机械类132基于AT89C2051单片机的温度控制系统的设计带CAD图
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外文翻译资料About our country optical fiber industry present situation and several views First, our country optical fiber industry development survey 1st, optical fiber industry development review (1) starts Our country optical fiber industry start to the last century70s intermediate stages, then places such as Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, machinery, electron department system and Beijing,Shanghai many units, all invested the strength, was engaged in the optical fiber and the optical fiber prefabricates the stick the development work. And in at the end of the 70s the beginning of 80s,uses from the optical fiber which develops (for multi- molds optical fiber entered the experimental stage at that time). But because receives the technology, the economic potentiality and soon the various factor influence, then work basically or is restricted in the laboratory development the category.关于我国光纤产业现状及几点看法一、我国光纤产业发展的概况 1、光纤产业发展的回顾(1)起步我国光纤产业起步于上个世纪70年代中期,当时的邮电部、机械、电子部系统和北京市、上海市等地的诸多单位,都投入力量,从事光纤和光纤预制棒的研制工作。并在70年代末80年代初,利用自已研制的光纤(当时为多模光纤)进入到了试验阶段。 但由于受到技术、经济实力等多方面的因素影响,当时的工作基本上还是限于实验室研制的范畴。 (2) two time starts an undertaking the time defeat The 80s intermediate stages, the home raised the second optical fiber to start an undertaking the high tide, successively some more than 10 units from English SGC, equipment supplier and so on HEATHWAY and French ASM introduced the optical fiber to prefabricate the good equipment more than 30 set and the optical fiber wire draw in gequipment more than 30 coarse threads. But as a result of to the optical fiber industry understanding insufficiency, only has introduced the production equipment at that time, but has neglected the introduction advanced production craft technology and the advanced management pattern. Moreover invests too disperses, more than 10 units each line of its matter, each unit introduces scale all very small, also all lacks the digestion research and development the following fund investment, in addition the domestic market demand really micro and so on various aspects factor, caused this wave the introduction to start an under taking the work basically was at that time by is defeated comes to an end. (2)二次创业期的失败 80年代中期,国内掀起了第二次光纤创业高潮,先后有十多个单位从英国SGC,HEATHWAY和法国ASM等设备供应商引进光纤预制棒设备30多套和光纤拉丝设备30多条线。但由于对光纤产业的认识不足,当时只引进了生产设备,而忽视了引进先进的生产工艺技术和先进的管理模式。而且投资过于分散,十多个单位各行其事,每个单位引进的规模都很小,又都缺乏消化研发的后续资金投入,加上当时国内市场需求甚微等各方面的因素,使这一波“引进创业”工作基本上是以失败告终。(3) long flight to the success of the late 1980s, along with the reform and opening up and intensify the development of communications, We fiber production enterprises with foreign countries have adopted a cooperative approach, set up the old West and long flight two fiber optic cable joint venture. Especially the long flight to the formation of the company, the introduction of a set of advanced production equipment at the same time. Philips from the Netherlands to the successful introduction of advanced production technology and the maturity of advanced enterprise management model.Long flies the development practice to prove that, designated the partner, the introduction advanced craft technology and the advanced business management pattern decision-making is extremely correct ,long flies setting up with the development, has only then trulyestablished the scale, the modernized domestic fiber optic cabl eenter prise(3)“长飞”的成功到80年代后期,随着改革开放力度的加大和通信事业的发展,我们国家采用了与国外光纤生产企业合作的方式,先后成立了“西古”和“长飞”两个光纤光缆合资企业。特别是“长飞”公司的组建,第一个在引进全套先进生产设备的同时,成功的从荷兰菲利浦引进了先进成熟的生产工艺和先进的企业管理模式。长飞发展的实践证明,选定好的合作伙伴,引进先进工艺技术和先进企业管理模式的决策是十分正确的,“长飞”的组建和发展,才真正建立了规模化的、现代化的国内光纤光缆企业。