南京农业大学二期青年教师公寓项目【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip
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南京农业大学论文开题报告
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南京农业大学二期青年教师公寓项目【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip,建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译,南京农业大学毕业论文开题报告,南京农业大学,毕业论文开题报告,南京农业大学论文开题报告
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 通过本次毕业设计，使学生进一步掌握五年所学的基础理论和专业设计知识，增强分析问题、解决问题的专业技能和设计创新能力，提高专业设计图纸绘制的规范性和方案计算机表现技能，促进学生养成独立工作的能力以及严谨的工作作风，为学生将来走上工作岗位，顺利完成所承担的任务奠定基础。 遵循“以人为本”的设计理念，意在改善青年教师公寓户型单一，内部设施不合理等问题。着重注意青年人的心理需求问题。建筑设计根据建设用地条件和建筑使用功能、周边环境特点，首先设计建筑平面，包括建筑平面选择、平面交通组织及平面功能设计；其次进行立面造型、剖面设计；然后考虑建筑分类、总平面布局、防火分区及安全疏散，进行防火设计；最后设计楼梯。设计中要有相应的辅助建筑，同时考虑道路、居民点的规划布置及建成后对生态环境的影响。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 1、任务要求1.1基地背景1.1.1社会背景：近几年，我国高校招生规模不断扩大，高校教师数量的急剧增加导致教师公寓的建设量也以惊人的速度增长，社会的发展、人们生活水平的提高，使得高校教师住宿质量的改善势在必行。环境心理学研究表明，居住的空间构成对人的性格和心理影响巨大，教师公寓“传统的基本空间构成模式一走廊加卧室的单调形式对于其心理会带来不良影响，会影响教职工心情从而影响工作效率，如何在新建的学生公寓中改善这样的情况，需要深入细致的研究。 1.1.2基地现状概况：南京农业大学二期青年教师公寓项目位于南京市卫岗1号南京农业大学卫岗校区内。地块西临童卫路，北侧为已建青年教师公寓及外教公寓，东南临物探所。1.1.3场地特征：地块平整，无须搬迁，有利于建设 1.2建筑规模及结构1.2.1总用地面积：284001.2.2总建筑面积：约13000m2（可据设计适当调配10%）1.2.3建筑结构：框架结构1.2.4建筑层数：9层，地下一层，地上8层2、技术要求2.1外围护结构热工要求，地区相当于200mm砖墙的热工条件；2.2主导风向：夏季主导风向为东南风，冬季主导风向为西北风；2.3耐火等级：二级；2.4抗震设防：按7度设防；2.5日照间距：南方地区按1：1.3考虑；2.6建筑的水、暖、电均由城市集中供应。3、设计要求3.1类型：单元式住宅 3.1.1户型：三室一厅；三室两厅；四室两厅均可，户数配置基本均匀，总户数不限，以户型 适用有特色为要。 3.1.2 建筑面积：约13000m2（可据设计适当调配10%） 3.2层数与层高 层数：8层； 层高：3m 3.3结构类型：砖混结构。 3.4居室面积： 每户最小居室使用面积不小于8，每户必须有一间大客厅（面积2030 ），主要卧室能同时两个方向放床。 3.5辅助房间：厨房：使用面积不小于3.5，应设洗涤池、案台、考虑储藏设施。 厕所：使用面积不小于2，应设大便器、洗脸盆、浴缸或淋浴。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 1、设计图纸不少于15张，A3版面排版（不包括封面、目录、设计说明）1.1总平面布置图（包含相关技术经济指标）（1：200）；标明道路、绿化、小品、停车位和出入口的位置；标明技术经济指标：用地面积、建筑密度、容积率和绿化面积等。 1.2单体设计各层平面图（1：150不少于2张），标注轴线及开间尺寸，画出墙体、柱、楼梯、门窗洞口及门的开启方向，注写房间名称，在一层平面图中注剖切符号；1.3剖面图（1：150不少于2张），剖切位置应选择在楼梯间和能最大限度地表现建筑内部空间的位置；剖面包括：外墙、内墙；注明各层楼地面标高；屋面坡度；剖面关键尺寸；使用提供的图例，加以必要的说明。 1.4建筑外观效果图（不少于3张） 1.5建筑细部构造做法及分析图（不少于8张） 1.6其他必要的分析说明图件2、设计说明书字数不少于4000字，遵照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范相关要求进行撰写和排版。4主要参考文献： 1中华人民共和国建设部.建筑设计防火规范（GBJ16-87），北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2001年局部修改2 东南大学，天津大学，同济大学.混凝土结构（上、下册）.中国建筑工业出版社.20013胡佳伟.适合青年群体的公租房设计多样化探索D.山东建筑大学.2013年4于瑞强,谢艳娟,覃塘肖.场所精神的营建基于新升格地方院校校园景观规划建设的思考J.广西城镇建设.2012年02期 5俞剑光,傅博,孙汉松.科技、人文、绿色复合规划探索以北京科技商务区巩华城国际科技金融岛城市设计为例A.2012城市发展与规划大会论文集C.2012年6蒋超英.建筑与人文和自然环境的水乳交融塞班岛建筑掠影J.华中建筑.2001年02期7柯长坤.创造有个性魅力的城市空间汕头城市特色的几点思考J.建筑学报.1997年08期8马志龙.绿色建筑设计浅析J.科技风.2010(11):12-18.9朱文一.和而不同两校园广州大学城组团三J.世界建筑.2006年02期10何镜堂,郭卫宏,吴中平,郑少鹏.广州大学城组团二规划与建筑设计交融共享、亲近自然、有机和谐J.建筑学报.2005年03期11崔玲,阴帅可.大学校园精神环境的营造J.山西建筑.2004年21期12巫苹.琦玉县立大学,琦玉县越谷市,日本J.世界建筑;2001年12期13龚小卉，中冶长天科技工业园及住宅小区规划设计J.中外建筑.2011年08期14林燕.人车分流系统在大学校园中心区规划中的应用J.华南理工大学学报(自然科学版).2007年11期15 张先玲.我国现代高校校园规划总体布局的思考J.四川建筑科学研究.2008年01期毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.10.16- 2015.12.16 毕业设计前期准备，指导学生完成选题工作；2015.12.17- 2015.12.25 完成设计任务书上传，学生撰写开题报告；2015.12.26- 2016.01.24 完成毕业设计开题报告撰写和审核工作；2016.01.25- 2016.04.13 毕业设计初稿提交与审核，填写中期检查表；2016.04.14- 2016.05.11 毕业设计初稿修改，毕设成果定稿提交； 2016.05.12- 2016.05.18 毕业设计定稿审核、成果制作和准备答辩；2016.05.19- 2016.05.25 组织和安排答辩，完成毕业设计答辩工作； 2016.05.26- 2016.06.06 输入成绩和上传毕设终稿，进行相关总结工作所在专业审查意见：符合建筑学毕业设计的要求，时间安排合理，审核通过。负责人： 2016 年 1 月6 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 青年教师是学校的未来。建设世界一流农业大学需要一流的师资队伍。