英语国家概况第六章.ppt

Chapter 6 Literature,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,CONTENT,I,,The Postmodern Period 1945- ,VII,1.2 The Old English Period,Old English the epic Beowulf A folk legend brought to England by the Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.,Early writings,Book of Kells English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. The study of English literature usually begins with the Anglo-Saxon epic poem Beowulf.,Beowulf It is one of the oldest “Old English” literary works in British literature.,1.3 The Middle English Period,With the Norman Conquest in 1066, Britain entered the Middle Ages 1066-1485. Middle English The Canterbury Tales 1387-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400,,2019/7/30,tiantianyeh,8,The Canterbury Tales,A work written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the late fourteenth century about a group of pilgrims, of many different occupations and personalities, who meet at an inn near London as they are setting out for Canterbury, England. Their host proposes a storytelling contest to make the journey more interesting. The language is Middle English.,Geoffrey Chaucer ca. 1343-1400 乔叟 one of the greatest English poets “The Canterbury Tales“ 坎特伯雷故事集,内容提要 4月的一天，一群香客去坎特伯雷朝圣，投宿在泰巴旅店。次日，店主、香客与在此住宿的作者一起出发。店主提议在去坎特伯雷的路上每人讲两个故事，回来时再讲两个，被大家公认为最佳的讲故事者可以在回来时白吃一顿丰盛的晚餐。,,The Renaissance 1500-1660,,Elizabethan Drama,By the time of Queen Elizabeth I’s reign 1558-1603, English was basically as it is today. In the works of Shakespeare and later in the King James version of the Bible, English reached its peak of purity and beauty. In all the centuries since, the English language has undergone gradual changes. Shakespeare lives in this age but he belongs to all ages. He is the greatest playwright and poet.,,Renaissance is characterized by admiration of the Greek and Latin classic works. sonnet 十四行诗 drama The drama types are tragedy, comedy and farce 滑稽剧 .,2.1 General Knowledge,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,Shakespeare’s Birthplace,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,English playwright William Shakespeare was born in that house on Henley Street in Stratford-upon-Avon in April 1564. Shakespeare’s father, John, purchased the building in two stages, in 1556 and 1572. Today, Shakespeare’s birthplace is a museum, furnished as it might have been in Shakespeare’s time. It also houses an exhibit on Shakespeare’s life.,William Shakespeare1564-1616,Brief introduction of William Shakespeare 1 Dramatist/ poet 2Stratford-on-Avon his hometown 3family background merchant wool 4 marriage in 1582,married a farmer girl who is ten years older than he. 5 In London he became an actor in theatre. 6In 1610,he retired and went back to his hometown until he died.,His works I,37 plays altogether Comedy A Mid-Summer Night’s Dream1595 The Merchant of Venice1596 As you Like It1599 Twelfth Night1600 Winter’s Tale1610,His works II,Tragedy Hamlet1601/Othello1604 Macbeth1605/King Lear1605/Timon of Athens1607 Historical plays Henry VI1590/Richard III1592/Richard II1595/King John1596/HenryIV1597 Julius Caesar1599/Henry VIII1612 Poems Venus and Adonis1593/The Rape of Lucrece1594/The Sonnets1609,Four Tragedies ,Four Comedies ,哈姆莱特Hamlet,,奥赛罗Othello,,李尔王King Lear,,麦克白Macbeth,,,威尼斯商人The Merchant of Venice ，,第十二夜 Twelfth Night），,仲夏夜之梦A Midsummer Night’s Dream ,无事生非As You Like It又叫.,2019/7/30,,20,William Shakespeare,,Hamlet,Othello,King Lear,Macbeth,MERCHANT VENICE,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,All the world s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. As You Like It Act 2, scene 7, 139–143,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,To be, or not to be from Hamlet 3/1 To be, or not to be that is the question Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them,Study of Sonnet,Definition of sonnet A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme. Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter 五步抑扬格. There are 2 kinds of sonnets 1The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet abba abba cde cde rhyme scheme 2The Shakespearean sonnet abab cdcd efef gg rhyme scheme,Kinds of Stanza 诗节,1 couplet 两行押韵的诗体 2 tercet 三行押韵的诗体 terza rima隔行押韵的三行诗体,如Ode to the West Wind 3 quatrain 四个诗行组成的诗体 4ottava rima 八行诗体 5Spenserian stanza九行诗体 6sonnet 十四行诗又叫商籁体,Example of sonnet Sonnet 18,Sonnet 18 of William Shakespeare Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day, Thou art more lovely and more temperate Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May. And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;,Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimm’d; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature’s changing course untrimm’d; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st,,Sonnet 183 by William Shakespeare,Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st; So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5-foot Iambus Iambic Pentametre,（五步抑扬格）,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,Translation,或许我可用夏日将你作比方， 但你比夏日更可爱也更温良。 