(4) optical fiber industry communitys formation West ancient and long flies the initial period scale, now looked like all is very limited, west ancient the design produces can only have 20,000 cores kilometers, long flies the initial period design optical fiber to produce can 50,000 cores kilometers, the optical cable 4,500 kilometers. Corresponded the enterprise along with our country specially is the optical communication enterprise big development, the market to the optical fiber demand sharp growth, the market traction enormously stimulated our country optical fiber manufacturing industry development To the beginning of, our country only then truly formed by long flew, Hangzhou richly passes, south the national capital new can eware house, the Shanghai Lucent, the Wuhan beacon-fire science and technology, goes well the photo electricity alpha, the Jiangsu Farrvictory, cheng Zhezhong lives, the culmination science and technology, Zhejiang Jiang hua roentgen, Shenzhen especially sends, the Nanjing relax and so on more than 10 enter prises produces the optical fiber the industrial community. (4)光纤产业群体的形成 “西古”和“长飞”的初期规模,现在看来都是很有限的,“西古”的设计产能只有2万芯公里,“长飞”初期设计光纤产能5万芯公里,光缆4500公里。 随着我国通信事业特别是光通信事业的大发展,市场对光纤的需求急剧增加,市场的牵引作用极大地激发了我国光纤制造业的发展,到本世纪初,我国才真正形成了由“长飞”、“杭州富通”、“南京华新藤仓”、“上海朗讯”、“武汉烽火科技”、“亨通光电阿尔法”、“江苏法尔胜”、“成者中住”、“中天科技”、“浙江华伦”、“深圳特发”、“南京特恩弛”等十多家企业生产光纤的产业群体。 2nd, the optical communication development led and stimulated the domestic optical fiber industry development The 90s initial period, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determines no longer uses the coaxial cable, but completely uses the optical cable construction communications network and the country the policy which adopt to the correspondence develops in advance, is determining factor which our country nearly more than10 years fiber optic cable industry can fast develop. 65 period(81-85 year), our country optical fiber lays down the only then more than 300 kilometers, 75 period (86-90 year), the world only has more than 7,000 kilometers, At that time the optical cable core number was very small, converts into the optical fiber only several ten thousand cores kilometers. Obviously at that time fiber optic cable market small pity. Enters for the 90s, after specially 93 years, because Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determined vigorously develops the mentality which the optical communication and the correspondence construction develops in advance, the fund investment largely grows year by year, enable the fiber optic cable amount used also to obtain the large scale growth. Because the domestic correspondence construction to the optical fiber demand fast growth, causes the domestic optical fiber market seriously to fall short of demand,80-90% optical fiber to have to depend up on the import, under this kind of situation, the market strength urges while which long flies unceasingly expands accommodates, the Shanghai Lucent, south the national capital new cane ware house, Hangzhou richly passes and so on the optical fiber enter prise successively completes goes into production, like this also causes our country optical fiber to produce can rise year by year with the out put.2、光通信的发展带动和激发了国内光纤产业的发展 90年代初期,邮电部确定的不再采用同轴电缆,而全部采用光缆建设通信网和国家对通信采取超前发展的政策,是我国近十多年光纤光缆产业得以快速发展的决定因素。“六五”期间(81-85年),我国光纤铺设才300多公里,“七五”期间(86-90年),世界只有7000多公里,当时光缆的芯数又很小,折合光纤只几万芯公里。可见当时光纤光缆市场小的可怜。进入90年代,特别是93年之后,由于邮电部确定大力发展光通信和通信建设超前发展的思路,资金的投入逐年大幅增长,使光纤光缆用量也得到大幅度增长。为使大家直观了解这一增长的趋势,笔者把“八五”和“九五”期间我国对光纤需求的数字列于下表,供参考。 由上表可见,十年时间,我国对光纤的需求增长了近百倍。由于国内通信建设对光纤需求的快速增长,使国内光纤市场严重供不应求,80-90%的光纤要依靠进口,在这种形势下,市场的力量促使在“长飞”不断扩容的同时,“上海朗讯”、“南京华新藤仓”、“杭州富通”等光纤企业先后建成投产,这样也就使我国光纤的产能和产量逐年上升。表二列出了我国近十年光纤的产量数字变化,供参考。 