青年人才思维活跃，富有创新激情和创新能力，是当前学校发展的生力军，也是未来事业传承的主力军。改革体制、创新机制、为青年拔尖人才的成长创造宽松的环境和卓越的条件，对于持续、快速地提升学校核心竞争力、加快建设世界一流农业大学进程，以及充分发挥学校在人才培养、科技创新、社会服务和文化传承创新等方面的职能，具有重要的战略意义。高校青年教师公寓的服务对象是高校青年教师这样一个特殊的群体,他的开发和建设一直都不够完善,导致青年教师的住房问题一直成为师资队伍建设的主要瓶颈。从国内外的实例来看,在校内或者校外保留或者新建一部分的青年教师公寓,供青年教师中长期使用,是学校能建设好师资力量的首要前提和必需。改扩建的首要对象是高校的“筒子楼”。早在九十年代末期的时候把“筒子楼”改造成为有独立卫生间和厨房的简易单元房,后来定义为“青年教师公寓”。原来简易的住房变成了装修布置有特色,颇为雅致温馨的家。使青年教师在还没有能力购买商品房之前,有了一个温馨舒适的过渡性的居所。现在历史又发展了十多年,建造技术和手法有了更新,青年教师对住居环境和生活空间有了新的要求，改造有了新的理念:结合现在正在研发的住宅产品“微型单元”的设计理念,来改造“筒子楼”建筑,使经过改造的青年教师住房除了在满足个人基本生活需求外,更加富有创意。新建青年教师社区的公寓性质，确切讲是青年教师公寓性质的住宅，也可以把它认为是“经济人才房”，具有一定的福利性质,并且是具有微利性质的商品房房子的开发，建设以及后期的管理，可以采取校企合作的方式，进行建设青年教师社区。这些社区的兴建可以在学校附近,对于土地面积紧张的高校,也可以是几所高校联合,一起征集土地建设,不一定要在学校附近，但是要有专车，使教师到学校上班比较方便。建设方式是结合学校建设委员会提出的公寓式住宅建设标准,以商品房性质的青年公寓或中小套型公寓的设计标准为依据,建设真正适合青年教师的经济实用的住房。未来青年教师公寓套型设计的发展趋势不仅要适应青年教师的需求,同时又要满足人性化和可持续发展的特点。观察研究之后，总结了以下两点: (l)公寓基本单元模块化设计。公寓的基本单元模块设计,使住宅套型平面空间布局合理;并能够使住宅使用面积最大化;根据不同住户对功能空间的不同要求,一个基本单元内的不同功能模块可以有不同的变化和组合形式,而且少有缺陷;设计的模块化使建造和施工相对的简单,经济合理。 (2)公寓空间微型化。这种微型单元可以根据现在高校普遍使用的筒子楼改造而来。因为其对面积要求比较小,因此筒子楼单间的面积足以满足这种微型单元内功能空间对面积的要求。这种形式更适合于单身的青年教师或者两人的青年教师夫妇利用原来旧楼的空间平面单元的形式,配合现代化的技术和设备来进行优化改造。使原来落后不完善的居住单元变得个性化,能满足使用者的需求。这种微型单元的好处和意义在于:第一,能通过对旧建筑的改造得来,节省资源,合理的利用原有的建筑;第二,能给青年教师创造一个丰富的个性化空间,空间虽然很小,生活起来却很温馨,它是一个较为私密的空间,在保证人体活动需求的前提下,将其发挥出有效的作用;第三,它能够满足使用者的独处需求,在一定的程度上又能满足使用者社交需求;第四,节省能源和资源,能在相对较小的空间内,容纳较多的功能,既能有效的解决青年教师的居住问题,又能使居住的品质有所提高;第五,这种模式的公寓建设,也有利于建筑工业化的生产,这也是根据其自身设备精重量轻等特点所决定的;第六,这种模式的公寓,不仅能满足青年教师的需求,作为一种临时周转性的住房,还可以租给学生使用或者有独处需求的人以及来校的临时学习者适用面很广,不用担心这种类型的公寓会因为某些原因闲置,而失去它的效用。本方案将遵循“以人为本”的设计理念，意在改善青年教师公寓户型单一，内部设施不合理等问题，致力于改善南京农业大学青年教师住宿条件。参考文献： 1黄怡,城市社会分层与居住隔离M.上海：同济大学出版社,2006. 2 (英)大卫.路德林、尼古拉斯.福克,营造21世纪的家园一可持续的城市邻里社区M. 王健、单燕华译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2005年1月. 3 (美)理查德德.弗拉克斯,青年与社会变迁M. 李青、何非鲁译.北京：北京日报出版社, 1989. 4 吴良铺,广义建筑学M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1990. 5 朱葛敏,跨世纪的住宅设计 M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,1998. 6(德彼得.法勒,住宅平面1920一1990年住宅的发展线索M. 王瑾、庄伟译.北京：中国建筑工业出版社,2002年10月. 7段晓丹，建筑改造M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社2002. 8刘喜红,青年公寓式住宅方案探讨J.中州建筑,1989. 9 刘超,城市单身公寓的探讨J.安徽建筑,2003.10. 10张敏,SOHO模式影响下的未来住区发展J.华中建筑,2000. 11尹朝晖,家庭居住生活方式影响要素调查及分析J.建筑学报,2007.4. 12许安之,后小康居住模式展望J.建筑学报,2000.4 12余翰武,控制户型面积发展新型建筑对小户型价值的重新审视J.山西建筑, 2004.10. 13祖刚,从居住学角度浅析小户型住宅J.华中建筑,2004.4. 14林兆璋、倪文岩.旧建筑的改造性再利用J.建筑学报,2000.1. 15郑艺群,新世纪住宅何去何从J.福建建设科技,2004. 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1、研究问题或解决的问题高校的青年教师群体具有独特的生活模式思维方式,对家的独特的定义和理解,多样的工作方式,这些都要求我们在有限的建筑面积范围内,综合研究青年教师的居住心理、社会活动、生活行为对环境的需求等,合理安排功能、采光、通风空间设计等诸多因素。 2、拟采用的研究途径 2.1调研阶段：外出调研南京的多个教师公寓，分析它们的功能分区、流线以及风格特征，为自己设计做准备。 2.2构思阶段：考虑自己设计的风格和手法以及采用怎样的节能方式，去图书馆查阅相关书籍和资料，寻找理论支撑。 2.3草图阶段：将自己的想法以草图形式交给老师修改，指出其中不足。通过几次修改，敲定大体框架。 2.4扩充阶段：在草图基础上对方案进行扩充和细化，考虑细节和小空间氛围的营造，直至方案完全确定。 2.5方案图绘制阶段：将方案以图纸的形式绘制出来，利用计算机绘图、建模、渲染和排版，最后将打印A3文本上交。 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：针对毕业设计具体任务，参考了许多文献，了解高校、青年教师、公寓等之间矛盾，和开发、改善的切入点，为毕业设计的开展提供理论研究知识。本课题是学生所学专业知识的延续，符合学生专业发展方向，对于提高学生的基本知识和技能，对于提高学生的研究能力有益。 2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：该生拟定的研究方法和研究计划基本合理，难度合适，学生能够在预定时间内完成该课题的设计。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 02 月 19 日所在专业审查意见：符合要求，审核通过。 