词汇结构专项复习.ppt

主要语法考点,词法 情态动词 虚拟语气 主谓一致 其它 句法 主从复合句 倒装句 强调句 反意疑问句,名词,形容词,副词,动词,名词,名词在句中多用来作主语、宾语、表语和定语。在英语应用能力考试中，要求考生根据题意把括号里所给的词变成名词。 1. 所填词的特征 前有物主代词如my, his, her, their, our, your, its 等 前有冠词如a, an, the 前有形容词如large, clever, foolish等 前有冠词+形容词如 that ancient, the clever 等 前有不定代词many, much, a few, a little, several 等 2. 所填词多为抽象名词或表示人的名词。如decision, illness, protection 等,常见名词后缀,表示人的名词后缀： 1）-al crime-criminal, 2) an Canada Canadian, Australia-Australian, history historian, music musician 3) ant account accountant, assist assistant 4) ar/ er/ or beg-beggar, lie liar, operate operator, survive survivor, law lawyer village villager, 5) ee employ employee, interview interviewee, 6) ist science scientist, tour tourist, journal journalist, physics physicist,抽象名词后缀： 1）- ance/ ence exist existence, depend dependence, confident confidence, different difference, important importance, distant distance intelligent intelligence, appear appearance 2) th deep depth, true truth, warm warmth, wide width, dead death, long length, strong strength, grow growth, high height 3) ment move movement, developdevelopment, arrange arrangement, equip equipment, judge judgment,常见名词后缀,抽象名词后缀： 4) tion/ ation/ ion discuss discussion, pollute pollution, decide decision, conclude-conclusion, educate-education, operate-operation, invent invention, protect protection, predict prediction, organize organization, inform-information, consider consideration imagine-imagination, invite invitation, 5) ing find findings, build building, paint painting,抽象名词后缀： 6) ness ill illness, carefulcarefulness, careless carelessness, kind kindness, weak weakness, helpless helplessness, 7) age short shortage, marry marriage, advance advantage 8) ty certain certainty, various variety, honest honesty,抽象名词后缀： 9) al survive-survival, arrive-arrival, propose-proposal, approve approval, refuse refusal, withdraw withdrawal 10) ity able ability , capable-capability responsible responsibility, real reality possible possibility, necessary necessity, visible visibility nation nationality,名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况,名词加词缀变换为其他词性的情况,巩固练习-名词,1.We have been informed that the (equip) _ will be arriving here in ten days. 正确答案：equipment 参考译文：我们已经得到通知，设备10天后运到。 解题分析：空格前有定冠词the，定冠词修饰名词。因此，本题应使用equip的名词形式equipment。,2.I sincerely thank you for your (invite) _ to the Industrial Exhibition. 正确答案：invitation 参考译文：非常感谢您邀请我参加工业展览。 解题分析：空格前有形容词物主代词your，your相当于一个形容词，故此处用名词invitation。,巩固练习-名词,3. there is a rapid increase in population in that country that has caused a food (short) _ 正确答案：shortage 参考译文：那个国家的人口增长非常快，以至引起了粮食短缺。 解题分析： 此题较难，空格前的food是名词用作定语，所以后面仍用名词。Short的名词较特殊，后加age。,巩固练习-名词,4. I was told that Disney Would is one of Floridas major (tour) _ attractions. 正确答案：tourist 参考译文：有人告诉我，迪斯尼乐园是佛罗里达州主要的旅游景点之一。 解题分析：空格前有形容词major，应使用名词。Tourist为“游客”，tourism为“旅游业”，根据后面“attractions”的含义“诱人之处”，此处应为tourist。,巩固练习-名词,5. there has been a large (grow) _ of light industries during these years. 正确答案：growth 参考译文：近几年轻工业发展较快。 解题分析：空格前large是形容词，后应填上名词作补语。,巩固练习-名词,6. there were only a few (survive) _ from the air-crash. 正确答案：survivors 参考译文：这次空难只有几名幸存者。 解题分析：本句缺少主语，且空格前为a few，修饰可数名词，应使用survive的名词survivors。,巩固练习-名词,7. the committee expects to come to a (decide) _ within this week. 正确答案：decision 参考译文：委员会期盼本周内作出决定。 解题分析：空格前有一个不定冠词a，因此答案应为decide的名词形式decision。,巩固练习-名词,8. There is little (probable) _ that it will rain tonight. 正确答案：probability 参考译文：今晚不可能下雨。 