3rd, our country optical fiber enterprise production equipment and product quality condition (1) optical fiber wiredrawing equipment first-class Our country optical fiber enterprise uses the drawing machine has experienced one, two, three generation of changes. The first generation of drawing machine tower height 6 meters, the air cooling, line speed each minute 80-120 meter, at present the first generate on of drawing machine uses in to produce has been eliminated, majority of actually only arranges to do the experiment work, but some also is using. Second-generation tower high 12M, the argon cools, wire drawing speed 300-400M/min, this generation also has minority is using, mainly uses in the multi- molds and the special optical fiber production. Our country existing drawing optical fiber equipment, the major part all is the third generation product. The wiredrawing speed all above1000M/min, has generally used the evaporation efficiency higher helium cooling, cools the request for the adaption high speed wire drawing, tower GaoDuo above 20M, automated control degree high, suits to enlarges prefabricates the stick, the production efficiency is high, the quality has also achieved a better guarantee. Our country existing production single model optical fiber drawing machine all is the newest equipment, the most advanced third generation equipment, major part is bears the Sloan company and the Japanese Kobe system steel introduction from world well-known line cable use equipment manufacturer Finland, the few parts from English, French and the American related company introduce. At present our country has this kind of optical fiber wiredrawing production line110. 3、我国光纤企业生产设备和产品质量状况 (1)光纤拉丝设备一流我国光纤企业使用的拉丝机经历了一、二、三代的变更。第一代拉丝机塔高6米,空气冷却,线速度每分钟80-120米,目前第一代拉丝机用于生产已被淘汰,大部分却只安排做试验性的工作,但有的还在使用。第二代塔高12M,氩气冷却,拉丝速度300-400M/min,这一代还有少数在使用,主要用于多模和特种光纤的生产。我国现有拉制光纤的设备,绝大部分都是第三代产品。拉丝速度一般都在1000M/min以上,采用了冷却效率更高的氦气冷却,为适应高速拉丝冷却的要求,塔高多在20M以上,自动化控制程度高,适合于拉大预制棒,生产效率高,质量也达到了更好保证。 我国现有生产单模光纤的拉丝机都是最新装备、最先进的第三代设备,其中大部份是从世界知名线缆使用设备制造商芬兰耐斯隆公司和日本神户制钢引进,少部份从英国、法国和美国相关公司引进。目前我国有这类光纤拉丝生产线110余条。(2) optical fiber prefabrication stick The production optical fiber prefabrication stick now already the development was two steps, the first step of production prefabricates the stick the core stick, its deposition method includes: MCVD law (improvement chemistry vapor phase sedimentation, PCVD law (plasma chemistry vapor phase sedimentation), VAD law (vapor phase axial sedimentation) and OVD law (outside vapor phase sedimentation) and so on four methods. Outside second step is attaches the color level on the core stick(outside popular name color technology), makes prefabricates the stick . The optical fiber prefabricates the stick optics characteristic, mainly is decided by the core stick manufacture technology. The optical fiber prefabricates the stick the cost mainly to be decided by the outside color technology.The domestic optical fiber enterprise produced the prefabricated stick to cover PCVD, MCVD, VAD and OVD and so on each kind of technology, but , should speak the present our country optical fiber industry on the prefabricated stick development and the production link or abottleneck. Although long flew the company, the beacon-fire science and technology, the Farr victory photon and Hangzhou richly passes and so on the company prefabricates the stick in the optical fiber the development aspect to do the massive work, and has obtained the encouraging result. Certainly long flew the company also to carryon expanded allows, to sharpen the volume production ability, but until 2,003, in 2004, the customs statistical figure indicated, our country optical fiber enterprise wiredrawing used the optical fiber prefabrication stick, some 6%, 70 or depended on the import. At present industry in is connected the enterprise for to change this present situation to try hard, believed the nearly several annual meetings have a bigger breakthrough. (2)光纤预制棒 发展为两步法,第一步生产预制棒的芯棒,其沉积方法有:MCVD法(改进化学汽相沉积法,PCVD法(等离子体化学汽相沉积法)、VAD法(汽相轴向沉积法)和OVD法(外汽相沉积法)等四种方法。 第二步是在芯棒上附加外色层(俗称外色技术)、制成预制棒。 光纤预制棒的光学特性,主要取决于芯棒制作技术。光纤预制棒的成本主要取决于外色技术。国内光纤企业生产预制棒涵盖了PCVD、MCVD、VAD和OVD等各种技术,但是,应该讲目前我国光纤产业在预制棒研制和生产环节上还是个瓶颈。虽然“长飞公司”、“烽火科技”、“法尔胜光子”和“杭州富通”等公司在光纤预制棒的研制方面做了大量的工作,并取得了可喜的成绩。当然长飞公司也进行了扩容,提高了批量生产的能力,但直到2003、2004年,海关统计数字表明,我国光纤企业拉丝用的光纤预制棒,有百分之六、七十还是靠进口。目前业内相关企业正在为改变这一现状而努力,相信近几年会有更大的突破。