机械类132基于AT89C2051单片机的温度控制系统的设计带CAD图
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外文翻译资料About our country optical fiber industry present situation and several views First, our country optical fiber industry development survey 1st, optical fiber industry development review (1) starts Our country optical fiber industry start to the last century70s intermediate stages, then places such as Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication, machinery, electron department system and Beijing,Shanghai many units, all invested the strength, was engaged in the optical fiber and the optical fiber prefabricates the stick the development work. And in at the end of the 70s the beginning of 80s,uses from the optical fiber which develops (for multi- molds optical fiber entered the experimental stage at that time). But because receives the technology, the economic potentiality and soon the various factor influence, then work basically or is restricted in the laboratory development the category. (2) two time starts an undertaking the time defeat The 80s intermediate stages, the home raised the second optical fiber to start an undertaking the high tide, successively some more than 10 units from English SGC, equipment supplier and so on HEATHWAY and French ASM introduced the optical fiber to prefabricate the good equipment more than 30 set and the optical fiber wire draw in gequipment more than 30 coarse threads. But as a result of to the optical fiber industry understanding insufficiency, only has introduced the production equipment at that time, but has neglected the introduction advanced production craft technology and the advanced management pattern. Moreover invests too disperses, more than 10 units each line of its matter, each unit introduces scale all very small, also all lacks the digestion research and development the following fund investment, in addition the domestic market demand really micro and so on various aspects factor, caused this wave the introduction to start an under taking the work basically was at that time by is defeated comes to an end. (3) long flight to the success of the late 1980s, along with the reform and opening up and intensify the development of communications, We fiber production enterprises with foreign countries have adopted a cooperative approach, set up the old West and long flight two fiber optic cable joint venture. Especially the long flight to the formation of the company, the introduction of a set of advanced production equipment at the same time. Philips from the Netherlands to the successful introduction of advanced production technology and the maturity of advanced enterprise management model.Long flies the development practice to prove that, designated the partner, the introduction advanced craft technology and the advanced business management pattern decision-making is extremely correct ,long flies setting up with the development, has only then trulyestablished the scale, the modernized domestic fiber optic cabl eenter prise(4) optical fiber industry communitys formation West ancient and long flies the initial period scale, now looked like all is very limited, west ancient the design produces can only have 20,000 cores kilometers, long flies the initial period design optical fiber to produce can 50,000 cores kilometers, the optical cable 4,500 kilometers. Corresponded the enterprise along with our country specially is the optical communication enterprise big development, the market to the optical fiber demand sharp growth, the market traction enormously stimulated our country optical fiber manufacturing industry development To the beginning of, our country only then truly formed by long flew, Hangzhou richly passes, south the national capital new can eware house, the Shanghai Lucent, the Wuhan beacon-fire science and technology, goes well the photo electricity alpha, the Jiangsu Farrvictory, cheng Zhezhong lives, the culmination science and technology, Zhejiang Jiang hua roentgen, Shenzhen especially sends, the Nanjing relax and so on more than 10 enter prises produces the optical fiber the industrial community. 2nd, the optical communication development led and stimulated the domestic optical fiber industry development The 90s initial period, Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determines no longer uses the coaxial cable, but completely uses the optical cable construction communications network and the country the policy which adopt to the correspondence develops in advance, is determining factor which our country nearly more than10 years fiber optic cable industry can fast develop. 65 period(81-85 year), our country optical fiber lays down the only then more than 300 kilometers, 75 period (86-90 year), the world only has more than 7,000 kilometers, At that time the optical cable core number was very small, converts into the optical fiber only several ten thousand cores kilometers. Obviously at that time fiber optic cable market small pity. Enters for the 90s, after specially 93 years, because Ministry of Posts and Telecommunication determined vigorously develops the mentality which the optical communication and the correspondence construction develops in advance, the fund investment largely grows year by year, enable the fiber optic cable amount used also to obtain the large scale growth. Because the domestic correspondence construction to the optical fiber demand fast growth, causes the domestic optical fiber market seriously to fall short of demand,80-90% optical fiber to have to depend up on the import, under this kind of situation, the market strength urges while which long flies unceasingly expands accommodates, the Shanghai Lucent, south the national capital new cane ware house, Hangzhou richly passes and so on the optical fiber enter prise successively completes goes into production, like this also causes our country optical fiber to produce can rise year by year with the out put.3rd, our country optical fiber enterprise production equipment and product quality condition (1) optical fiber wiredrawing equipment first-class Our country optical fiber enterprise uses the drawing machine has experienced one, two, three generation of changes. The first generation of drawing machine tower height 6 meters, the air cooling, line speed each minute 80-120 meter, at present the first generate on of drawing machine uses in to produce has been eliminated, majority of actually only arranges