解题分析：little，few是不定代词，修饰名词。此处probable的名词转化形式与possible相同。,巩固练习-名词,形容词,形容词通常用在系动词后作表语，或用在名词前作定语。 系表结构中形容词作表语 名词前形容词作定语 如果括号内给出形容词，考查比较级、最高级形式 考试中常见句型： 1) be very + 形容词 2) a/ an/ the + 形容词 + 名词 3) very/ too/ many/ rather + 形容词 4) 形容词 + 名词,常见形容词后缀：,1、- ern 附在表方向的名词后 east eastern north northern south southern west western 2、-ful 附在抽象名词后 joy joyful peace peaceful skill skillful color colorful 3、 - ish 附在具体名词后 fool foolish child childish,4、- less brain brainless color colorless harm harmless home homeless 5、- ly father fatherly friend friendly man manly day daily hour hourly month monthly week weekly year yearly,常见形容词后缀：,常见形容词后缀：,9、- t difference different distance distant confidence confident depend dependent 10、- ive attract attractive imagine imaginative create creative,常见形容词后缀：,形容词变换为其他词性的情况,巩固练习-形容词,1. In some ways these schools are (differ) _ from Chinese middle schools.,答案：different 译文：在某些学校，这些学校不同于中国的中学。 分析：be different from 是固定搭配，“和不同”。,2. The (create) _ person is always ready to change his or her idea and to challenge the idea of other people and society.,答案：creative 译文：富有创造力的人总是随时准备改变自己的主意，而且对他人和社会的观点提出质疑。 分析：create 是动词，空格前为定冠词，后面是名词，名词短语做主语，应填上create的形容词形式，去e加ive.,巩固练习-形容词,3. A Youth Hostel is a place that offers a good nights sleep in friendly surroundings at a (reason) _ price.,答案：reasonable 译文：青年旅馆是在友好环境中以合适价格提供良好住宿的地方。 分析：括号中所给的词reason位于名词price之前，是修饰price的定语，因此应该用reason 的形容词形式 reasonable.,巩固练习-形容词,5. I was (please) _to have received your letter dated May 20th.,答案：pleased 译文：我很高兴收到你5月20日写给我的信。 分析：please是动词，但这里应该变成形容词pleased后才有“高兴“的意思。be pleased to do sth. 意为”高兴做某事“。,巩固练习-形容词,6. The teacher said his work was (satisfy) _ but there was still room for improvement.,答案：satisfactory/ satisfying 译文：老师说，他的工作另人满意，不过还有改进的余地。 分析：括号里给出了动词satisfy, 根据句意，这里应该用形容词做表语。satisfactory/ satisfying都表示“令人满意“之意，因此都可以用。,巩固练习-形容词,7. I have a (plenty) _ supply of things to keep the children happy when we go on long journeys.,答案：plentiful 译文：我可以提供很多的东西让孩子们长途旅行时玩得高兴。 分析：空格前为不定冠词，后是名词，根据上下文，此处应该填上形容词。Plenty 是名词，形容词是plentiful.,巩固练习-形容词,8. Living in the country is less (expense) _ than living in the city.,答案：expensive 译文：农村的生活费比城市的低。 分析：be 动词结构。空格后是连词than,与形容词比较级连用，因此应该填形容词。,巩固练习-形容词,9. Thanksgiving is a (tradition) _ festival in the US and Canada.,答案：traditional 译文：感恩节是美国和加拿大的传统节日。 分析：名词短语做表语，空格前是不定冠词，后面是名词，应填上形容词做表语。,巩固练习-形容词,副词 ad./adverb,副词的定义:副词是对动词(词组)、形容词(词组) 、其他副词(词组)、介词(词组)或者一个句子起描述作用,或者对其意义作进一步说明的词. 副词的功用:修饰动词(词组) 、形容词(词组) 、其他副词(词组)、介词(词组)或者一个句子 副词的分类：副词分为时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、程度副词、疑问副词、连接副词和关系副词。,常见副词形式,1. 直接加-ly careful - carefully recent - recently 2. 以le结尾的改为ly possible -possibly terrible - terribly 3. 以y 结尾的变y 为i 加 ly sleepy - sleepily lucky - luckily,考试中常见句型,be (副词)adj. 动词副词 动词宾语副词 主语副词动词 副词句子 副词副词,He has been extremely busy these days. Everything went smoothly. She didnt do it intentionally. She suddenly fell ill. Luckily, Peter was there. He works terribly hard.,He rushed (danger) _ across the busy street to catch the bus. The chairman emphasized his ideas by speaking more (loud) _ . Could you go to bed (early) _ than you usually do? There are some more topics to discuss, _ the problem of pollution. A. generally B. especially C. exactly D. probably I didnt attend the evening party, but (apparent) _ it was a great success.,历年常见考题,dangerously,loudly,earlier,B,apparently,历年常见考题,I thought his explanation was (unnecessary) _ complex. (unfortunate) _, she