(3) the optical fiber product quality versatile substitution import produces the mouth In recent years, our country optical fiber industry furiously strives for success in the difficult position, strives for the development in the competition, as a result of various enterprises joint effort, while builds the market fair environment, has also yielded the encouraging result in the technical stratification plane and the product quality stratification plane, many enterprises produce high grade and the low water peak optical fiber, each kind of testing dicated , our country local optical fiber each parameter target had achieved the international advanced level, industry in the expert believed, the domestically produced optical fiber therefore achieved the world advanced level, is because: (3)光纤产品质量完全能取代进口产口 近几年,我国光纤产业在困境中奋力拼搏、在竞争中求发展,由于各企业的共同努力,在营造市场公平环境的同时,在技术层面和产品质量层面也取得了可喜的成果,许多企业生产出高质量和低水峰光纤,各种测试表明,我国本地光纤的各项参数指标已达到国际先进水平,业内专家认为,国产光纤之所以达到世界先进水平,是由于: (1) Our country optical fiber profession start although is later, but the domestic optical fiber production enterprise will introduce all is the short-term international advanced production test facility ,hardware and so on optical fiber production, check-out facility is the world most advanced level. (2)th, during introduction advanced equipment, the over whelming majority joint capital enterprise has all introduced the advanced craft, the technology and the advanced management, and performs in the production practice to grasp with the improvement. (3)th, our country has implemented the telecommunication equipment .equipment to enter net card system many years, the domestic various optical fibers enterprise all passed the IS09000 quality system authentication. Realistically speaking, in the domestic optical fiber production enterprise overall says has had the modernized industry production management level, the author believed many has inspected the optical fiber enterprises leaders and the experts can approve this point。The domestically produced optical fiber used in the national optical communication network construction at least also to have more than 20million cores kilometers. The practice indicated that, the project response is good. The domestically produced brand optical fib erver satilely satisfies the user the demand, the performance index definitely may compare favorably with the overseas name brand optical fiber. Moreover compares with the overseas name brand optical fiber, but also has the price superiority and the service aspect superiority. Looked from the product variety that, our country optical fiber enterprise already can produce at present market requirement all commercial optical fibers product 、我国光纤行业起步虽然较晚,但是国内光纤生产企业引进的都是近期国际先进的生产测试设备,光纤的生产、检测设备等硬件是世界最先进的水平。 、在引进先进设备的同时,绝大多数合资企业都引进了先进的工艺,技术和先进的管理,并在生产实践中加以掌握和改进。、我国已实行电信器材设备入网证制度多年,国内各光纤企业又都通过了IS09000质量体系的认证。实事求是地讲,国内光纤生产企业总体上讲已具备现代化的产业生产管理水平,笔者相信许多视察过光纤企业的领导和专家学者都会认同这一点。 国产光纤用于国家光通信网建设至少也有2000多万芯公里了。实践表明,工程反应良好。国产品牌光纤完全能满足用户的需求,性能指标完全可以与国外名牌光纤相媲美。而且与国外名牌光纤相比,还有价格优势和服务方面的优势。从产品品种上看,我国光纤企业已经能够生产目前市场需要的所有商用光纤产品Second, the optical fiber price and the optical fiber instead dump 1st, optical fiber price overall trend (1) world optical fiber (conventional single model) price overall trend Along with the optical communication development, largely increases year by year to the optical fiber demand. The production craft, the technical improvement is mature, the industry scale expansion, the production efficiency enhancement, causes the optical fiber price overall to assume the drop tendency. 二、光纤价格与光纤反倾销 1、光纤价格的总体走势 (1)世界光纤(常规单模)价格总体走势随着光通信的发展,对光纤的需求逐年大幅增加。生产工艺、技术的改进成熟,产业化规模的扩大,生产效率的提高,使光纤价格总体呈下降趋势。