夏风狂作常会摧落五月的矫蕊， 夏季的期限也未免还不太长。 有时候天眼如炬人间酷热难当， 但转瞬又金面如晦常惹云遮雾障。 每一种美都终究会凋残零落， 或见弃于机缘，或受挫于天道无常。 然而你永恒的夏季却不会终止， 你优美的形象也永远不会消亡， 死神难夸口说你在它的罗网中游荡，只因你借我的诗行便可长寿无疆。 只要人口能呼吸，人眼看得清， 我这诗就长存，使你万世留芳。,2.2 William Shakespeare 1564-1616,Q. What makes Shakespeare so famous,A His great understanding of human nature and his ability to find universal human qualities and to put them in dramatic situations.,,John Milton 1608-1674 Paradise Lost 1667 Paradise Regained 1671 Samson Agonistes 1671,3.2.1 John Milton,,The Neo-classical Period 1660-1785,,III,,The 17th century witnessed the Bourgeois Revolution and the Restoration. The 18th century is a comparatively peaceful development period. The Industrial Revolution,3.1 Historical Background,3.1 Historical Background,Classicism prevailed for the most part of the century with Alexander Pope as its representative. Satire 讽刺文学, making fun of people, came to full growth in this century. Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift Daniel Defoe,3.2 Representatives,3.2.2 Alexander Pope,Alexander Pope 1688-1744 An Essay on Criticism 1711 The Rape of the Lock 1712-1714 translated Homer’s Iliad and part of Odyssey the first English poet who could lived off the sales of his works,3.2.3 Jonathan Swift,Jonathan Swift 1667-1745 Gulliver’s Travels 1726an unparalleled satirical depiction of vice, folly and mere weakness of mankind.,3.2.4 Daniel Defoe,Daniel Defoe 1660-1731 Robinson Crusoe 1719,,The Romantic Period 1785-1830,Romantic period,Roughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and emotion than with the power of reason, which marked the 18th century. Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads in 1798, which was called romantic poetry’s Declaration of Independence. Together with Robert Southey, they were called “Lake Poets” since all of them lived in the lake district and admired nature very much. Byron, Keats and Shelly are all well-known figures in this period.,The Nature of Romantic Movement,1 The Romantic Movement expressed a more or less negative attitude toward the existing social and political conditions that came with industrialization and the growing importance of the bourgeoisie.,2 The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. When their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.They emphasized the special qualities of each individual’s mind.,3 Romanticism constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence Romanticism designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.,4 Romanticism places the individual at the center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.,4.1 Pioneers of Romantic Poets,Pioneers William Wordsworth 1770-1850 “I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud” Samuel Taylor Coleridge 1772-1834 “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” “Declaration of Independence” of romantic poetryLyrical Ballads 1798 a volume of poems written by Wordsworth and Coleridge,William Wordsworth 1770-1850,Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集,Written by Wordsworth and Coleridge The collection of poetry that marked the beginning of the Romantic period The uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, the strong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular, the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,A The major “second generation” of Romantic poets included Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, John Keats.,Q. Who are the major “second generation” of Romantic poets,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,George Gordon Byron 1788-1824, known as Lord Byron Child Harold’s Pilgrimage 1812, 1816, 1818 Don Juan 1818-1823,Don Juan,Don Juan is about the romantic adventures of a legendary Spanish youth who has many love affairs with various women. He is immoral. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, which, according to Byron, are virtues neglected by the modern society.,4.2 The Major “Second Generation” of Romantic Poets,Percy Bysshe Shelley 1792-1822 long poem“The Revolt of Islam” 1818 political lyric“The Masque of Anarchy” 1819 essay“A Defense of Poetry” 1821 lyrical dramaPrometheus Unbound 1819 short poems “Ode to the West Wind” 1819 and “Ode to a Skylark” 1820,,The Victorian Period 1832-1901,,V,5.1 Critical Realism,A The critical realists described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.,Q. What’s the characteristic of the Critical Realism novels,5.2 Representatives,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,Charles Dickens 1812-1870 a fierce critic of the poverty and