负责人： 2016 年 02 月 20 日原文：Small Unit Apartment Development Problems and SolutionsAbstract: Today, in Shanghai are mostly small-family apartment converted then the contractor on schedule, and due to its original architectural structure and shape of limitations, it will inevitably lead to a number of small-property products, and various defects in congenitally deficient. When such products in the overall scarcity of supply and demand situation, the product itself, these issues will be one-jun cover 100 ugly to be ignored by people. When the market supply more and more, people have more choices of small-time, such problems will manifest themselves gradually, and gradually became more of its products will be eliminated by the market. Keywords: Apartment Residential Design Problems The small-family properties in the current rush into mass action, when the triumphant, more need for these products and how to solve problems to do a rational analysis of the responses and calm thinking, so that the next round of development of small-family can feel ashamed of themselves Kam, some breakthroughs.1, the current problems of small-family Currently On The Market Of Small-Family Properties Are Mainly The Following Types Of Questions: 1, Room unreasonable, living with poorly functioning Now, most of the small-family apartment hotel in a standard room family-room chamber, with no independent kitchen, no activities of daily living space, often only a dormitory room with the usual features and functions of hotel temporarily, while the lack of daily home life function. Such standard-room chamber, in fact reduces the value of property as a residence, because even the hotel-style apartment, which, after all, for the people living life in apartments rather than Hotel. In addition to these standard-room outside the chamber, there are still a lot of small-triangle, hypotenuse-shaped, irregular polygon strange chamber, and only one side to light, once separated, they form a dark room dark rooms, without any natural light and ventilation, which kinds of irrational is obvious. It is also quite upset and rebuilt the original contractor on schedule. Strictly speaking, this kind of small-chamber can be described as the invalidity of the market supply is a waste of social resources. Some small one-bedroom Unit in the chamber, although better than in the chamber, but, overall, not as conventional houses and two-bedroom, three-bedroom together in a house design. Small Unit in the one-bedroom apartments are mostly straight dwelling size similar to a traditional public housing households in a room half-chamber. This chamber, living room lighting inadequate, while the bedroom is too bright, the two opposite. Separated according to function due to the use of residence requirements, the living room lighting should be better than the bedroom, should be more adequate. In addition, small-family in a serious shortage of storage space, but also a major handicap chamber design and decoration, failed to make full use of limited space, fails to do so, sparrow may be small, fully-equipped, the small and complete, small and Fine. This also affects the function of the small-family residence. 