如表三所示:(2) our country imports the optical fiber price the trend Around 1995, European, beautiful market optical fiber price about 60 US dollars/kilometers. As a result of the Chinese market 90%optical fiber dependence import, monopolized at that time for the overseas merchant, causes the import optical fiber price to outdo the international market about 20%, amounted to more than 70 US dollars /kilometers. After 1998, the our country local optical fiber produces can gradually increase, is self-sufficient the ability to strengthen (approaches 30-40%), imports the optical fiber price to start gradually and the international market is impartial. After 2002,because the international market is worn out, the world optical fiber market seriously has supplied and asks, the various countries optical fiber giant in order to capture the Chinese market, reduced prices, to appear the import optical fiber price in abundance to be lower than the world market price the tendency. The import optical fiber price from is higher than the international market price to gradually to be impartial, again arrives is lower than the international market price the change and the above optical fiber price overall trend shows see sat tempts:(2)我国进口光纤价格的走势 1995年前后,欧、美市场光纤价格在60美元/公里左右。由于当时中国市场90%的光纤依赖进口,为国外厂商所垄断,使进口光纤价格高出国际市场20%左右,达70多美元/公里。1998年以后,我国本地光纤产能逐渐增大,自给能力增强(接近30-40%),进口光纤价格开始逐渐与国际市场持平。2002年以后,由于国际市场疲软,世界光纤市场严重供过与求,各国光纤巨头为了争夺中国市场,纷纷降价,出现了进口光纤价格低于国际市场价格的趋势。进口光纤价格由高于国际市场价到逐渐持平,再到低于国际市场价的变化和上述的光纤价格总体走势示见下图: (3) do mestic optical fiber market price overall condition Above already talked about before, 90 ages intermediate stages, the domestic overwhelming majority single model optical fiber dependence import, the optical fiber price completely monopolized by the supply side. The 90s later periods, the optical fiber localization productivity gradually strengthens, because in the market first impressions ares most lasting with the brand effect and so on many factors, the domestic market optical fiber price basically is healthy and peaceful is highest from Gao Daodi platoon position situation ,Lucent , the Japanese Sumitomo, the cane warehouse and so on are next ,long flies with the south national capital new cane entire optical fiber price and the Japanese optical fiber price is similar or slightly lowers some. After the South Korean optical fiber enters the Chinese market, is always by the lowest price sale, acts as guide which the Chinese optical fiber market reduces prices. Take 1999 as the example, at that time the healthy and peace fuloptical fiber selling price about each kilometer 350 Yuan, long flew optical fiber each kilometer compared to the domestic product to have to outdo 50-60 Yuan, but the South Korean optical fiber selling price compared to long flew must lower about 20 Yuan. To 2002 the latter half year, the optical fiber absolute price all greatly reduced. But the relative price position order is basic has not 。Because the overall market was ,2,002 year our country optical fiber market appeared the malignant price competition, the optical fiber price and the value appeared hangs upside down the phenomenon , entire profession loss. The healthy and peaceful optical fiber selling price disparity reduces from the original 50Yuan/kilometers to 20 Yuan/kilometers, presses in the above; The South Korean optical fiber a domestically produced optical fiber price was still lower than 10-15 Yuan/kilometer, the Chinese optical fiber receives both sides to hit the pressure. (3)国内光纤市场价格总体状况 上面已经谈到,90年代中期以前,国内绝大多数单模光纤依赖进口,光纤价格完全由供应方所垄断。90年代后期,光纤本地化生产能力逐渐增强,由于市场上先入为主和品牌效应等诸多因素,国内市场光纤价格由高到低的排位情况基本上是康宁最高,朗讯、日本住友、藤仓等次之,长飞和南京华新藤全的光纤价格和日本光纤价相仿或略低一些。韩国光纤进入中国市场后,一直是以最低的价格销售,充当中国光纤市场降价的引导者。 以1999年为例,当时康宁光纤的售价在每公里350元左右,比国产长飞光纤每公里要高出50-60元,而韩国光纤售价比长飞要低20元左右。到2002年后半年,光纤的绝对价格都大大降低了。但相对价位顺序基本未变。如下表四: 由于总体市场是供过于求,2002年我国光纤市场出现了恶性价格竞争,光纤价格与价值出现倒挂现象,全行业亏损。康宁光纤售价差距由原来的50元/公里缩小到20元/公里,在上面压;韩国光纤仍比国产光纤价低10-15元/公里,中国光纤受到两面的打压。