was got a bad cold and cant attend the conference. The little girl gave an (extreme) _ wonderful performance last night. Yesterday I was last getting to the railway station, but (fortunate) _ , the train was late, too. The secretary is so efficient that his boss thinks (high) _ of him.,unnecessarily,Unfortunately,extremely,fortunately,highly,动词,next,return,next,return,通常用作谓语注意各种时态的应用：一般现在时、一般过去时，一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时、过去完成进行时 不充当谓语时，又叫非限定形式(也叫做非谓语形式)，动词有三种非限定形式，分别为： 动词不定式 (to do sth.)； 动名词 (V-ing)； 分词 (现在分词 V- ing 和过去分词 V- ed)。,谓语动词的各种时态,return,动词的非限定形式不定式,不定式时态和语态的变化：,The couple seated in the restaurant seemed to be having a wonderful time.,I hope to see you again.,It is an honour to be asked to speak here.,She seems to have read this book before.,next,动词的非限定形式不定式,不定式可作除谓语外的任何句子成分。 作主语时，常放在谓语动词后： e.g. It is hard for me to learn English. 作定语时，须放在被修饰的名/代词之后： e.g. I have a lot of work to do. There is a long way to go. 不定式作使役动词、感观动词的宾语补足时，常省略“to”: make /let /order/have + sb. do sth. see /watch /hear /feel /notice +sb. do sth. e.g. I saw him go out. 省略不定式符号“to”的词组还有： have batter、would rather、rather than 、would sooner 、cannot but 、cannot help but 、do nothing than e.g. I can do nothing but wait here.,next,动词的非限定形式不定式,作宾语，有些及物动词后只能跟动词的不定式作它的宾语： want / hope / agree / promise / mean / decide /expect / manage / pretend / determine+ to do sth. e.g. I mean to do that once again. He promised to give her a birthday present.,return,动词的非限定形式动名词,有些及物动词后只能跟动名词作它的宾语： avoid / enjoy / mind / insist on / object to / give up / practise / put off + 名词/ doing sth. 动名语作介词的宾语，且有时介词会省略： spend (in) doing sth. be no point (in) doing sth. have difficulty (in) doing sth. be busy (in) doing sth. 注意：当“to”是作介词，而不是不定式的标志时，其后面应该接名词或者动名词： lead to / be used to / look forward to / be accustomed to / pay attention to / confess to/contribute to / devote to + 名词/ doing sth.,return,动词的非限定形式分词,作状语 现在分词作状语时表示主动，所表示的动作与句子的主语有逻辑上的主谓关系； 过去分词作状语时表示被动，它表示的动作与句子的主语间有动宾的关系。 e.g. Following the manager, a young lady comes in. If kept in the fridge, the fruit can remain fresh for more than a week. “with +名词/形容词分词（或形容词介词短语）”往往作伴随状语 e.g. he fell asleep with the lamp burning. 作定语 现在分词与修饰的词之间是主动关系，而过去分词是被动关系： a moving film 令人感动的电影 a moved audience 受感动的观众,next,动词的非限定形式分词,分词的时态和语态的变化：,非限定性动词练习,1. while hunting in the forest, _. A. a snake bit her. B. she were bitten by a snake. C. she was bitten by a snake. D. a snake bit her. 2. While (cross) _ the street, you must keep your eyes open. 3. The girl admitted, after several hours of (question) _, using someone elses credit card. 4. The houses are made of wood. Houses so (construct) _are much cheaper to build. 5. _ by a crowd of spectators, Tom felt nervous. A. Being watched B. Watched C. Watching D. Having watched 6. The content is thorough and detailed, _ to business English. A. being paid special attention B. paid special attention C . with special attention being paid D. special attention paid,crossing,being questioned,constructed,return,情态动词考点,should (ought to ) + have + V- ed 表示应该发生却没有发生的事 e.g. We ought to have given you more help. 2. must + have +V- ed 表示对过去事情的肯定推测,只用于肯定句 e.g. The pond is full of water. It must have rained last night. 3. could/can+have+V-ed 表示对过去行为的推测及过去能做而未做的事，是对过去不付诸实施的事情的惋惜。 e.g. He can have finished the work soon. 4. 情态动词+ have + been + v-ing 表示推测某种动作 “应当一直在-”， “可能一直在-”。 