to do the experiment work, but some also is using. Second-generation tower high 12M, the argon cools, wire drawing speed 300-400M/min, this generation also has minority is using, mainly uses in the multi- molds and the special optical fiber production. Our country existing drawing optical fiber equipment, the major part all is the third generation product. The wiredrawing speed all above1000M/min, has generally used the evaporation efficiency higher helium cooling, cools the request for the adaption high speed wire drawing, tower GaoDuo above 20M, automated control degree high, suits to enlarges prefabricates the stick, the production efficiency is high, the quality has also achieved a better guarantee. Our country existing production single model optical fiber drawing machine all is the newest equipment, the most advanced third generation equipment, major part is bears the Sloan company and the Japanese Kobe system steel introduction from world well-known line cable use equipment manufacturer Finland, the few parts from English, French and the American related company introduce. At present our country has this kind of optical fiber wiredrawing production line110. (2) optical fiber prefabrication stick The production optical fiber prefabrication stick now already the development was two steps, the first step of production prefabricates the stick the core stick, its deposition method includes: MCVD law (improvement chemistry vapor phase sedimentation, PCVD law (plasma chemistry vapor phase sedimentation), VAD law (vapor phase axial sedimentation) and OVD law (outside vapor phase sedimentation) and so on four methods. Outside second step is attaches the color level on the core stick(outside popular name color technology), makes prefabricates the stick . The optical fiber prefabricates the stick optics characteristic, mainly is decided by the core stick manufacture technology. The optical fiber prefabricates the stick the cost mainly to be decided by the outside color technology.The domestic optical fiber enterprise produced the prefabricated stick to cover PCVD, MCVD, VAD and OVD and so on each kind of technology, but , should speak the present our country optical fiber industry on the prefabricated stick development and the production link or abottleneck. Although long flew the company, the beacon-fire science and technology, the Farr victory photon and Hangzhou richly passes and so on the company prefabricates the stick in the optical fiber the development aspect to do the massive work, and has obtained the encouraging result. Certainly long flew the company also to carryon expanded allows, to sharpen the volume production ability, but until 2,003, in 2004, the customs statistical figure indicated, our country optical fiber enterprise wiredrawing used the optical fiber prefabrication stick, some 6%, 70 or depended on the import. At present industry in is connected the enterprise for to change this present situation to try hard, believed the nearly several annual meetings have a bigger breakthrough. (3) the optical fiber product quality versatile substitution import produces the mouth In recent years, our country optical fiber industry furiously strives for success in the difficult position, strives for the development in the competition, as a result of various enterprises joint effort, while builds the market fair environment, has also yielded the encouraging result in the technical stratification plane and the product quality stratification plane, many enterprises produce high grade and the low water peak optical fiber, each kind of testing dicated , our country local optical fiber each parameter target had achieved the international advanced level, industry in the expert believed, the domestically produced optical fiber therefore achieved the world advanced level, is because: (1) Our country optical fiber profession start although is later, but the domestic optical fiber production enterprise will introduce all is the short-term international advanced production test facility ,hardware and so on optical fiber production, check-out facility is the world most advanced level. (2)th, during introduction advanced equipment, the over whelming majority joint capital enterprise has all introduced the advanced craft, the technology and the advanced management, and performs in the production practice to grasp with the improvement. (3)th, our country has implemented the telecommunication equipment .equipment to enter net card system many years, the domestic various optical fibers enterprise all passed the IS09000 quality system authentication. Realistically speaking, in the domestic optical fiber production enterprise overall says has had the modernized industry production management level, the author believed many has inspected the optical fiber enterprises leaders and the experts can approve this point。The domestically produced optical fiber used in the national optical communication network construction at least also to have more than 20million cores kilometers. The practice indicated that, the project response is good. The domestically produced brand optical fib erver satilely satisfies the user the demand, the performance index definitely may compare favorably with the overseas name brand optical fiber. Moreover compares with the overseas name brand optical fiber, but also has the price superiority and the service aspect superiority. Looked from the product variety that, our country optical fiber enterprise already can produce at present market requirement all commercial optical fibers product Second, the optical fiber price and the optical fiber instead dump 1st, optical fiber price overall trend (1) world optical fiber (conventional single model) price overall trend Along with the optical communication development, largely increases year by year to the optical fiber demand. The production craft, the technical improvement is mature, the industry scale expansion, the production efficiency enhancement, causes the optical fiber price overall to assume the drop tendency. (2) our country imports the optical fiber price the trend Around 1995, European, beautiful market optical fiber price about 60 US dollars/kilometers. As a result of the Chinese market 90%optical fiber dependence import, monopolized at that time for the overseas merchant, causes the import optical fiber price to outdo the international market about 20%, amounted to more than 70 US