2nd, the optical fiber instead dumps In 2002, after the North America network froth is disillusioned, the global optical communication market bitter experience unprecedented cold current, the optical fiber demand suffers a disastrous decline. The Chinese market although also come sunder the influence, but still displayed the stronger market demand .Country optical fiber and so on Europe, America, date, Han produces can around 2000 the large increase, largely glides down facing the demand , the supply and demand contradictory is prominent, outlet in where? The optical fiber merchant has settled on China, treats as the Chinese market its digestion too much produces can the main place, wants to seize the Chinese market to make up other markets the loss ,therefore does not hesitate the low price to dump. Is precisely in imports under the optical fiber this kind of low price impact, the domestic optical fiber production enterprise also can not but reduce own optical fiber selling price, maintains the enterprise the revolution . The market price as soon as falls again, causes the domestic optical fiber production enterprise the average selling price all to be lower than the average sale cost, appears the serious loss ,makes the domestic multitudinous optical fiber enterprise to complain constantly. This has brought the huge harm for our country optical fiber industry ,has no recourse, Chinese correspondence business cooperates the communications cable optical fiber special commission in under the domestic majority enterprises request and the support, the organization long flies, the beacon-fire, richly passes, the Farr victory and so on the domestic optical fiber enterprise, lifts the flag which the optical fiber instead dumps to defend the domestic optical fiber profession the legitimate rights and interests. From enterprise question proposing, lawsuit each kind prepares to put on record, initially to cut, the end cuts, the lasted two yearhalf,2,005 years on January 1, the department of commercial affairs corresponded the manufacturing industry first document - optical fiber to our country instead to dump makes the affirmation end to cut. We can win. Instead dumps winning, for the domestic optical fiber industry by the bigger market space, the professional believed that, under this advantage good situation, should further strengthen the profession market behavior the rationality and the standard strengthens in the profession and the industry, under communication and the coordination between the chain, strengthens in the profession the cooperation, the union and conformity dynamics, in order to profession health development.2、光纤反倾销 2002年,北美网络泡沫破灭之后,全球光通信市场遭遇前所未有的寒流,光纤需求一落千丈。中国市场虽然也受到影响,但仍表现出较强的市场需求。欧、美、日、韩等国光纤产能在2000年前后大幅增加,面对需求大幅下滑,供需矛盾突出,出路在哪里?光纤厂商看中了中国,把中国市场当作其消化过剩产能的主要场所,想以占领中国市场来弥补其它市场的损失,因此不惜低价倾销。正是在进口光纤这种低价冲击之下,国内光纤生产企业也不得不降低自己的光纤售价,以维护企业的运转。市场价一降再降,使国内光纤生产企业的平均销售价格都低于平均销售成本,出现严重的亏损,令国内众多光纤企业叫苦不迭。这给我国光纤产业带来了巨大的损害,迫不得已,中国通信企协通信电缆光纤专委会在国内大多数企业的要求和支持下,组织长飞、烽火、富通、法尔胜等国内光纤企业,举起光纤反倾销的大旗以维护国内光纤行业的合法权益。 从企业问题的提出,诉讼的各种准备到立案、初裁、终裁,历时两年半,2005年1月1日,商务部对我国通信制造业的第一案光纤反倾销做出了肯定性的终裁。我们得以胜诉。 反倾销的胜诉,给国内光纤产业以更大的市场空间,业内人士认为,在这一利好形势下,应更进一步加强行业市场行为的理性和规范加强行业内和产业上、下链间的沟通与协调,加强行业内的合作,联合和整合的力度,以求得行业健康发展。 Third, to our country optical fiber industry health development ponder Our country optical fiber industry already had the certain scale, the wiredrawing ability has versatileely satisfied the domestic cmarket the demand, and had the certain remainder, the optical fiber product quality and the product type versatilely satisfies the correspondence construction the demand, the substitution import product. But we also must soberly see, at present we grasp the optical fiber prefabrication stick production core technology the enter prise too to be also few, American and Japans some companies prefabricate in the good technology in the optical fiber also in to carry on the blockade to us. Compares with the international on optical fiber giant, our very many enterprises strength and the competitive ability all very are also insufficient, must want to do the domestic optical fiber industry greatly does strongly, the author thought must do the work from following several aspects: 1st, gathers strength of the profession, attacks and captures the prefabricated stick development, produces the bottleneck