention to, make contributions to, be equal to, devoteto, be used to, When it comes to, the key to,例3： 词汇比较教学 besides: 部分+部分 except：整体部分 except for：A B except that：跟从句 e.g. Besides the monitor, two other students have seen the film Lost in Thailand. 2. All/None of the students in our class have seen the film except our monitor. 3. Our school is beautiful except for the dining hall. Cf. Everything in our school is beautiful except the dining hall. 4. Our school is beautiful except that the dining hall is not in harmony with the surroundings.,例3： 词汇比较教学 学生易犯错误： Jack is never late for school except rainy days. (W) Jack is never late for school except on rainy days. (R) Jack is never late for school except that it rains. (W) Jack is never late for school except when it rains. (R) 2. The farmer has planted all the vegetables except the apple trees. (W) The farmer has planted all the vegetables except the cabbages. (R) The farmer has planted all the vegetables besides the apple trees. (R),. 词汇学习,1、语境使词义单一化 英语词汇往往是多义的，但是在一定的语篇中只使用一个义项。 例如“ lie”是一个有多个义项的词，但是在“The boy lied that a hen was laying eggs.”这样的语篇中只适用一个义项“撒谎”。在“A hen was lying under the tree”中只适用“躺”这一个义项。 如“The boy lied that a hen lying under the tree was laying eggs.” 一个句子解释清楚一个词的多个义项。,1. 词汇学习语境化,2、语境使词义具体化 词义有概括性，如“class、family 、army”，词义可以指整体又可以指整类事物中的某些个或某一个个体，什么时候指整类，什么时候指个别成员由语境决定。例如：He has a big family，and his family are keen on sports.前一个 “family”指 “一个家庭”, 后一个 “family” 指”所有家庭成员”。,1. 词汇学习语境化,3、语境表现出词义搭配的选择性 如下例：He took my bag in error, while I took yours by mistake.他不巧错拿了我的包，而我错拿了你的包。 Im very pleased with my own cooking .It has a pleasant smell and Im sure it will please my husband.我对自己做的菜感到满意，菜闻起来不错，肯定能令丈夫高兴的。,1. 词汇学习语境化,4、 语境辨别近义词、反义词 （1）The reason for his departure was that he wanted to look into the cause of the accident. （2）The doctor treated her headache with a new medicine, but didnt cure her. （3）I used to be dependent on my parents. Now Im independent of them,1. 词汇学习语境化,5、语境辨别词的主被动 （1）Im sure that your dream will come true. Im sure that your dream will be realized. （2）The new textbook will come out next month. The new textbook will be published next month. （3）Do you know where the meeting will take place? Do you know where the meeting will be held? （4）Housing price wont rise this year. Housing price wont be raised this year。,1. 词汇学习语境化,6、语境辨别动词的及物与不及物 （1）Please turn it up so that the people sitting at the back can hear it. I dont think she will turn up. （2）He took off his hat the moment he stepped in. The plane took off 10 minutes ago. （3）The seawater cant break down the plastics. My bus broke down on my way home yesterday evening.,1. 词汇学习语境化,7、在语境中感悟名词结构与动词进行时的转换 (1）The ring road is under construction at the moment. The ring road is being constructed. (2)Im afraid that the VCR is under repair. Im afraid that the VCR is being repaired. (3)The situation in Iraq is not under control at all. The situation in Iraq is not being controlled at all.,1. 词汇学习语境化,8、在语境中感觉词性 (1) One by one we got up from our seats (n. ) and left the room quietly. He entered the room and seated (v. ) himself at the desk. (2) The boy didnt know how to answer the question .(n. ) The master told his pupils that he would question (v. ) them on verbs.,1. 词汇学习语境化,9、在语境中操练词形变化,1. 词汇学习语境化,1. Teachers words usually benefit students a lot. Our teachers words were of much _ . This morning he said keeping a balance between work and rest would be _to our study.,benefit,beneficial,2.Before handing out the papers, the teacher warned, Cheating in exams means betraying your morality！ Tom realized that cheating was _ , so he felt guilty about his bad behavior. 3.Finally, he succeeded after so many years hard work. He was _ in being admitted into the famous university, and all his friends congratulated him on his _.,immoral,successful,success,9、在语境中操练词形变化,4.He is waiting for the result of the exam anxiously. He is_ about the result of the exam. He is waiting outside his teachers office with _. 5. It is announced that H1N1 virus has continued to spread. She is listening to the radio. An important _ made by the government is being read, and the reader is her favorite _.,anxious,anxiety,announcement,announcer,9、在语境中操练词形变化,10、在语境中体悟一词多义,1. 词汇学习语境化,adopt (vt.),On the one hand, she deeply loved her son. On the other hand, she was too poor to raise him. Finally she adopted her sisters idea and sent her son to the orphanage. Luckily, this little boy was adopted by a rich family several months later. Our government should adopt measures to help the poor. 采纳建议 领养孩子 采取措施,adopt ones idea,adopt an orphan,adopt measures,10、在语境中体悟一词多义,deliver (vt.),When watching TV, the famous professor was shocked to see that many babies in Iraq were delivered in bloody wars. She immediately delivered a speech with the intention of delivering her appeal for peace to the whole world. 接生 发表（演讲） 传递,deliver a baby,deliver a speech,deliver sth to sb/spl,10、在语境中体悟一词多义,advance (n & vt.),The date of the meeting has been advanced from Friday to Wednesday. Mr. Liu advanced his point of view in the meeting. He pointed out that in order to advance the growth of wheat, we should make use of advanced technology. 提前日期 提出观点 促进发展,advance the date,advance ones opinion,advance the development,10、在语