2, may room rate is low, too long walkway Today, the small-family apartments have room rates are generally much lower than conventional homes, mostly in about 70%, some even only 60%, such as gold and silver exchange 60%, SOHO era 64%, Paris Dance 68% and so on. This is usually more than 80% of new residential housing rates were compared to the poor is a difference. For the increasingly rational and smart home buyers, this low was room rate will obviously affect their purchase decision (especially when the market had appeared on a higher room rate of small-time). Too low room rates, in effect, comprising the use of reduced size, or that actually increase the area comprising the use of equivalent unit price, it does not benefit, does not pay self-evident. Was caused by the low room rate is an important factor, that is, its point-level, a long staircase dozens of the old design of household aisle. Now the small-family buildings, are often the middle of a narrow, long corridor, on both sides of a long row of households, as fish bone-shaped layout; or lift a circle around the middle of the aisle, surrounded by ring-back arrangement for the tenants to form a whole level of a few 10 run through a large unified spatial pattern. This design is clearly unreasonable, and not only will cause the human voice noisy and interfere with each other, which does not help identify the location and personnel, divert, and because sharing too much causing the area was reduced room rates. Thus, also undermined the future of the product of their property market competitiveness, as well as preserve and increase their value-added functions. 3 identify the poor. There is security risk As the design of small-family apartment old, a level of dozens of households, fish bone shape, back to ring a run through of the layout, it will inevitably lead to poor households to identify the shortcomings. Into the aisle, unless the numbers to identify room numbers, almost no other identifiable symbol of different spatial patterns are often unable to tell people things, loss of sense of direction. Some even seven Shui 8 bend, as if into the maze, if there is a fire it is difficult to evacuate quickly. And the intrusion is also perceptible to outsiders, not as a ladder two, two ladders three kinds of hard to tell. This will give offenders an opportunity to leave. 4, a ladder dozens of households, up and down the inconvenience Existing small-family apartments, a staircase dozens of households mostly centralized elevator setting. Such as gold sink 32 tier 3 Ladder 54, Ziyouzizhai and six-layer 2 ladder 40, Pentium Shinkansen the 32-layer 3 ladder 20, the blue towards tribes, the 32-layer 4 Ladder 24 households. Lifts per day carrying more than 100 households to more than 200 households up and down traffic, and some small-family or even an elevator to an average of more than 300 of the traffic. Even if only one person per household to live, then hundreds of people every day up and down and out, its crowded conditions, waiting situation has also become well be imagined. And the small-family property owners are mostly young people, full of vigor, and its daily upper and lower access to more frequent than in the elderly, which will increase the lift carrying the frequency and carrying capacity. Year after year in residence here, obviously very inconvenient, if the event of urgent or emergency patients, it can only be anxious. Might even be in short supply due to the elevator which took place in neighborhood disputes, like the year to live because of crowded buses Shanghai and the friction as various types of mouth. 