基于太阳能供电的低功耗灌溉控制器设计【物联网开题报告外文翻译说明书论文】.zip
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基于太阳能供电的低功耗灌溉控制器设计【物联网开题报告外文翻译说明书论文】.zip
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 培养和增强学生以下能力与技能：(1)单片机软硬件知识基础与实践能力；(2)电路设计及分析能力；(3)论文撰写能力；(4)学习能力与研究精神2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 一般的灌溉控制器由于其功耗，多需要进行电力线进行供电。本课题所研究的智能灌溉控制器，采用太阳能+锂电池来对灌溉控制器进行不间断供电，灌溉控制单元采用低功耗的磁保持电磁阀进行水路控制，具备功耗低、功能可靠的特点。可单独应用于园林、庭院等方面的灌溉控制。要求学生进行系统设计，实验平台搭建，并进行毕业论文撰写。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： (1) 毕业论文；(2) 可进行系统演示的实体；4主要参考文献： 1 王明飞, 郑文刚, 田宏武, 张馨, 李金雷. 低功耗实时唤醒式无线灌溉控制器的设计与实现J. 农机化研究, 2016.1(1): 113-117.2 罗克勇, 陶建平, 柳军. 基于无线传感网的温室作物根层水肥智能环境调控系统J. 农业工程学报, 2012(9): 17-22.3 李加念, 洪添胜, 卢加纳. 柑橘园低功耗滴灌控制器的设计与实现J. 农业机械学报, 2011, 27(7): 134-139.4 刘永鑫, 洪添胜, 岳学军. 太阳能低功耗滴灌控制装置的设计与实现J. 农业工程学报, 2012, 28(20): 20-26.5 冯丽媛, 姚绪梁. 温室大棚自动灌溉系统设计J. 农机化研究, 2013, 35(6): 113-115.6 赵翠俭, 孙素静, 李莉. 基于无线传感器网络的智能灌溉系统设计J. 信息化研究, 2013, 39(4): 44-47.7 纪文义, 张继成, 郑萍. 基于无线网络的农田灌溉智能监测系统J. 农机化研究, 2013, 35(10): 171-177.8 岳学军, 刘永鑫, 洪添胜. 基于土壤墒情的自动灌溉控制系统设计与试验J. 农业机械学报, 2013, 44(增刊): 241-250.9 申长军, 郑文刚, 孙刚. 低功耗无线直流电磁阀及其控制模块设计与应用J. 农业机械学报, 2009, 40(增刊): 82-86.10 平毅, 郭磊. 低功耗自动灌溉控制器设计J. 现代电子技术, 2014.5, 37(10): 104-106.11 王友贞. 节水灌溉与农业可持续发展M. 北京: 中国机械出版社, 2005.12 王丹丹, 李林凯, 邹亮. 基于MSP430的微弱信号检测装置的设计J. 现代科学仪器, 2013(5): 87?89.13 王玲玲, 严锡君, 严妍. 无线传感器网络在温室农业中的应用研究J. 节水灌溉, 2013(6): 54?56.14 宋艳. 基于物联网技术的智能农业种植系统设计J. 现代电子技术, 2013, 36(24):38?39.15 李建军, 许燕, 张冠, 魏正英, 张育斌. 基于BP神经网络预测和模糊控制的灌溉控制器设计J. 机械设计与研究, 2015.10, 31(5): 150-154.16 Farid Touati, Mohammed Al-Hitmi, Kamel Benhmed，et al. A fuzzy logic based irrigation system enhanced with wireless data logging applied to the state of QatarJ. Compters and Electronics in Agri-culture, 2013, 98: 233-234.17 魏正英, 葛令行. 灌溉施肥自动控制系统的研究与开发J. 西安交通大学学报, 2008, 42(3): 347-349.18 王明飞, 郑文刚, 田宏武, 张馨, 单飞飞. 基于SI4463的太阳能无线灌溉控制器J. 农机化研究, 2015.6(6): 204-207.19 肖克辉, 肖德琴, 罗锡文. 基于无线传感器网络的精细农业智能节水灌溉系统J. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(11): 170-175.20 文韬, 洪添胜, 李震. 橘园无线传感器网络不同节点部署方式下的射频信号传播试验J. 农业工程学报, 2010, 26(6): 211-215.21 纪文义, 张继成, 郑萍. 基于无线网络的农田灌溉智能监测系统J. 农机化研究, 2013, 35(10): 171-177.22 林少钦. 无线智能灌溉系统设计J. 电子技术应用, 2012(7): 146-153.23 王小珂, 李兵, 申长军, 刑振, 闫华, 鲍锋. 基于Wi-Fi的自动灌溉控制器设计与实现J. 中国农村水利水电, 2011(12): 46-49.24 陈燕鹏, 刘祖明, 杨康, 许海园. 一种智能灌溉控制器的研究与设计J. 