高考英语语法第三讲从句.ppt

从句考点归纳,从句,1. 名词性从句,2. 定语从句,3. 状语从句,名词性从句,1. 主语从句,2. 宾语从句,3. 表语从句,4. 同位语从句,I语序问题,在名词性从句中，除了关联词在从句之首外，其它部分应用陈述句的语序，,He asked _ for a violin（NMET92） A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid,II用it 代替主语从句或宾语从句,为了使句子保持平衡，常用先行词it来代替主语从句或宾语从句，而把主语从句或宾语从句放到后面，尤其是连词that引导的主语从句常用于此种句式中，但what，whatever，whoever，whichever引导的主语从句一般不后置。例如：,I hate _ when people talk with their mouths full（MET98） Ait Bthat Cthese Dthem,解析答案：A。此题考查了it作先行词代替宾语从句，而把宾语从句放在句末。其它人称代词或指示代词都不能代替从句。,2. 用it 作形式主语的结构,(1) It is 名词 从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that 是常识 (2) It is 形容词 从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 (3) It is 不及物动词 从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 It appears that 似乎 (4) It 过去分词 从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 It is said that 据说,III关联词的区分,that 从句与 wh- 从句的区别： that连词在从句中不作成分，不含有疑问意义，而wh-连词在从句中作成分，且含有疑问意义。,1. _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.（NMET96） A. What , what B. What , that C. That , that D. That , what,解析答案: A。此题考查了两个名词性从句, 因为从句中都缺宾语, 所以都应选what不选that, that在引导名词性从句时不作成分。,2. Do you remember _ he came? Yes, I do. He came by car. （NMET94） A. how B. when C. that D. if,解析答案: A。根据答语He came by car可知, 问句应是提问方式, 所以选择A, how。,再如： _ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.（NMET93） A. What B. That C. The fact D. The matter,另外，在名词性从句的复习过程中，我们还须特别注意以下问题： 1主语从句 Whatever, whoever, whichever 引导的主语从句的区分。 whatever 相当于 anything that, 是 what 的强调形式，表示“无论什么”。例如： Whatever she does is ridiculous whoever 相当于anyone who, 是who 的强调形式，表示“无论谁；任何的人”。例如： Whoever walks around in such a heavy rain will catch a cold whichever“无论哪个; 无论哪些”, 既指人, 也指物; 可以单独使用, 可以修饰名词, 也可以后跟of 短语。例如： Whichever of us fulfils his task first will lend a hand to others Whichever book you borrow doesnt matter to us,2表语从句 reason 后面的表语从句只能用that 引导, 不能用why 引导, 但reason后面的定语从句可以用why 或者that 引导。例如： The reason why we didnt trust him is that he has often lied 3同位语从句 能跟同位语从句的名词。 idea, fact, news, hope, belief, thought, doubt 等名词后面, 可以跟that或者连接代词、连接副词引导的同位语从句。同位语从句只是对前面的名词作进一步的解释, 说明前面的名词的具体含义。 例如： We are surprised at the fact that the children did it on their own They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Germany again,同位语从句和定语从句的区别： that作为关系代词, 可以引导定语从句, 充当句子成分, 在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时, 起连词的作用, 没有实际意义，不充当句子成分, 一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: The suggestion (that) he raised at the meeting is very good. （that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略） The suggestion that the students (should) have plenty of exercise is very good.（that引导同位语从句） I had no idea that you were here.（that引导同位语从句, 不能省略） Have you got the idea (that) this book gives you of life in ancient Greece? （that引导定语从句, 作宾语, 可以省略）,名词性从句的两点注意,注意一 引导词that的省略 引导宾语从句时，that可以省略 引导主语、表语和同位语从句时，that不能省,注意二：名词性从句中主句和从句的时态一致,（1）宾语从句中主句和从句的时态保持一致，但如果从句中表示提示的是客观现象，虽然主句是过去时态，从句仍用一般现在时。如： Hello,I didnt know you were in London. How long have you been here? The teacher told us that light travels at a very high speed.,（2）主语从句作主语相当于单数第三人称作主语，谓语动词用单数，如果由and 连接两个或两个以上的主语从句作主语时，谓语动词用复数；由两个或多个连接词引导一个主语从句，谓语动词用单数。如： When the meeting will begin _not been decided yet. （has not ） When they will start and where they go _not been decided yet. ( have not) When and where the meeting will begin _not been decided. （has not ）,定语从句,一、引导定语从句的关系词,指代人 who，whom，that 指代事物 which，that 所属关系 whose，of which 指地点 where 指时间 when 指原因 why,二、关系代词that和which在很多情况下可以互换，但下列情况只用that。,All _ can be done has been done. Do you have anything _ you dont understand ? There is little _ can be believed about it . The book doesnt say much _ amuses children.,that,that,that,that,先行词是all ,everything,nothing,anything,something,much,little,none等不定代词，引导定语从句用that 。(something有时可用 which),Hamburg is the most beautiful city _Ive ever seen. This is the best TV _ is made in China. The first museum _ he visited in China was the History Museum.,that,that,that,先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。,Ive read all the books _ you lent me. No sample _ we nave received is satisfactory. Please send us any information _ you have about the subject. He is the only person _ was present at the time.,that,that,that,that,先行词被any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all,very,only,last修饰时，引导定语从句用that 。