《语法专项训练九》PPT课件.ppt

语法专项训练(九)非谓语动词,非谓语动词就是在句中不能单独作谓语的动词, 有动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和-ed形式三种.,考点一 动词不定式 动词不定式由 “to动词原形” 构成, 有三种时态: (1)一般式to do, 不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之后或几乎同时发生； (2)进行时to be doing, 不定式与谓语动词的动作同时发生；,(3)完成时to have done, 不定式的动作在谓语动词之前发生. 被动形式to be done和to have been done. 否定形式为not to do. 不定式在句中可作主语、宾语、表 语、定语、状语和补语.,1作主语 To master a foreign language is necessary. 掌握一门外语是必要的. 2作宾语 (1)可用不定式作宾语的动词常见 的有: want, wish, agree, like, decide,begin, start, learn, pretend, ask, promise, plan, intend, refuse等. I wish to see you soon. 我希望能早日见到你. (2)可用疑问代词或疑问副词what, which, whom, where, when, how加不定式作宾语, 但不定式的逻辑主语与句子的主语要一致.,I really dont know what to do/how to do it. 我确实不知道该怎么做. (3)不定式作介词but和except的宾 语时, 其前若有do动词, 则要省略to. She could do nothing but cry. 除了哭, 她别无他法.,3作表语 The best treatment for fatness is to reduce the internal fat. 减肥的最好办法是减少体内脂肪.,【注意】 若主语部分有行为动词do时, 作表 语的不定式可带to, 也可省to. All we could do was (to) watch him. 我们能做的就是监视他.,4作定语 I have a lot of work to do today. 我今天有很多工作要做. 5作状语 He went abroad to learn English. 他去国外是为了学习英语. (表目的, 相当于in order to),He hurried to the station only to find the train had left. 他匆忙赶到车站却发现列车已开走 了. (表结果) 表结果时常见于下列句型: too.to., so/such.as to., enough. to., only to,He wept to hear the news. 听到那消息后他哭了. (表原因) 【注意】 作目的状语时, 不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之后发生；作 原因状语时, 不定式表示的动作在谓语动作之前发生.,6作补语 接不定式作宾补的动词常见的有: advise, allow, permit, ask, beg, persuade, want, order, encourage, force, get, invite, expect, teach, wish, warn等. Ill try to get her to see the doctor. 我会尽力让她去看医生.,【注意】 感官动词和使役动词后作宾补的不定式要省to, 但当句子为被动语态时, 则不能省to. 这类词有: 一感(feel), 二听(hear, listen to), 三让(let, have, make), 五看(see, watch, notice, observe, look at).,They knew her very well.They had seen her grow up from childhood. 他们很了解她, 是看着她长大的. (省to) The patient was made not to eat oily food after the operation. 病人术后不准吃油腻食品. (不能省to),完成下列句子 (1)It takes about 10 minutes _ (步行去汽车站) (2)He is always the first one _(到达学校),to get to the bus station on foot,to get to school,(3)Have you had Peter_ (clean)the windows? (4)Ive come here _(tell) you that your parents are going to see you this evening.,clean,to tell,(5)He made Tom do his homework in the study room all night.(改用被动语态) Tom _his homework in the study room all night.,was made to do,(6)To complete the project by the end of this month is necessary.(改用形式主语) _the project by the end of this month.,It is necessary to complete,(7)The boy pretended that he didnt see me when he passed by me.(改用不定式作宾语) The boy pretended _ when he passed by me.,not to see me,考点二 动词-ing形式 1作主语 动名词作主语时, 往往指规律性或经常性发生的事. 