The optical fiber prefabricates the stick many cores technology, at present still for America, the date, Europe and so on several optical fibers industries giant monopolized, they also in implemented the technical blockade in fact to our country. Our many enterprises and America, date some companies negotiate the optical fiber to prefabricate the stick the cooperation question, until now around had 20 years long time, are many has not been able to succeed .But the optical fiber prefabrication stick is produces the optical fiber the parent material, the new product optical fiber development,the development, depends on prefabricates the stick to the optical fiber the development, the development. Prefabricates the stick is the optical fiber industry core, its technical content highest, develops the difficulty in a big way, needs to invest fund most, is also highest in the industrial chain profit ratio. Our country optical fiber industry needs to want to do greatly does strongly, must want no longer to be under the control of others, must grasp each kind of advanced optical fiber to prefabricate the good craft technology as soon as possible. But must achieve this point, only depends on an enterprise the strength (to contain technical force and financial resource and so on) is by far insufficient. The author thought in prefabricates in the good question, must want to change as soon as possible present the aspect, must strengthen the domestic optical fiber enterprise the union cooperation, the collection profession attacks with joint forces. Simultaneously should strive for with every effort obtains the manager government department in aspect the and so on policy stratification plane and fund support.三、对我国光纤产业健康发展的思考我国光纤产业已经有了一定的规模,拉丝能力完全能满足国内市场的需求,并有一定的余量,光纤产品质量和产品种类完全能满足通信建设的需求,取代进口产品。但是我们也应当清醒地看到,目前我们掌握光纤预制棒生产核心技术的企业还太少,美国和日本的一些公司在光纤预制棒技术上还在对我们进行封锁。和国际上的光纤巨头相比,我们很多企业的实力和竞争力还都很不够,要想把国内光纤产业做大做强,笔者认为应当从以下几方面开展工作: 1、合行业之力,攻克预制棒研制、生产瓶颈 光纤预制棒的许多核心技术,目前仍为美、日、欧等几个光纤产业巨头所垄断,它们事实上还在对我国实行技术封锁。我们的许多企业和美、日一些公司谈判光纤预制棒的合作问题,至今前后已有20年之久,多没能成功。而光纤预制棒是生产光纤的母料,新品光纤的研制、开发,有赖于光纤预制棒的研制、开发。预制棒是光纤产业的核心,它的技术含量最高,研制起来难度最大,需要投入的资金最多,在产业链中的利润比率也最高。我国光纤产业要想做大做强,要想不再受制于人,必须尽快地掌握各种先进的光纤预制棒工艺技术。 而要做到这一点,单靠一个企业的力量(含技术力量和财力等等)是远远不够的。笔者认为在预制棒问题上,要想尽快改变目前的局面,必须加强国内光纤企业的联合协作,集行业之合力以攻关。同时应尽力争取得到主管政府部门在政策层面和资金等方面的支持。 2nd, rationality facing market price competition .The market economy, the product price finally is decides by the market. That product profit margin excessively is high, the sudden and huge profits, the fund can to there inflow, the market supply and demand relations be able to get up the change. 2001 ago, optical fiber profit margin excessively high, may achieve about 30%, do mestically made, outside the multitudinous enterprise massive funds investment to expand allows, to put up a factory (at that time it is reported ,healthy and peaceful, Lucent and so on all planned invests six, 700million US dollars expands accommodates), after caused 2002 regard less of world scope or domestic, produced can all greatly increase ,produces at the same time which could large scale increase, the demand catches up with American, the European network froth bursts but suddenly glides down, seriously causes the supply and demand relations to be unbalanced. This caused the optical fiber market serious供过于求 aspect, the optical fiber price largely to glide down in recent years. The market 供过于求, the product did not have the profit even to lose money, the investment was short, has stopped .After 2002, the optical fiber industry is this kind of condition .After enterprises adjustment, the conformity, the production have the control, the market gradually recovers, passes through the certain cycle, the supply and demand achieved new basic balance, this is present optical fiber profession business hoped. The key or the market demand condition, at present, everybody looks the goal to China, one of its reasons is everybody all favors Chinese