dollars /kilometers. After 1998, the our country local optical fiber produces can gradually increase, is self-sufficient the ability to strengthen (approaches 30-40%), imports the optical fiber price to start gradually and the international market is impartial. After 2002,because the international market is worn out, the world optical fiber market seriously has supplied and asks, the various countries optical fiber giant in order to capture the Chinese market, reduced prices, to appear the import optical fiber price in abundance to be lower than the world market price the tendency. The import optical fiber price from is higher than the international market price to gradually to be impartial, again arrives is lower than the international market price the change and the above optical fiber price overall trend shows see sat tempts: (3) do mestic optical fiber market price overall condition Above already talked about before, 90 ages intermediate stages, the domestic overwhelming majority single model optical fiber dependence import, the optical fiber price completely monopolized by the supply side. The 90s later periods, the optical fiber localization productivity gradually strengthens, because in the market first impressions ares most lasting with the brand effect and so on many factors, the domestic market optical fiber price basically is healthy and peaceful is highest from Gao Daodi platoon position situation ,Lucent , the Japanese Sumitomo, the cane warehouse and so on are next ,long flies with the south national capital new cane entire optical fiber price and the Japanese optical fiber price is similar or slightly lowers some. After the South Korean optical fiber enters the Chinese market, is always by the lowest price sale, acts as guide which the Chinese optical fiber market reduces prices. Take 1999 as the example, at that time the healthy and peace fuloptical fiber selling price about each kilometer 350 Yuan, long flew optical fiber each kilometer compared to the domestic product to have to outdo 50-60 Yuan, but the South Korean optical fiber selling price compared to long flew must lower about 20 Yuan. To 2002 the latter half year, the optical fiber absolute price all greatly reduced. But the relative price position order is basic has not 。Because the overall market was ,2,002 year our country optical fiber market appeared the malignant price competition, the optical fiber price and the value appeared hangs upside down the phenomenon , entire profession loss. The healthy and peaceful optical fiber selling price disparity reduces from the original 50Yuan/kilometers to 20 Yuan/kilometers, presses in the above; The South Korean optical fiber a domestically produced optical fiber price was still lower than 10-15 Yuan/kilometer, the Chinese optical fiber receives both sides to hit the pressure. 2nd, the optical fiber instead dumps In 2002, after the North America network froth is disillusioned, the global optical communication market bitter experience unprecedented cold current, the optical fiber demand suffers a disastrous decline. The Chinese market although also come sunder the influence, but still displayed the stronger market demand .Country optical fiber and so on Europe, America, date, Han produces can around 2000 the large increase, largely glides down facing the demand , the supply and demand contradictory is prominent, outlet in where? The optical fiber merchant has settled on China, treats as the Chinese market its digestion too much produces can the main place, wants to seize the Chinese market to make up other markets the loss ,therefore does not hesitate the low price to dump. Is precisely in imports under the optical fiber this kind of low price impact, the domestic optical fiber production enterprise also can not but reduce own optical fiber selling price, maintains the enterprise the revolution . The market price as soon as falls again, causes the domestic optical fiber production enterprise the average selling price all to be lower than the average sale cost, appears the serious loss ,makes the domestic multitudinous optical fiber enterprise to complain constantly. This has brought the huge harm for our country optical fiber industry ,has no recourse, Chinese correspondence business cooperates the communications cable optical fiber special commission in under the domestic majority enterprises request and the support, the organization long flies, the beacon-fire, richly passes, the Farr victory and so on the domestic optical fiber enterprise, lifts the flag which the optical fiber instead dumps to defend the domestic optical fiber profession the legitimate rights and interests. From enterprise question proposing, lawsuit each kind prepares to put on record, initially to cut, the end cuts, the lasted two yearhalf,2,005 years on January 1, the department of commercial affairs corresponded the manufacturing industry first document - optical fiber to our country instead to dump makes the affirmation end to cut. We can win. Instead dumps winning, for the domestic optical fiber industry by the bigger market space, the professional believed that, under this advantage good situation, should further strengthen the profession market behavior the rationality and the standard strengthens in the profession and the industry, under communication and the coordination between the chain, strengthens in the profession the cooperation, the union and conformity dynamics, in order to profession health development. Third, to our country optical fiber industry health development ponder Our country optical fiber industry already had the certain scale, the wiredrawing ability has versatileely satisfied the domestic cmarket the demand, and had the certain remainder, the optical fiber product quality and the product type versatilely satisfies the correspondence construction the demand, the substitution import product. But we also must soberly see, at present we grasp the optical fiber prefabrication stick production core technology the enter prise too to be also few, American and Japans some companies prefabricate in the good technology in the optical fiber also in to carry on the blockade to us. Compares with the international on optical fiber giant, our very many enterprises strength and the competitive ability all very are also insufficient, must want to do the domestic optical fiber industry greatly does strongly, the author thought must do the work