e.g. I am sorry we are late. You should have been waiting for us.,本应该,本可能,肯定,一直,return,情态动词练习,1.You look so sleepy. You _ to bed very late last night. A. had gone B. were going C. must have gone D. went 2.She _ letters, for she had a pen in her hand when she came to the door. A. was writing B. had written C. must have written D. must have been writing 3. Mary has got a full mark in the test. She _ very hard all these days. A. will work B. may work C. must have worked D. could have worked,c,D,c,情态动词练习,4. I _ to the library yesterday but I forgot all about it. A. should have gone B. ought to go C. had to go D. should go 5. The book you were looking for might (remove) _, or is temporarily unavailable. 6. Last week he promised that he (come) _ today, but he hasnt arrived yet.,have been removed,A,would come,return,1 2 3 4 5,4. 交叉虚拟 （即时间状语混合） 有时候,条件从句表示的动作和主句表示的动作,发生的时间是不一致的(如下例:一个是过去发生,一个是现在发生) 例子：if you had taken my advice yesterday, now you would be better.,IF 可以省略，引起部分倒装。 （were, should, had 提前） 当条件从句中出现were, should, had 等时, 可以将if 省略, 把were, should, had 放在主语的前面. 例子: Had he been here last night, I would have told him the news.,讲解1: If the earth stopped moving, what _ ? do you think would happen did you think will happen c. do you think would be happen d. did you think would be happened,答案: a 译文: 如果地球停止转动,你认为会发生什么事? 分析: 与现在事实相反的假设, 主句使用 would + 动词原形,返回表格,讲解2 I didnt see your boss at the meeting. If he (come) _ , I would have told him the news.,答案: had come 译文: 我在会上没有看到你的老板. 如果他来的话,我早就把消息告诉他了. 分析: 主句使用would have told 表示过去时间, 从句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气, 故使用 had +过去分词.,返回表格,讲解3 If I were to do it, I (do) _it in a different way.,答案：would do 译文：要是我来做这事， 我会是另一种做法。 分析：从句使用 were to do 表示将来时间，主句的谓语动词也应该使用表示将来情况的虚拟语气，故使用 would +动词原形.,返回表格,讲解4 If it hadnt rained last night, the ground (not be )_ so wet now.,答案：would not be 译文：要是昨晚不下雨，现在地面就不会那么湿。 分析：从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反，所以主句的谓语动词使用 would +动词原形。,返回表格,讲解5 _ last Friday, he would have got to Paris. a. Had he left b. Would he leave c. If he is to leave d. If he was leaving,答案： a 译文：要是他上星期五离开，他可能已到达巴黎了。 分析：主句使用would have got 表示过去时间, 从句的谓语动词也应该使用表示过去情况的虚拟语气, 故从句为 if he had left. 排除c, d 答案。又因为从句中出现 had , should, were 等词时，if 可省略，同时把这些词提前。,返回表格,练习： 1. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be,2. If I hadnt driven the car yesterday, I (avoid) _ the accident.,D,would have avoided,You _ the new foreign teacher if you had been here yesterday. a. must have seen b. would have seen c. should see d. had seen,4. If I (have) _ your phone number, I would have called you yesterday evening.,b,had had,5. If it hadnt rained last night, the ground (not be) _ so wet now.,6. If you knew me better, you would not (say) _ that.,7. If he (be) _ here last night, I would have spoken to him.,would not be,have said,had been,8. They might live quite comfortably (be) _ it not for a quarrel with their neighbor.,9. Had they time, they certainly _ and help us. a. would come b. had come c. have come d. will come,10. If the earth stopped moving, what do you think (happen) _ ?,were,a,would happen,固定句式中的虚拟语气,suggest, demand, advise, propose 等词引导的宾语从句中 2. suggestion, proposal 引导的同位语从句中 3. It +be+ suggested /demanded + that 从句中 It is + important /necessary + that 从句中 4. For fear that (惟恐), in case, lest (以防) 引导的从句中,以上四种情况下，从句中的谓语动词是由 should + 动词原形构成， should 可以省略。