环境工程专业英语unit3.ppt

Professional-related Engineering,Unit 3 Water legislation 水立法,Professional-related Engineering,Water is a primary natural resource, in the sense of being necessary for human existence and frequently in short supply. natural resource 自然资源 in short supply 供应不足 从人类生存的需要和经常性地缺乏来考虑，水是一类基本的自然资源。,Professional-related Engineering,In order to be useful to people, a natural resource must be available in adequate quantity, in appropriate quality, in the right place, at the right time, and at reasonable cost. In order to 为了 be useful to 对有用 为了对人类是有用的，自然资源必须是数量足够、质量适当、地点和时间恰当、费用合理。,Professional-related Engineering,Water resource management is the maximization of as many of these variables as possible in response to demandsfrequently, conflicting demandsfor water. as as possible 尽可能 in response to 响应，适应 水资源管理就是在各种情况下，最大程度地满足用水量需求通常是相互矛盾的需求。,Professional-related Engineering,Water resource policy consists of those public decisions, and the criteria on which they are made, that affect water resource management. consists of 由组成 public decisions 公众决议 They 指代public decisions 水资源政策由公众决议和标准法规组成，而这些标准法规是公众决议的依据，同时影响水资源管理。,Professional-related Engineering,Law is one means of formulating and effectuating water resource policy. 法律是阐述和实行水资源政策的一种手段。,1. Water Law 水法,Most writes on water law declare that “water law is the creation, allocation, and administration of water rights.” 在绝大多数的水法中都声称，水法引发出水权，并对水权进行分配和管理。,Professional-related Engineering,But this is an inaccurate, unproductive definition based on the artificial dichotomy between water quantity and quality. based on 以为基础 但它以对水量和水质的人为割裂为基础，是一个不确切、没有价值的定义。,Professional-related Engineering,Traditionally, the general term “water law” has been synonymous with legal rights to particular amounts of water, especially in the American West. 习惯上，就详细的水量来讲，通用术语“水法”和水权是同义语，特别是在美国西部。,Professional-related Engineering,Casebooks and commentaries on water law frequently also discuss matters related to water quantity, such as federal water resource development and public recreational access and use. related to 与相关 关于水权的个案记录和注释也经常讨论和水量有关的事件，如联邦水资源开发和公共娱乐用水。,Professional-related Engineering,However, the law of water quality is almost always omitted from, or given short shrift by, these books. to give short shrift 不理会，忽视，轻视 然而，这些书对于水质方面的法几乎总是省略或轻视。,Professional-related Engineering,For example, a recently published casebook entitled Legal Control of Water Resources devotes only 50 desultory pages of its 934 total pages to various aspects of water pollution control laws. 例如，最近公开的一个题为“水资源的立法控制”案例记录，总共有934页，其中只有断断续续的50页涉及到水污染控制法的各个方面。,Professional-related Engineering,A modern concise commentary on water law dispenses with water pollution in seven pages. dispenses with 免除，省却 现今的对于水法的简要注释中省略了有关水污染的7页内容。,Professional-related Engineering,Indeed, “water quality law” is typically viewed as a distinct field of law, separate（ separated?） from “water law”. 的确，“水质法”被看作一个有明确领域的立法，从水法中分离出来。 In other words, the particular term “water quantity law” has swallowed the general term “water law”. 换句话说，专用术语“水质法”已经取代了通用术语“水法”。,Professional-related Engineering,This use of terminology is obsolete（主句） in an era when we recognize the need for comprehensive water resource management （定语从句，修饰era ） characterized by the interrelating of hitherto disparate categories such as water quantity and quality（分词短语，修饰management ）. 在人们已经认识到需要将水量、水质等迄今为止认识到的各类相关因素统筹起来规划水资源管理的时候，这种术语的使用实在陈腐。,Professional-related Engineering,Nowadays, water law should encompass the legal aspects of all water uses. 今天，水法应当包含与所有使用水相关的立法。,Professional-related Engineering,Like most fields of law, “water law” defies precise definition. 象大多数法律的适用范围一样，“水法”没有准确的定义。 It over-laps other legal fields such as environmental law, natural resources law, property law, tort law, public land law, and land use law. 它与其它的一些法律（如环境法、自然资源法、财产法、民法、公共土地法和土地利用法）相互交迭。,Professional-related Engineering,Nevertheless, “water law” is loosely defined here as those aspects of law that are of primary concern in the management of water resources. be definedas 被定义为 尽管如此，这里还是泛泛地将“水法”定义为：关于水资源管理基本问题的立法.,Professional-related Engineering,For analytical purposes, the field is subdivided as follows（如下）: 为了便于分析，将其进一步细分如下： (1) the law of water diversion and distribution; 有关输送水和配水的立法； (2) the law of water resource development and protection; 有关水资源开发和保护的立法； (3) the law of nontransformational uses; 有关水不可替代转换的使用价值的立法； (4) the law of water treatment; 有关水处理的立法； and (5) the law of water-related land use. 