the optical fiber market prospect. The normal market regulation, the market competition (contain price competition), is advantageous to the enterprise through the competition, compared to spells, the improvement, researches and develops the new craft technology, does everything possible to carryon product innovation and the enhancement labor productivity, the enterprise can act according to the market demand, the plan enter prises moderate scale, reaches maximum limit plays talent edper sons role, enhances the equipment the revolution utilizati on ratio, reduces enterprise management cost and so on, causes its product to have the competitive ability. This kind of competition is healthy, is advantageous to the quantity competition. But the present question is, we The modernized enterprise, compared with the mature enter prise must the rational treatment price competition, not be supposed to dothe malignant price war, should not count on to the low price dumps the way to be allowed to break down the match pressure. On the contrary, the malignant price fights inevitably can cause each correlation enterprise badly beaten which all hits in commercial war .In the recent two years because import the malignant price war which the optical fiber dumps causes to cause our country optical fiber industry to reduce staff, to reduce salaries serious conesquence everybody which, the entire profession loses money to be obvious toall. In turn says, that enterprise cannot cause oneself to be at under the long-term loss condition to revolve, the optical fiber, the optical cable profession cannot be exceptional, if the price and the value hang upside down for a long time, inevitably can affect its product quality, thus brings the hidden danger for the industrial chain next link - communications network construction. By that time, its consequence in no way is at present the benefit saves a spot purchase expense to be able to make up.2、理性面对市场价格竞争 市场经济,产品的价格最终是由市场决定的。那个产品利润率过高、暴利,资金就会向那里流入,市场供需关系就会起变化。2001年前,光纤利润率过高,可以达到30%左右,使国内、外众多企业大量的资金投入扩容、建厂(当时据报道,康宁、朗讯等都计划投入六、七亿美元扩容),致使2002年后无论世界范围还是国内,产能都大增,产能大幅度增加的同时,需求又赶上美、欧网络泡沫的破裂而急剧下滑,使供需关系严重失衡。这就导致了近几年光纤市场严重供过于求的局面,光纤价格大幅下滑。市场供过于求,产品没有利润甚至亏损了,投资就少了、停了。2002年之后,光纤业就是这种状况。经过企业的调整、整合,生产有所控制,市场逐渐复苏,经过一定的周期,供需达到新的基本平衡,这是目前光纤行业所企所盼的。关键还是市场需求状况,目前,大家都把目标瞄向中国,其原因之一是大家都看好中国的光纤市场前景。 正常的市场调节、市场竞争(含价格竞争),有利于企业通过竞赛、比拼,改进、研发新的工艺技术,想方设法进行产品创新和提高劳动生产率,企业会根据市场需求,规划企业的适度规模,以达最大限度地发挥人才的作用,提高设备的运转使用率,降低企业的管理成本等等,使其产品更具竞争力。这种竞争是健康的,有利于数量的竞争。但目前的问题是,我们 现代化的企业,比较成熟的企业应当理性对待价格竞争,不应搞恶性价格战,不应指望以低价倾销的方式就可以把对手压垮。相反,恶性价格战必然会使各相关企业在商战中都打的头破血流。近两年由于进口光纤倾销引起的恶性价格战使我国光纤业裁员、减薪、全行业亏损的严重后果大家有目共睹。 反过来讲,那个企业也不会使自己处于长期亏损状态下运转,光纤、光缆行业也不会例外,如果价格与价值长期倒挂,必然会影响其产品质量,从而给产业链的下一环节通信网的建设带来隐患。到那时,其后果决不是眼前利益省一点点采购费用所能弥补的。 3rd, strengthens the profession union and the profession management Our country existing optical fiber production enter prise several, are opposite to the correspondence cable plant and the optical cable factory quantity says, this numeral slightly wanted to be many. But, excessively small optical fiber production scale, also all produces the homogeneity product, in market competition exceptionally intense today, is very difficult to have the profit to say. In 2002 until now, various optical fibers enterprise all also was showing this point in the difficult strut aspect. Facing the international optical fiber giants competition, what pattern could the Chinese optical fiber industry future development be? The author believed that, relative most has the strength, has the vigor, the policy-making good domestic optical fiber enterprise is can obtain the further development, here strength, the vigor should cover the enterprise the research and development innovation strength, the market development ability, the economic potentiality, enter prises science plans with the decision power and so on. Whether take such enterprise as the main item, by thei
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