5, area inappropriate. Total loss of control Now the small-family-room apartment in a bid Muroto chamber floor area, and many are 40-50 square meters, such as the SOHO era, international financier, Oriental Horizon and so on, right one room household is concerned, is clearly too large. This area is completely designed as a compact small One Bedroom. While small in the One Bedroom Unit is also too large, most of the 70 square meters, and some even more than 80 square meters construction area. This has lost the original meaning of small-family. Small-Sized should reflect its small in order to meet specific market needs. This area is also directly led to the improper total of up to enable small-family existing low-total strengths gradually disappear. Total loss of control is also reflected in the unit price gapped surge. This year some 3 million mark for the small-family apartment break. International financier 10000-15000 yuan / square meter, Paris Dance 12000-20000 yuan / square meter, Oriental Horizon average price of 11.3 thousand yuan / square meter. This makes the total price of these small-family apartments are 50-110 million / between sets. Such double high (high price, high total) Small-Sized have actually gone far beyond the purchasing power of small-target groups to enable small-family market has a structural imbalance between supply and demand mismatch. In addition, such double high Small-Sized, its future must also be expected to follow rising rents, which again with the rental market to contradict the actual demand structure, phase deviations, lead to future difficulties to such a small-family rental and cash, even trigger a range of market issues. In fact, this also reflects the developers of small-family market positioning errors. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download The above-mentioned five major flaws, but also the small-family market, todays immature performance. How to resolve these shortcomings and deficiencies, as well as detailed how to optimize the small-family products, to increase the adaptability of certain residential users (including price), which is the key to the future development of small-family, but also the further sound development of small-market guarantee. This might in this regard, a study in order to initiate collective wisdom. Second, The Small-Family Product Optimization And Countermeasures 1, changing point-to-plate, innovative layout To change the overall architectural style, point-tower will be replaced by board structure, and is usually a ladder two or three of the two ladders plate housing, household and then divided into two, forming a ladder 4, a small staircase 6 Unit. This will reduce the aisle space, has improved in the room rate, but also increase the number of household lighting, and can effectively prevent a ladder dozens of households in the middle vestibule-styles many problems, to increase security. 2, change straight sets for the cross-sets, shortening into the deep The existing small-family is often too long into the deep, most can only form of direct one-bedroom dwelling size, as well as dark Wei, dark kitchen. And the living room or no direct light or light enough, not as bright bedrooms. If you can convert it into a parallel-style cross-sets, while shortening into the deep, and the bedroom with living room in the layout phase fault, recessed 1 to form a ladder-like layout of twists and turns, which can effectively control the total area, but also