汉英语言的基本区别.ppt

汉英语言的基本差异,1. 主述位结构(theme structure)上的差别 汉语属主题显著 (topic-prominent) 语言 英语属主语显著 (subject-prominent)语言,1.看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。 2 .这本书我已经看过了。 3. 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此进一步加强合作，建立和发展贸易关系。,1. He isnt interested in things like watching TV, listening to songs, or dancing. 2. I have already read this book. 3. Customers from various countries and regions are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts,2. 思维方式 (thought pattern/discourse pattern) 的不同 (在篇章的组织结构方面) 英语的直线型（linear） 汉语的螺旋型（circular/spiral/indirect）,在遣词造句谋篇上： 循着从一般（general）到具体（specific），从概括（summarize）到举例（exemplify），从整体（whole）到个体（respective）的原则。,Soccer is a difficult sport（1）A player must be able to run steadily without rest（2）Sometimes a player must hit the ball with his or her head（3）Players must be willing to bang into and be banged into by others（4） They must put up with aching feet and sore muscles,足球运动员必须能不停地奔跑，有时得用头顶球，撞别人或被别人撞，必须忍受双脚和肌肉的疼痛，所以说，足球运动是一项难度大的运动。,1.语篇的开头 英语重直线思维，先说重要的信息，后把次要的信息一一补进，采用“演绎模式”（deductive）；汉语从侧面说，阐述外围的环境，最后说话语的信息中心。采用一种“归纳”式（inductive）思维模式。 “I would like to apply for a university scholarship”， 在表达“看电视的坏处”时，汉语的首段大都是先用一个段落陈述电视的好处，给人们带来的种种实惠，再回到题目上来指出其缺点；而英文的写作规范是开门见山，直接点题。,2.语篇的发展 英语思维强调个人意见的表达，写作要求观点鲜明，符合逻辑，首尾统一。段落，开头以主题句点明主题，其后内容按直线展开，层层深入，辅助句紧扣中心思想。段落的线性发展围绕主题展开，先陈述中心意思，后分点论证说明，使主题句的内容展开，并为后面的内容作好铺垫。 汉语思维习惯于绕圈子，常常先避开主题，从宽泛的时间和空间入手，往往把主要内容或关键问题保留到最后或含而不露。从次要到主要、从相关信息到中心话题的话语组织模式（逐步达到高潮的渐进式模式）。,3.语篇的结尾 英语主体思维强调客观性，摆出大量事实数据，使读者确信作者并未搀杂个人观点。让作者得出自己的结论，文章往往呈现无结论化倾向。 汉语主体思维主观性强烈，往往对读者的判断力持怀疑态度，由作者出面给出结论，文章往往呈现结论化倾向。比如，题目为Making our city greener中：Lets join hands and take some efficient and urgent measures to make our city greener and greener. 或者用You should make your effort to make our city greener. Just do it from now on.等等。英文表达：Urgent and efficient measures should be taken to stop environment pollution and make our city a more comfort place to live.,Sample 1 : Pleasures in Reading 1. Reading can offer me certain pleasures that real life cannot do. (TS) 2. In the first place, reading can disperse loneliness. 3.While reading I can meet the wise and the good of all lands and all times. 4. In the pages of the book I can talk and walk with these friends who are always ready to give me friendship, sympathy, and encouragement, whereas my friends in reality cannot give me these when they leave me. 2. Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life. 3. By reading I can travel around the whole world, and lead varied lives. 4. Through books the beauties of nature, the enjoyment of art, the triumphs of architecture, the marvels of engineering, are all open to my wonder and appreciation. 1.It can be said those who cannot enjoy reading are poor men; those who enjoy reading most can obtain the most happiness from it. (CS),Sample Paragraph Analysis 1 Keeping dogs as pets has more benefits than most people recognize. 2 First, they contribute to the health of their owners. 3 Often their demands for walks and play improve their owners exercise routine. 4 In fact, statistics show that dog owners get more regular exercise than non-dog owners do. 3 Also, they enhance health simply by being around to be petted. 4 Scientific studies have indicated that stroking a pit reduces stress and lowers blood pressure. 2 Second, they provide a means for parents to teach their children responsibility.,3 When parents give children a dog, they provide them the opportunity to fulfill the responsibilities of walking, feeding, and caring for its other needs. 2 Finally and most important of all, dogs enhance the well-being and emotional stability of families. 3 Older people who live alone especially rely on dogs to give them enjoyment and company. 4 Stories are numerous about elderly people who are forced to give up their pups and die soon thereafter. 5 Psychologists have suggested that the loss of the pet causes them to lose their will to live.,1 In brief, although dogs cause their owners trouble and expense, these animals may at the same time return unrealized value.,3.句法结构（Syntactic Differences） 语系： 英语 印欧语系 汉语 汉藏语系 语言性质： 英语 形合(hypotaxis) 汉语 意合(parataxis),英语注重显性接应(overt cohesion)，注重以形显义，注重句子形式和完整。因此，句子常用各种形式手段连接词语、分句或从句。 汉语注重隐性连贯(covert coherence)，注重逻辑事理顺序，注重功能、意义，注重以神统形。因此，造句少用甚不用形式连接手段。,“汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去；而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄，主干可能很短，累累果实附着在上面。”(庄绎传),英语的形合法 (hypotaxis) 注重显性接应 (overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义。主要的连接手段有：关系词、连接词。介词包括简单介词（如: with，to，in，of，about）、合成介词（如inside，onto，upon，within）和成语介词（如according to，along with，in front of，on behalf of）。关系词包括关系代词和系副词如who，whom，whose，that，which，what，when，where，why，how等。连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如and，or，but，yet，so，however，as well as，when，while，since，unless等。,汉语的几个短句往往可以译成一个由英语关联词及各种短语联接在一起的一个英语长句。如: (1) 眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。 2) 当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。,(1) 眼下,咱只盼着有关部门对“工薪族”们作一个详细的调查,对我们的收入心里有个数,别出来个咱累死也够不着的房价。 Now , I am expecting the departments concerned to survey on us“ the salaried”, so as to gain a clear understanding of our income and abandon such a high price we cant afford even if we toil to death. (2) 当今一些经济大案,立案查处,成绩卓然,群众拍手称快。 Nowadays , the public is clapping their hands in applause for the great achievement we have made in placing cases on file for investigation and prosecution concerning some serious economic cases.,It was on a Sunday evening，when he was lying in the orchard listening to a blackbird and composing a love poem，that he heard the gate swing to，and saw the girl coming running among the trees，with the red cheeked，stolid Joe in swift pursuit,一个星期日的傍晚，他正躺在果园里，一面在听画眉鸟的啁啾，一面在写一首爱情诗，忽然听得大门砰地关上，接着看见