from following several aspects: 1st, gathers strength of the profession, attacks and captures the prefabricated stick development, produces the bottleneck The optical fiber prefabricates the stick many cores technology, at present still for America, the date, Europe and so on several optical fibers industries giant monopolized, they also in implemented the technical blockade in fact to our country. Our many enterprises and America, date some companies negotiate the optical fiber to prefabricate the stick the cooperation question, until now around had 20 years long time, are many has not been able to succeed .But the optical fiber prefabrication stick is produces the optical fiber the parent material, the new product optical fiber development,the development, depends on prefabricates the stick to the optical fiber the development, the development. Prefabricates the stick is the optical fiber industry core, its technical content highest, develops the difficulty in a big way, needs to invest fund most, is also highest in the industrial chain profit ratio. Our country optical fiber industry needs to want to do greatly does strongly, must want no longer to be under the control of others, must grasp each kind of advanced optical fiber to prefabricate the good craft technology as soon as possible. But must achieve this point, only depends on an enterprise the strength (to contain technical force and financial resource and so on) is by far insufficient. The author thought in prefabricates in the good question, must want to change as soon as possible present the aspect, must strengthen the domestic optical fiber enterprise the union cooperation, the collection profession attacks with joint forces. Simultaneously should strive for with every effort obtains the manager government department in aspect the and so on policy stratification plane and fund support. 2nd, rationality facing market price competition .The market economy, the product price finally is decides by the market. That product profit margin excessively is high, the sudden and huge profits, the fund can to there inflow, the market supply and demand relations be able to get up the change. 2001 ago, optical fiber profit margin excessively high, may achieve about 30%, do mestically made, outside the multitudinous enterprise massive funds investment to expand allows, to put up a factory (at that time it is reported ,healthy and peaceful, Lucent and so on all planned invests six, 700million US dollars expands accommodates), after caused 2002 regard less of world scope or domestic, produced can all greatly increase ,produces at the same time which could large scale increase, the demand catches up with American, the European network froth bursts but suddenly glides down, seriously causes the supply and demand relations to be unbalanced. This caused the optical fiber market serious aspect, the optical fiber price largely to glide down in recent years. The market , the product did not have the profit even to lose money, the investment was short, has stopped .After 2002, the optical fiber industry is this kind of condition .After enterprises adjustment, the conformity, the production have the control, the market gradually recovers, passes through the certain cycle, the supply and demand achieved new basic balance, this is present optical fiber profession business hoped. The key or the market demand condition, at present, everybody looks the goal to China, one of its reasons is everybody all favors Chinese the optical fiber market prospect. The normal market regulation, the market competition (contain price competition), is advantageous to the enterprise through the competition, compared to spells, the improvement, researches and develops the new craft technology, does everything possible to carryon product innovation and the enhancement labor productivity, the enterprise can act according to the market demand, the plan enter prises moderate scale, reaches maximum limit plays talent edper sons role, enhances the equipment the revolution utilizati on ratio, reduces enterprise management cost and so on, causes its product to have the competitive ability. This kind of competition is healthy, is advantageous to the quantity competition. But the present question is, we The modernized enterprise, compared with the mature enter prise must the rational treatment price competition, not be supposed to dothe malignant price war, should not count on to the low price dumps the way to be allowed to break down the match pressure. On the contrary, the malignant price fights inevitably can cause each correlation enterprise badly beaten which all hits in commercial war .In the recent two years because import the malignant price war which the optical fiber dumps causes to cause our country optical fiber industry to reduce staff, to reduce salaries serious conesquence everybody which, the entire profession loses money to be obvious toall. In turn says, that enterprise cannot cause oneself to be at under the long-term loss condition to revolve, the optical fiber, the optical cable profession cannot be exceptional, if the price and the value hang upside down for a long time, inevitably can affect its product quality, thus brings the hidden danger for the industrial chain next link - communications network construction. By that time, its consequence in no way is at present the benefit saves a spot purchase expense to be able to make up. 3rd, strengthens the profession union and the profession management Our country existing optical fiber production enter prise several, are opposite to the correspondence cable plant and the optical cable factory quantity says, this numeral slightly wanted to be many. But, excessively small optical fiber production scale, also all produces the homogeneity product, in market competition exceptionally intense today, is very difficult to have the profit to say. In 2002 until now, various optical fibers enterprise all also was showing this point in the difficult strut aspect. Facing the international optical fiber giants competition, what pattern could the Chinese optical fiber industry future development be? The author believed that, relative most has the strength, has the vigor, the policy-making good domestic optical fiber enterprise is can obtain the further development, here strength, the vigor should cover the enterprise the research and d
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