谓语动词用单数. 有 时可用it作形式主语.,【注意】 It is no use/good doing sth.“做某事没有用” 是固定句式. 如: Its no use reasoning with him.和他理论是没有用的.,2作宾语 (1)作动词宾语. 在某些动词后面, 只 能接动名词作宾语. 如: enjoy, mind, suggest, miss, cant help, be worth, imagine, escape, avoid, admit, allow, forbid, keep, finish, consider(考虑), appreciate等.,(2)作介词宾语. 如: By doing so, we can make it easier. 【注意】 有些带to的短语后只能 接doing, 即to是介词. 如: refer to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, be devoted to, be used to等.,3作表语 (1)动名词作表语, 说明主语的内容, 指一般性、经常性的动作. His job is teaching English.他的工作是教英语. (可以说成Teaching English is his job.),(2)现在分词作表语, 相当于形容词, 说明主语的性质；可有比较形式, 亦可被very等副词所修饰. He was very amusing.他很有趣. Skiing is more exciting than skating.滑雪比溜冰更刺激.,4作定语 (1)动名词作定语表示所修饰名词的功能；被修饰的名词与动名词没有逻辑上的主谓关系；可用 “名词for动名词” 来表达；动名词通常只能位于所修饰的名词前.,Heres a swimming pool (a pool for swimming) 这里有一个游泳池. (pool与swimming没有主谓关系) (2)现在分词作定语表示性质、特征、状态或动作；被修饰的名词与现在分词在逻辑上有主谓关系, 可换成定语从句来表达；,单个的现在分词作定语, 常置于被修饰的名词的前面；现在分词短语作定语, 须置于被修饰名词的后面. Nobody can stop the running horse (the horse that is running) 没有人能阻止那匹奔马. (horse与running在逻辑上有主谓关系),I know the man standing there (who is standing there) 我认识站在那儿的那个人. (the man与standing there在逻辑 上有主谓关系),5作状语 现在分词作状语表示在进行某一动作的同时所进行的另一动作, 它对谓语动词起修饰和陪衬的作用. 现在分词或分词短语作状语可以表示时间、原因、结果、条件、行为方式或伴随状况等.,Walking around the city, we were impressed by the development of industry. 在城市里走时, 这个城市工业的发达给我们留下了深刻的印象. (时间) Using your mind, youll work out the problem.,用用你的脑子, 你就会解出这道题. (条件) Being ill, he cant go to school like other children. 因为生病, 他不能像其他小孩一样去上学. (原因),He worked late into night, preparing for the coming test. 他工作到深夜, 准备即将到来的考试. (伴随) Traveling by train, we visited a lot of cities. 我们坐火车访问了许多城市. (方式),6作宾语补足语 (1)动词-ing形式用作宾语补足语, 宾语与补足语有主动关系, 表示“动作正在发生(即处于发生的过程中)”. She caught them stealing her apples.她撞见他们偷她的苹果.,(them与stealing有主动关系； 在“撞见”时, 正在偷) I could feel the wind blowing on my face. 我能感到风迎面吹来. (the wind与blowing有主动关系；在“感觉到” 时, 正在吹),(2)试比较以下句子: I saw the boy climb the wall. 我看见小孩爬墙. (强调爬墙这件事) I saw the boy climbing the wall. 我看见小孩正在爬墙. (强调爬墙的 情景),【考点链接】 1用动词的-ing形式转换下列句子 (1)Its necessary to get water from wet to dry places. _from wet to dry places _necessary. 解析: 动名词作主语.,Getting water,is,(2)Tom was late again, which made his teacher angry. _ again made his teacher angry. 解析: 动名词作主语.,Toms being late,(3)When he approached me, he gave me a hug. _ me, he gave me a hug. 解析: 现在分词作状语.,When approaching,(4)Because he was absent from many classes, he failed the exam. _from many classes, he failed the exam. 解析: 现在分词作状语.,Being absent,(5)He sat there and read a novel. He sat there_ 解析: 现在分词作状语. 2用所给动词的适当形式填空 (1) _(do) research is not easy in the countryside. 