,The famous writer and his works _ the radio broadcast have aroused great interest among the students. A victim is a person,animal or thing _ suffers pain,death,harm,etc.,that,that,先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that .,Who _ you have ever seen can do it better ? Who _ you are talking to is the young fellow ?,that,that,Who做先行词时，引导定语从句用that 。,三、不用that，而用which，who，whom的情况,He made the same mistakes again ,_ made his parents very angry. Yesterday I bought a dictionary,_ cost me more than 100 yuan . Mr Smith,_ gave a talk several months ago,will come again. My uncle has come back from abroad,_ I havent met for along time.,which,which,who,whom,在非限制性定语从句中，指事物用which，指人用who或whom。,Her bag ,in _ she put all her money,has been stolen. This is the ring on _ she spent 1000 dollars. Xiao Wang, with _ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.,which,which,whom,在介词后面，指事物用which，指人用whom。,注意：如何判断介词,The girl _ which he had fought all his life no longer seemed important to him. He is the man _ whom I think you can depend .,1、看定语从句中动词与介词的搭配,for,on,2、看定语从句中形容词与介词的搭配,He referred me to some reference books _ which I am not very familiar. Dolphins might be trained to cooperate with fishermen and help them by finding or even catching fish, _ all of which activities dolphins are expert.,with,in,3、根据先行词判断，所用的介词与先行词 搭配,The rate _ which wild animals are being destroyed has increased. This is our classroom, _ which there is a teachers desk.,at,in the front of,The committee consists of 20 members,5 of _ are women. The book contains 50 poems, most of _ were written in 1930s. There are two left, one of _ is almost finished, and the other of _ is not quite. I have a sentence, the meaning of _ I dont understand.,whom,which,which,which,which,名词/代词/数词+ of +which/whom,where 引导的定语从句,先行词是表示地点的名词或含有地点意义的抽象名词，用where引导定语从句,在从句做状语。,This is the town where (= in which ) I spent my childhood. The table where (= at which ) she is sitting is a new one. Can you think of a situation where you may use this expression?,注意 1,若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。,The library _ students often study was on fire last night. The library, _ was built in the 1930s,needs repairing. The library _ you visited yesterday was built in 1990.,where,which,which,注意 2,区分where引导的定语从句和状语从句,where前面有被修饰的地点名词时，是定语从句，否则是状语从句。,When you read books, you had better make a mark at the spot where you have any questions. When you read books , you had better make a mark where you have any questions.,when 引导的定语从句,先行词是表示时间的名词，用when引导定语从句,在从句作状语。,Ill never forget the day when (= on which ) I met you. This was the time when ( =at which ) he left for Beijing . We will put off the outing until next week, when we wont be busy.,注意:,若定语从句缺主语或宾语，用which或that引导定语从句。,Ill never forget the day _ we first met in the park. Ill never forget the time _ I sent on campus. Ill never forget the time _ was spent with you.,when,whichthat,whichthat,why引导的定语从句。,先行词是表示原因的名词，用引导定语从句,在从句中作状语。,This is the reason why ( = for which ) I didnt come here.,The reason _ she gave was not true.,whichthat,whose 引导的定语从句,表示所属关系,The river _ banks are covered with trees flows to the sea.,whose,There are in this class 20 students, _ are different. A.whose backgrounds B.the backgrounds of whom C.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose,状语从句,1、时间状语从句：,从属连词有：when, while, as, whenever, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as, once等。,注意： （1）when, as, while when既可引导持续性动作，又可引导短暂性动作。它表示动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。,as引导持续性动作，侧重主句和从句的动作同时发生。 e.g. He sang as he walked.,While：指的是“在某一时间里”，“在期间”，从句里的动作必须是持续性的，它也强调主句和从句动作的同时发生，往往侧重主句和从句动作的对比。,e.g. While we were watching TV, he was writing a composition.,由where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere引导,2、地点状语从句：,由because, as, since, now that引导。 区别是:,because：表示“因为”，直接而明确的原因和理由，语气最强，why提问的句子，一般都用because回答。,e.g. He didnt come because he was ill.,3、原因状语从句：,since：表示“既然”，语气比because弱。,e.g. Since you are here, you must do it.,now that意思与since相似，表示“既然”。,e.g. Now that all the guests have arrived, lets have our dinner.,for也表示“因为”，但是并列 连词，它连接的不是状语从 句，语气比较强。,It must be morning,for the birds are singing.,由so that, in order that, in case（以防、免得）, for fear that等引导：,I hid the book for fear that he should see it.,4、目的状语从句：,由that, sothat, suchthat引导： 注意：so 后面跟的是形容词和副词 such后面跟的是名词（词组）,5、结果状语从句：,由 if, unless, as long as (=so long as) (只要), in case (that) (如果，万一), only if, providing (that)等引导：,In case that I forget, please remind me about that.,6、条件状语从句：,由though, although, while, as (虽然尽管), even if, even though引导.,7、让步状语从句：,1. 由连词asas, not so(as) as, than等引导：,2. “the+比