to open more windows, so that room, bedroom, kitchen, Wei Quan-ming, enhance room lighting of the ecological performance of natural ventilation. While rich in architectural facade changes in bump performance, enhance its aesthetic form. 3, detailed functional differentiation, reasonable size ratio Should not be at the expense of small-room features at the expense of blindly seeking a small, but should be separated in the refined features, a reasonable proportion of each functional area of the region, as well as full use of space on the basis, so that small but complete, small but excellent small a reasonable, convenient, and does not affect the use. The one-bedroom for 1-2 people live, its the size of each functional area, of course, than conventional two-bedroom house, three rooms are much smaller. But not too small, should be consistent with the basic ergonomics limited spatial scale. Such as the bedroom can not be less than 10 square meters, the living room should not be less than 12 square meters, the bathroom should not be less than 4 square meters, otherwise it will affect the use, so that space is too cramped, cramped. Other features of space should also be proper ratio of the area, such as the storage room, closet, small balcony, vestibule, as well as refrigerators, washing machines and other specialized placement space. The appropriate functional space area ratio, the spatial scale of the appropriate accuracy, both to meet the needs, nor the area of loss, this is where do screw shell temple, detailed small space features a key element differentiation. Area ratio of one-bedroom, home of the basic functions of space readily available, and the kit only 40 square meters in area, even if room rates were 78% of the total construction area is also only 50 square meters / sets about can be described as compact and practical. A family room for more than 20-year-old single young people (including foreign small white-collar), or as young of the second homes, spare room for contingencies. Is also better suited to invest (because of their small size, the total cost less). And the ratio of this area is also able to meet the basic needs of single life. 4, changes in local partition to increase the storage space In order to make full use of space, loaned by the empty land, can be used similar to the S shape, bow shape and workers-shaped, as well as the spoon-shaped, mountain-shaped and other forms of partition, in order to form different sizes, of varying thickness and types of closet space, a variety of different categories will help boost the storage space, but also to save area, improve space utilization. And can maintain the separation wall and the formation and integrity, improve concealment. Although a similar cut off in the regular chamber of the two-bedroom, three-room has been used, but not yet universal, but in the small-family design, but almost disappeared. If better, according to local conditions to the use of such cut off, then the design of small-family will be able to make some breakthroughs. Its practicality, functionality will be subsequently increased sharply, and can effectively control the area. 5, chamber design and decoration simultaneous combination of complementary In the decoration design, often a result of the limitations of chamber and space segment for the decoration of the unreasonable and cause