解析: 动名词作主语.,reading a novel,Doing,(2)Mike enjoys _(talk) to foreigners in English. 解析: 动名词作动词宾语. enjoy doing sth.固定搭配. (3)Many city kids look forward to _(visit) the farm. 解析: 动名词作介词的宾语. look forward to doing sth. 固定搭配.,talking,visiting,(4)I remember _(give) him the book yesterday. 解析: 表示记得做了某事, remember后接动名词作宾语. (5)The speed of the horses was _(amaze) 解析: 现在分词作表语.,giving,amazing,(6)This is a _(bore)story. 解析: 现在分词作定语. (7)Do you know the man _(talk) to Jack? 解析: 现在分词短语作定语, 相当于who is talking.,boring,talking,(8)I dont like that _(wash) machine. 解析: 动名词作定语, 表示用途. (9)Dont leave him _(wait) outside in the rain. 解析: 现在分词作宾补.,washing,waiting,(10)Her _(shake) hands suggested that she felt scared. 解析: 动名词短语作主语.,shaking,考点三 动词的-ed形式 1作定语 单独一个过去分词作定语, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前；分词短语作定 语要放在被修饰的名词之后.,The excited people rushed into the building. 兴奋的人们冲进了大楼. The novel written by him is very popular. 他写的那本小说很受欢迎.,【注意】及物动词的过去分词作定语时, 既有被动意义又表示动作的完成. 不及物动词的过去分词作定语时, 则没有被动意义, 只表示动作的完成. The food bought yesterday is for the dinner party. 昨天买的食物是为晚会做准备的.,They will visit some developed countries. 他们将访问一些发达国家. 2作表语 过去分词作表语, 表示主语的性质、特征或状态.,(1)用作表语的过去分词, 被动意味很弱, 主要表示动作的完成和状态. 此时的过去分词相当于一个形容词. The path is covered with ice. 路上覆盖着冰.,(2)表示感觉的一些过去分词(disappointed, excited, surprised, pleased等)及其他一些过去分词(lost, known, married, dressed, drunk, devoted, recovered, separated等)常可用作表语, 表示状态. 其中有些只表状态, 毫无被动意义.,The happy time is gone forever. 那快乐的时光一去不复返了. Later they found that they were lost. 后来他们发现迷路了. 【注意】 过去分词作表语时, 主语通常为人.,3作宾语补足语 作宾语补足语的过去分词一般是及物动词, 与宾语在逻辑上是动宾关系, 或者说宾语与作宾补的过去分词在逻辑上是被动关系. 可以带过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下三种情况:,(1)表示感觉和心理状态的动词, 如hear, see, find等. I heard the song sung.我听到有人唱过这首歌. (2)表示“使役”意义的动词, 如have, get等.,He got his watch repaired.他让人修了他的手表. (3)表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词, 如want等. I want the job finished by Friday. 我希望这项工作在星期五前完成.,4作状语 作状语时, 过去分词的逻辑主语是主句的主语, 且与主语之间存在被动关系. 过去分词作状语可表时间、原 因、条件等, 相当于一个状语从句. Given (If he is given)more time, he will do it better.,再给他多点时间, 他会做得更好. Born (As he was born) into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling. 他出身于贫困家庭, (因此)只上了两 年学.,【注意】有些过去分词源于系表结构, 作状语时不表被动而表主动. 此用法的过去分词及短语有: seated (坐)；hidden (躲)；dressed in (穿衣)； tired of(厌烦)；born(出身于)；lost/absorbed in (沉迷于)； lost (迷路)；determined to (决定)等.,Lost in thought, he didnt notice that everyone had gone. 因沉迷于思考之中, 他没注意到所有人都走了. 过去分词作状语时, 它的逻辑主语一般必须和句子的主语相一致, 若不一致, 需在过去分词前另加主语,构成过去分词的独立主格结构. The signal given, the bus started. 信号一发出, 汽车就开动了.,.单句填空 用所给单词的适当形式填空 1(2011高考天津卷改编)Passeagers are permitted _ only one piece of hand luggage onto the plane.