,1 2 3 4,5. wish, would rather, if only, as if, as though +从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式；如果表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用过去完成式。 6. It is high/ about time + 从句时，从句的谓语动词用过去时或者should+动词原形，should不能省略。 7. 介词短语可相当一个条件从句时要用虚拟语气，比如：without, but, but for, otherwise 等。But for the heavy rain we would have been there in time.,5 6 7,讲解1 ： The boss insisted that Mr. Copper (give) _ up his experiment at once.,答案：（should）give 译文：老板坚持让库柏先生立即停止做实验。 分析：insist 引导的宾语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should +动词原形，should 可以省略。,返回,讲解2： The firm has been given instructions that the manger (fly) _ to new York.,答案：(should) fly 译文：公司得到指示，要经理乘飞机去纽约。 分析：instruction 引导名词从句时，从句的谓语动词使用虚拟语气should+动词原形， should 可以省略。,返回,讲解3： It is necessary that he (take) _ a good rest after working for a long time.,答案：take 译文：工作了这么长时间后，他非常有必要好好休息一下。 分析：it is necessary / important/ essential 后接的从句中，谓语动词用(should) +动词原形。,返回,讲解4： He put his coat on for fear that (or lest) he _ cold. catches b. should catch c. caught d. has caught,答案：B 译文：他穿上外套惟恐着凉。 分析：for fear that 引导的从句中，谓语动词用 (should) +动词原形。,返回,讲解5： I wish I （be）_ as strong as you.,答案： were 译文： 我希望能像你一样健壮。 分析：wish 引导从句时，如果表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用过去式， 所以是were.,返回,讲解6： It is time that we (go)_ to bed.,答案：went/ should go 译文：是睡觉的时候了。 分析：It is high/ about time + 从句时，从句的谓语动词只能用过去时。,返回,讲解7： You _ your work ahead of time without their help. havent completed b. wouldnt have completed c. werent completing d. shouldnt have completed,答案：B 译文：要是没有他们的帮忙，你不会提前完成工作的。 分析：without 短语相当于if 条件句，表示对过去事实的评价，因此主句使用wouldnt have completed.,返回,练习： It is high time that we (put) _an end to this quarrel. It is advised that we (sign)_ an agreement right after the discussion. 3. I suggested that he (refuse) _ the offer proposed by that company.,should put/ put,(should) sign,(should) refuse,He talked as if he (do) _all the work himself, but in fact Tom and I did most of it. If only she (know) _ that her behavior was not welcome, she would have been more careful with her manners. 6. It is high time we _ something to stop load accident. a. did b. are doing c. will do d. do,had done,had known,a,7. Xiao Li speaks English in a way as if she (be) _ an American. 8Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or another. is settled b. was settled c. be settled d. has been settled 9I think its high time we _ strict measures to stop pollution. a. will take b. take c. took d. have taken,were,c,c,10I didnt go with them to the beach yesterday. But I do wish I _ there. had been b. have been c. was d. am 11It is required that every employee (come) _ in their uniform before 8:30 am.,a,(should) come,return,主谓一致只用单数,单数主语后面跟有with, together, as well as, no less than, like, but, except等词引起的短语时，谓语仍用单数。 e.g. Tom, together with the girls, goes to shopping. 由each, some, any, no, every等构成的复合词，均作单数看 e.g. Is everybody ready? neither, either 通常作单数看： e.g. neither of us has been there. 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的名词，通常作单数看。 e.g. two million dollars is big money. two days is not a long time to wait. many a, more than one 所修饰的词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。,return,主谓一致须细分的情况,两个单数名词用and 联接时，动词一般用复数 e.g. the poet and the writer have come. the poet and writer has come. None指不可数，用单数；指可数，用复数或单数 people, police, cattle, poultry, militia 等词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。 集合名词：表示整体，谓语用单数；表示成员，用复数 e.g. The committee are chatting . My family is made up of