trouble and embarrassment. If the chamber design, decoration in advance, taking into account the needs of the two combine to form a complementary and interactive effects of the establishment of a mutually supportive relationship, then it will cause a very limited amount of small-space, play an even greater effect, really do to the small and complete, a small but excellent. Enhanced through the fitting room of the practicality, functionality, but also to enhance the visual aesthetics, the expansion and extension of visual space, so that a small space not feel its small, resulting in a small see much room feel. Such as various types of Container handling, closet, niche design, mirror wall, the use of all transparent or semi-permeable glass partition, it may be cut off half the non-blocking, dual-or multi-use space for processing and furniture design. Which chamber should be designed to create the conditions for decoration, leaving room; decoration chamber should be designed to strengthen creativity, improve space utilization and enhance the usefulness and functionality chamber to highlight the advantages of chamber design.Close integration between the two, is to optimize the design of small-family is another important part of the integral, relatively conventional housing, the complementary relationship between the two should be even closer. How clever idea, a breakthrough in the above areas, innovations, and this is a small-family design a major challenge. But also of small-market needs and call todays and future markets, a great opportunity. In this field, who can gain an advantage, who will be able to winning the market. Because it led the market with innovative products, in all walks of life have been frequent, whether it is the first and second industry, or the tertiary industry, no exceptions.中文译文：小户型公寓开发中的问题及其对策摘要：如今，上海的小户型公寓大多是当年的烂尾楼改建而成的，由于受到其原有建筑结构和造型的局限，就必然导致小户型物业产品的诸多先天不足和种种缺陷。当此类产品在总体供应紧缺而需求旺盛的情况下，其产品本身的这些问题便会一俊遮百丑地被人们所忽略。而当市场供应日渐增多，人们对小户型有更多选择时，此类问题便会逐渐显露，其产品也就逐渐会被市场所淘汰。关键词：住宅设计 公寓 问题在当前小户型物业一哄而上，高唱凯歌之时，更有必要对这类产品问题及其如何解决的对策做一理性剖析和冷静思考，以便在下一轮小户型的开发中能引以为鉴，有所突破。一、当前小户型存在的问题目前市场上的小户型物业主要有以下几类问题：1、房型不合理，居住功能差现在，小户型公寓中大多是宾馆标房式的一室户房型，无独立厨房、无日常起居的活动空间，往往只具有通常集体宿舍的功能和旅店暂住的功能，而缺乏日常居家生活的功能。这类标房式房型，实际上就降低了作为居住物业的使用价值，因为即使是酒店式公寓，其毕竟还是供人居住生活的“公寓”，而非“酒店”。除了这些标房式房型外，小户型中还有不少三角形、斜边形、不规则多边形的怪异房型，且只有一面能采光，一旦分隔，便形成暗室暗间，无任何自然通风采光，这种不合理是显而易见的。这也是原先烂尾楼改建的无奈之举。严格地说，这类小户型房型可谓是市场的无效供应，是社会资源的浪费。有些小户型中一房一厅的房型，虽说比上述房型好些，但总体来说也不如常规住宅中与二房、三房组合在一起的一房设计。小户型公寓中的一房一厅大多是直套型的类似于传统公房中一室半户的房型。这种房型，客厅采光不足，而卧室却过于明亮，两者恰好相反。因根据居住功能区隔的使用要求，客厅的采光应胜于卧室，应更充足。此外，小户型中储存空间的严重不足，也是一大通病，房型设计与装修设计时，未能充分利用有限的空间，未能做到“麻雀虽小、五脏俱全”的小而全、小而精。这同样影响到小户型的居住功能。2、得房率低，走道过长如今，小户型公寓的得房率普遍远低于常规住宅，大多在70左右，有的甚至只有60，如“金银汇”60，“SOHO时代”64，“巴黎时韵”68等。这与通常新建住宅80以上的得房率相比，实在是相差悬殊。对于日趋理性与精明的购房者来说，这一过低的得房率，显然会影响他们购房的抉择（尤其是当市场上出现了更高得房率的小户型时）。过低的得房率，实际上就缩小了套内的使用面积，或者说实际上增加了套内使用面积的折合单价，其不实惠、不合算是不言而喻的。造成得房率低的一个重要因素，便是其点式高层，一梯几十户走道过长的陈旧设计。现在的小户型楼，往往都是中间一条窄长走道，两侧一长排住户，如同鱼骨状的平面布局；或者中间绕电梯一圈走道，四面为住户的回环状布局，形成整个层面几十户一贯通的大一统空间格局。这一设计的不合理也是显然的，既会造成人声嘈杂、彼此干扰，又不利于辨别方位和人员的疏导，且又造成过多的分摊面积，降低得房率。从而，也就削弱了其物业产品未来的市场竞争力，以及其保值增值的功能。3、识别性差。存在安全隐患由于小户型公寓设计的陈旧，一个层面几十户，鱼骨状、回环状一贯通的平面布局，便必然导致各家各户识别性差的弊端。进入走道，除非辨认门牌室号，几乎无其他可识别的不同空间格局的标志，往往使人不辨东西，失去方位感。有的甚至七拐八弯，仿佛进入了迷宫，一旦有火警便难以迅速疏散。且外人闯入也难以觉察，不象一梯两户、两梯三户那样的容易分辨。这便会给不法之徒留下可乘之机。4、一梯几十户，上下不便现有小户型公寓，大多都是一梯几十户的集中式的电梯设置。如“
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