(carry),to carry,解析: 固定搭配 permit sb.to do sth., 其被动式sb.be permitted to do sth 句意: 乘客只被允许带一件手提行李上飞机.,2(2011高考江西卷改编)On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she had a fall, Mr.Gordon immediately rushed home from his office.(say),saying,解析：句意：在接到妻子的电话说她摔倒的时候，Mr.Gordon立刻从办公室冲回家。非谓语动词修饰phone call，前后动词的动作在同一时间发生，表主动与进行用现在分词的形 式。,3(2011高考天津卷改编) _ into English, the sentence was found to have an entirely different word order.(translate) 解析: 考查非谓语动词. English与translat之间为被动关系, 时态为一般过去时. 所以用过去分词.,Translated,4(2011高考北京卷改编)Its important for the figures _ regularly.(update) 解析: 考查固定搭配和语态. Its important for sb./sth.to do/be done是固定用法. 句意: 对数字进行定期地更新非常重要. 数字the figures 被更新, 故用to be done.,to be updated,5(2011高考四川卷改编)Lydia doesnt feel like _ abroad.Her parents are old.(study) 解析: feel like doing 为固定搭配. 此处用studying 作 feel like 的宾语.,studying,6(2011高考四川卷改编)Simon made a big bamboo box _ the little sick bird till it could fly.(keep) 解析: 句意: Simon做了一个大竹筐来饲养这只生病的小鸟, 一直到它会飞. 此处使用动词不定式to keep 作目的状语.,to keep,7(2011高考四川卷改编) _an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.(offer) 解析: 考查非谓语动词作状语. 作状语的offer与主语Andy之间存在被动关系, 故用过去分词offered.,Offered,8(2011高考辽宁卷改编) _around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.(gather),Gathering,解析: 考查非谓语动词作时间状语. 根据句子意思“围在火堆边, 游客和当地人跳起舞来. 因为the tourists 和gather 之间存在主动关系, 故填gathering.,9(2011高考湖南卷改编)Do you wake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day？(feel) 解析: 句意: 你每天早上醒来觉得充满活力并且准备好开始新的一天吗？用现在分词feeling 作伴随状语.,feeling,10(2011高考重庆卷改编)More TV programs, according to government officials, will be produced _ peoples concern over food safety.(raise),to raise,解析: 句意: 据政府官员所说, 为了唤起人们对食品安全的关注, 将有更多的电视节目被录制. 此处用不定式to raise 作目的状语.,11(2011高考江苏卷改编)Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two different supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens.(compare),comparing,解析: 分析句子结构可知, 该句的主语是a survey, 谓语动词是has caused, 宾语是heated debate. 可见, 句子结构是完整的, 因此我们要选择的只能是非谓语动词形式. survey与compare之间存在主动关系, 因此用现在分词短语作后置定语.,12(2011高考浙江卷改编)Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years.(have) 解析: 本题的考点为独立主格结构, 判断依据是逗号前后主语不同, 前者是所有蝙蝠, 而后者是某些蝙蝠,having,(主语前后不一致又没有用连词引导的从句结构, 这是少见的“独立主格”标志). 题干主句意为“蝙蝠是一种长寿得令人吃惊的动物”, 主谓宾成分俱全, 可以确定后面的部分为修饰性的 “补充说明型”独立主格,相当于一个并列句, 通常放在句末, 主动关系, 形式为: 逻辑主语现在分词some having.,13(2011高考新课标全国卷改编) The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house.(rise),rising,解析: 考查非谓语动词作定语. 本句结构为: 主语是the next thing, 表语为smoke, 是主系表结构. 可见, 句子结构是完整的, 因此空格处填非谓语动词, somke 与rise 之间存在主动关系, 因此现在分词作后置定语.,14(2011高考福建卷改编)The difference in thickness and weight from the earlier version makes the iPad 2 more comfortable _.(hol