大豆生长发育及各个时期国际划分标准.ppt

大豆的生长发育 和各个时期国际划分,目录,大豆生长发育 大豆的时期,大豆种子萌发出土-大豆种子结构,种脐 Hilum,胚根 Radicle,胚芽,种皮 Seed coat,胚轴 Hypocotyl,子叶 Cotyledons,生长点和幼叶,连接胚根胚芽的短轴,生长点和根冠组成,大豆种子萌发出土,The temperature of soybean seeds germination,播种深度对出苗的影响,表 1-1 播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响 播种越深，下胚轴越长，主根长度下茬不大，而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋势，这可能是因为，播种越深，下胚轴长，养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以4cm产量最高，多雨年份播深以3cm为宜，干旱年份以5cm为好。,Soybean Morphology,4种不同类型： 子叶 第一对真叶（单叶） 三出复叶 先出叶,大豆叶型,国际植物遗传资源委员会将大豆小叶形状按照主茎中部发育完全的顶小叶长/宽比，划分为3种类型： 狭窄型（披针形）；长/宽在2.2或以上者； 每荚多为3-4粒，有利于每荚粒数提高 狭阔叶型（卵圆形）；长/宽在1.8或以下者；每荚多为2-3粒，有利于百粒重增长 中间型：长/宽在1.9-2.1之间。,Oval,Lanceolate,大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出,Soybean root,大豆的形态特征 根 系,大豆的根系有主根、侧根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。 主根深达180cm，横向扩展3545cm，主要根系分布在020cm耕层内。,大豆的根系,Soybean root,由分枝到开花，根的生长最旺盛，从开花末期到豆荚伸长期，根量达到最高峰，以后逐渐衰老。,大豆的主茎和分枝,（1）主茎 大豆的茎比较坚韧，茎上有节，一般主茎有14-16节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特点与产量高低有较大关系。 （2）分枝 大豆茎分若干节，是由茎尖分生组织细胞群（分生区）不断分生而产生。 主茎节数与生育期长短有一定关系，一般生育期长，节多。,大豆的生长习性,无限结荚习性（Indeterminate）,主茎和分枝顶端在开花后仍继续生长，开花顺序由下向上，顶端只长出一个荚。植株较高，侧枝发达，豆荚均匀分布在各分枝上，主茎豆荚不集中，荚以中部分枝最多，向上逐渐减少。 MG 000 -5 主茎节的数量在R5期停止增长 种植日期和熟期能够影响最终杰德数量,大豆的生长习性,有限生长习性（Determinate）,在主茎生长高度超过成株高度一半以后，才在茎的中上部开始开花，然后向上、向下逐节开花，以后在主茎顶端出现一个大花簇，茎即停止生长。 植株矮，主茎粗，节间短，豆荚多集中在主茎上，在肥地不易倒伏，叶片较肥大。 MG V IX 主茎的节数在R1期停止增加,大豆的生长习性,亚有限生长习性（Semi-determinate）,介于以上两种习性之间而偏于无限习性。植株较高大，主茎较发达，分枝性较差。开花顺序由下而上，主茎结荚较多。 在肥水充足和密植时，表现出无限习性特征，而在肥水适宜、稀植时表现近似有限习性特征。,大豆生长习性,大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性状。在地理分布上有着明显的规律和区域性。 南方雨水多，生长季节长，有限生长习性类型多。 北方雨水少，生长季节短，无限生长习性类型多。,大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序,大豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端，呈总状花序。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇。 花色白和紫是品种的重要特征,上 右： 1 旗瓣 2 翼瓣 3龙骨瓣 4 雌雄蕊 5 萼,下 左：1，2 两体雄蕊 3 柱头,花由苞片、花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊组成。花朵为苞片所包围，蝶形花冠有5个花瓣，雄蕊10枚，雌蕊1枚。,1,3,5,4,2,1,2,3,2,3,大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序,根据花轴的长度和花数目，可将花序分为3种类型 长轴型，花序轴长10cm以上，每个轴上着生10-40朵花 中轴型，花序轴长3-10cm，每个花序着生8-10朵花 短轴型，花序轴较短，3cm以下，一般3-8朵花,A schematic diagram of soybean plant life cycle,大豆的生长发育过程,大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为6个时期： 种子萌发和出苗期 幼苗期 花芽分化期 开花结荚期 鼓粒期 成熟期,Development of the soybean growth stage system,1949: Number system (Kaltonet al., 1949) 2: Three trifoliate leaves unrolled = V3 7: Small pods on top of plant with full pods at the bottom = R4 or R5 1977: Split development into a vegetative and reproductive stages (Fehr and Caviness, 1977) 2004: Slight change in definitions from the method devised in 1977 (Pedersen, 2004),Soybean Growth and Development,一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下，其生殖生长停滞，植株上部原有的花荚脱落，营养生长恢复，新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下，植株最上部4节中不会结荚鼓粒，而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到R7,Soybean Growth and Development,Vegetative Stages V-Stages VE,VC,V1,V2,V3, Vn,Reproductive Stages R-Stages R1,R2,R3,R8 Starts at Flowering,VE - EMERGENCE,5 to 14 das after planting Cotyledons above the soil surface,VC - COTYLEDON,Unifoliolate leaves have unrolled Leaves are opposite Unifoliate leaves unrolled suffciently so the leaf edges are not touching,V1 STAGE,One trifoliolate One node above the unifoliolate Trifoliolates are produced singularly and alternately,V2 stage,V2 2ND NODE Two trifoliolates Nodules have been established Check for proper nodulation If absent determine cause and prepare to apply N,V3 stage,V3 Third Node 3 nodes above unifoliolate Cotyledons gone Axillary buds allow plants to recuperate from damage,V6 Stage,New V stages every 3 days 50% leaf loss=3%yield loss,R1 Stage: Beginning bloom,主茎任意节上有一朵花开放Flowering begins at 3rd to 6th node (V6 to V10 stage) Flowering period is 3 to 4 wk -begins 6 to 8wk after emergence -Peaks R2 to R3; ends R5 Vertical root growth rates increase rapidly -as much as 1.3 to 3.2 in /day,R2: full bloom,Open flower at one of the two uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Accumulated 25% of total dry wt & 50% of total node # Rapid dry wt and nutrient accumulation from R2 until R7 inanition N-fixation rate 50% defoliation yield 50%,R3: Beginning pod,pods are 3/16 inch (5 mm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Yield is a function of : base population pod number Seeds per pod Seed weight Ability to compensate for stress by modifying these factors decreases from R1 to R5,R3- 初荚前：主茎任意节上出现0.5cm长的幼荚,R4：Full pod,Pods are 3/4 inch (2 cm) at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf Rapid pod growth & beginning seeds development From R4 to middle R5 critical for yield Rapid and steady dry matter accumulation Flowering is complete Young seeds & pods are most prone to abortion Yield reductive based on total pod# Is the main yield limiting factor Seed # per pod and seed size may also occur,R5: Beginning seed,seed is 1/8 inch long (3 mm) long in the pod at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf,R5-（初粒前）：主茎任意节上荚果内种子长度达3mm,R6: Full seed,pod containing a green seed that fills the pod capacity at one of the four uppermost nodes on the main stem with a fully developed leaf,R6-（满粒前）：主茎任意节上，至少有一荚果内的青绿种子体积达最大值,R7: Beginning maturity,one normal pod on the main stem has reached its mature pod color Plants shedding leave is just prior to R7,R8: Full maturity,95% of the pods have reached th