与水相关的土地利用方面的立法。,Professional-related Engineering,Wherever possible, relationships among these subdivisions will be elicited. 无论什么情况下，只要可能，都将寻求这些组成部分之间的关联。,2. Water Light（水权）,Water law deals with water rights of various kinds. deal with 涉及，处理，安排 水法涉及到各种各样的水权。 A legal right is a legally enforceable expectationthe assurance that an activity will be protected by the legal system. 合法的权利是指从法律上给予保障，即这种行动将受到法律的保护。,Professional-related Engineering,It means that other people have enforceable duties toward a rightholder. 这意味着其他一些人对这些权利持有者有强制责任。 Legal rights are either private or public. 合法的权利既是个人的也是公共的。 A set of legal rights that a rightholder holds exclusively is called “private property”. 权利持有者专有的一系列合法权利被称作“私有财产”。,Professional-related Engineering,Ownership of private property defines a group of rights with regard to the subject of property; e.g., a plot of land or an automobile. with regard to 关于 私有财产所有者还具有一些与相关财产有关的权利，如一块土地或一部汽车。,Professional-related Engineering,These property rights generally include the right to possess the subject, use it, dispose of it, and prohibit anyone else from interfering with it for an indefinite period of time. 这些财产权通常包括占有、使用、转让相关财产，以及禁止其他任何人不定期的干扰。,Professional-related Engineering,Public rights are held in common by a definable group of people. in common 共有 公共权利被某一确定群体共同拥有。 The rights guaranteed by the United States Constitution are the heritage of all American citizens. 被联邦宪法保障的权利是所有美国公民享有的遗产。,Professional-related Engineering,Each member of the class of rightholders may assert a public right individually, even though the right is common to all. 权利持有者群体的每一个成员可以独立地坚持某个公共权利，尽管这个权利是所有成员共有的。,Professional-related Engineering,Thus, each American citizen has legal authorization to sue a governmental unit if it frustrates his exercise of a fundamental right such as freedom of speech. 这样，每一个美国公民都有合法的权利起诉政府，如果政府剥夺了他的基本权利，如言论自由。,Professional-related Engineering,One of the thorniest problems perplexing the American legal system is: At what point does a governmental regulation to protect the public health, safety, and welfare（不定式短语做目的状语） became a “regulatory taking” of private property for which just compensation must be paid? 一直令美国立法困惑的最棘手的问题之一是：为了保护公众健康、安全和福利，政府机构只支付一定的补偿，可以在何种程度上“调整性占有”私人财产？,Professional-related Engineering,Water quantity rights may be subject to reasonable public regulation such as rules governing registration or forfeiture for nonuse. be subject to 应服从.，受制于 用水量权应服从合理的公众规范，如注册登记制度或不使用时收回的政策。,Professional-related Engineering,But a water quantity right is private property and government cannot usurp a water quantity right without paying fair market value for it. to pay for sth. 为某事（物）支付 但水量权是私人财产，政府不支付公平的市场价格就不能侵占水量权。,Professional-related Engineering,In a number of western states, water-short municipalities are statutorily authorized to take over senior agricultural diversion rights, but only after payment of just compensation to farmers and ranchers. take over 占有，接任 在西部许多州，缺水的市政当局只支付农民和农场主一些补偿后，就被准许占有长期以来一直为农业使用的水权。,Professional-related Engineering,The public has a right to recreational opportunities, but this dose not justify zoning private lakefront property as a public waterfront park. The public 公众，民众 公众有休闲娱乐的权利，但将私人湖区周边财产作为公共的水边公园是不公正的。,Professional-related Engineering,If government wants to create a park on that site, it must purchase the land or public access rights from the owner. 如果政府想要在这个位置建设一个公园，它不许从业主那儿购买土地或公众出入的权利。,Professional-related Engineering,A right to a particular quantity of water is private property because it is unique to the rightholder, but it is a different mode of property than in a plot of land or an automobile. 享有一定的水量权是私人财产，因为它对于权利拥有者是唯一的，但与一块土地或一辆汽车相比它又是另外不同形式的财产。,Professional-related Engineering,Water in a natural water body is so important to society that it cannot be privately owned. It is owned by each state as trustee for its citizens. sothat 如此以致于 天然水体中的水对于社会如此重要，以致于不能够被私人占有。每个州为了它的市民作为它的监管人而拥有它。,Professional-related Engineering,In other words, water in natural water bodies is “public property”; it belongs to all citizens of the state. In other words 换句话说 water body 水体 belong to 属于 自然水体中的水是公共财产，它属于这个州所有的市民。,Professional-related Engineering,A private citizen can only own the right to use such water. 个人只拥有使用这类水的权利 This is what lawyers call a “usufructuary right”. 这就是律师讲的所谓的“使用权”。,Professional-related Engineering,It （形式主语）is not meaningless semantics to say （真正主语）that the subject of a private property right in water quantity is not the wa