social stratification of Victorian England,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,The Pickwick Papers 1836-1837brought him immediate fame Great Expectations 1860-1861 Oliver Twist 1837 A Tale of Two Cities 1859 David Copperfield 1849-1850,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,A In his enormous body of works, Dickens combined masterly storytelling, humor, pathos 伤感, and irony with sharp social criticism and acute 敏锐的 observation of people and places, both real and imagined. His works had great social relevance, psychological insight, and narrative and symbolic complexity.,Q. What’s the writing style of Charles Dickens,5.2.1 Charles Dickens,5.2.2 Jane Austen,Jane Austen 1775–1817 Sense and Sensibility 1811 Pride and Prejudice 1813 Mansfield Park 1814 Emma 1816,,Pride and Prejudice,It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered as the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. 凡是有钱的单身汉，总想娶位太太，这已经成了一条举世公认的真理。这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心目中根深蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女儿理所应得的一笔财产。,Jane Austen’s main literary concern,1 Her literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She believes that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career. It reveals his moral quality more accurately and truthfully.,2 Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, in which female characters are playing an active part.,5.2.3 Bronte Sisters,Bronte sisters Charlotte 1816-1855 Jane Eyre 1847 Emily 1818-1848 Wuthering Heights 1847 Anne 1820-1849,5.2.4 George Eliot,George Eliot 1819-1880“philosophical writer” Adam Bede 1859 The Mill on the Floss 1860 Silas Marner 1861 Middlemarch 1871-1872,Thomas Hardy,Hardy, Thomas 1840-1928, English novelist and poet of the naturalist movement, who powerfully delineated portray characters, portrayed in his native Dorset, struggling helplessly against their passions and external circumstances. Thomas Hardy provoked readers with his 1895 tragic novel Jude the Obscure, a scathing attack on the institution of marriage and sexual repression in 19th-century England.,5.2.5 Thomas Hardy,Thomas Hardy 1840-1928 The Return of the Native 1878 The Mayor of Casterbridge 1886 Tess of the D’Urbervilles 1891 Jude the Obscure 1895,,The Modern Period 1914-1945,,6.1 Fiction,Fiction Joseph Conrad 1857-1924 Virginia Woolf 1882-1941 James Joyce 1882-1941 D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930,6.1 Fiction,Joseph Conrad 1857-1924 The Heart of Darkness 1902,6.1 Fiction,Virginia Woolf 1882-1941a central figure of the “Bloomsbury Group” Mrs. Dalloway 1925 To The Lighthouse 1927 Orlando 1928 A Room of One’s Own 1929,6.1 Fiction,A Stream of consciousness makes it first appearance in the late 19th century. It is a kind of literary technique which depicts the characters’ mental and emotional reactions in an unpunctuated or disjointed .,Q. What is Stream of Consciousness,6.1 Fiction,James Joyce 1882-1941 Ulysses 1922 Finnegans Wake 1939,6.1 Fiction,D. H. Lawrence 1885-1930 Sons and Lovers 1913 Rainbow 1915 Lady Chatterley’s Lover 1928,6.2 Poetry,Poetry William Butler Yeats 1865-1939 Thomas Stearns Eliot 1888-1965,6.2 Poetry,William Butler Yeats 1865-1939won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923 “The Wild Swans at Coole” “Michael Robartes and the Dancer” “The Tower”,6.2 Poetry,Thomas Stearns Eliot 1888-1965 The Waste Land 1922 Four Quartets 1935-1942,6.3 Drama,Drama George Bernard Shaw 1856-1950 Plays Pleasant and Unpleasant 1898 Widower’s Houses 1892 Mrs. Warren’s Profession 1893 Arms and the Man 1894 Pygmalion 1913 Saint Joan 1924,,The Postmodern Period 1945- ,,7.1 Fiction,A 1 Modernism tends to present a fragmented view of human subjectivity 主观, but presents that fragmentation as something tragic, something to be lamented as a loss. While Postmodernism doesn’t lament the idea of fragmentation but rather celebrates it.,Q. What’s the distinction between Modernism and Postmodernism,7.1 Fiction,2 Modernists look for buried meaning below confusing surfaces, while Postmodernists abandon that search.,7.1 Fiction,George Orwell 1903-1950 Nineteen Eighty Four 1948,7.2 Drama,Samuel Beckett 1906-1989 Waiting for Godot 1952 Awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1969 “for his writing, whichin new s for the novel and dramain the destitution（穷困，缺乏） of modern man acquires its elevation“.,7.2 Drama,,“Mr. Godot told me to tell you he won t come this evening but surely tomorrow.”,7.2 Drama,ESTRAGON No, nothing is certain. Vladimir slowly crosses the stage and sits down beside stragon. VLADIMIR We can still part, if you think it would be better. ESTRAGON It s not worthwhile now. Silence,7.2 Drama,VLADIMIR No, it s not worthwhile now. Silence ESTRAGON Well, shall we go VLADIMIR Yes, let s go. They do not move.,Thank You ,英语国家概况,