安徽农业科学, 2015, 43(20): 359-361,382. 毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.11.102015.12.13 调研、收集相关资料、对学生进行初步辅导，拟题、选题、填写任务书；2015.12.152015.12.31 学生查看任务书，为毕业设计的顺利完成，进行前期准备。12月31日前正式下发任务书；2016.01.092016.04.05 学生在指导教师的具体指导下进行毕业设计创作；拟定论文提纲或设计说明书（下称文档）提纲；撰写及提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、论文大纲；在2016年4月5日前学生要提交基本完成的毕业设计创作成果以及文档的撰写提纲，作为中期检查的依据。指导教师指导、审阅，定稿由指导教师给出评语，对论文主要工作未通过的学生下发整改通知；2016.04.062016.04.10 提交中期课题完成情况报告给指导教师审阅；各专业组织中期检查（含毕业设计成果验收检查）；2016.04.112016.05.10 进行毕业设计文档撰写；2016年5月8日为学生毕业设计文档定稿截止日；2016年5月9日-13日，指导教师和评阅教师通过毕业设计（论文）管理系统对学生的毕业设计以及文档进行评阅，包括打分和评语。5月1日前，做好答辩安排，通知学生回校进行答辨；2016.05.142016.05.15 查看答辩安排，毕业设计（论文）小组答辩；2016.05.162016.05.29 对未通过答辨的学生进行二次答辨，完成毕业设计的成绩录入；2016.05.302016.06.07 根据答辩情况修改毕业设计（论文）的相关材料，并在毕业设计（论文）管理系统中上传最终稿，并且上交纸质稿。2016年6月7日为学生毕业设计文档最终稿提交截止日；2016.06.072016.06.30 各系提交本届毕业设计（论文）的工作书面总结及相关材料。所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月17 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 本课题研究的题目是基于太阳能供电的低功耗灌溉控制器的设计。本课题所研究的智能灌溉控制器，拟采用太阳能+锂电池来对灌溉控制器进行不间断供电，灌溉控制单元采用低功耗的磁保持电磁阀进行水路控制，具备功耗低、功能可靠以及减少电力布线的特点。可单独应用于园林、庭院等方面的灌溉控制。自动灌溉技术一直是农业物联网的发展方向之一，随着我国农业信息技术的发展以及农业结构的调整，人们更加注重农业灌溉自动化技术的发展。而在我国水资源日益紧张的情况下，高效、低功耗的自动灌溉控制器显得尤为重要。如果能将太阳能应用于灌溉系统，农业自动化必将得到长足的发展。一方面，太阳能是资源来源丰富且是可再生能源，有巨大的开发利用潜力。利用太阳能有利于保持人与自然的和谐及能源与环境的协调发展。人类对太阳能的早期利用主要是光和热。光伏发电技术的出现为太阳能利用开辟了广阔的领域。上世纪90年代以来，太阳能光伏发电的发展很快，已广泛用于航天、通讯、交通，以及偏远地区居民生活等领域。另外，由于太阳能供电的功率有限，所以整个系统必须实现低功耗运行。另一方面，随着对节水迫切的需求，农业灌溉中广泛使用自动控制器。那么传统的有线方式不可避免地出现现场安装和维护方面的困难，越来越多的田间及温室采用无线方式控制阀门。目前，市场上无线控制器主要采用GPRS 或GSM 方式，缺点是在无公共网络信号时无法正常工作。另外，还有采用ZigBee 技术的，而2 4GHz 频段的电磁波绕射性能差且传播距离受限。不适合应用在大面积野外田间中。较为适合农业生产的无线方式，目前已有应用；但当前灌溉系统中多采用周期定时唤醒方式实现低功耗，这种模式是以牺牲响应时间为代价来达到低功耗的目的。那么一种远距离、低功耗无线太阳能灌溉控制器的产生显得尤为需要。该系统将通过转换收集到的太阳能作为能量来源，实时监听系统中指令信息，能够同时采集双路水表信息和控制灌溉阀门。（1）历史发展 20世纪以前，经过数个世纪的探索，人类学会了拦河蓄水，筑渠引水，开畦灌溉的技术。但用水效率低下，局限了灌溉面积的扩大。生产足够的粮食，为迅猛增长的人口提供食品，怎样提高水的利用率成了20世纪一大难题。 二次世界大战以后，美国的经济、技术飞速发展，以皮尔斯(Pierce)为先导的灌溉企业制造出多种快速连接铝合金接头，与薄壁铝管连接，诞生了半固定及固定式薄壁喷灌系统，使得大面积采用喷灌系统成为可能。进入50年代，由于经济的快速发展，美国的劳务成本迅速上升。农场主迫切需要劳动成本比滚移式喷灌机还要低廉的机器。70年代，由于石油危机的影响，中心支轴式喷灌机的喷头由摇臂喷头改为低压微喷喷头，以达到节约能源的目的。此后，水力驱动也逐渐改变为电力驱动，可靠性越来越高。 我国从70年代开始引进喷灌、滴灌技术，80年代中期曾一度得到迅速发展。但因为经济及技术落后，不几年即纷纷下马。进入90年代中期，国家充分意识到我国水资源的短缺，重新大力推广节水技术。经过数年努力，已取得长足进步。引进消化吸收及仿制了不少条滴灌生产线。产品质量比80年代有了很大进步。（2）现状以及发展趋势现代节水农业技术是传统的节水农业技术与生物、计算机模拟、电子信息、高分子材料等高新技术结合的产物。随着现代化规模经营农业的发展，由传统的地面灌溉技术向现代地面灌溉技术的转变是大势所趋。在采用高精度的土地平整技术基础上，采用水平畦田灌和波涌灌等先进的地面灌溉方法无疑是实现这一转变的重要标志之一。应用地面灌溉控制参数反求法可有效地克服田间土壤性能的空间变异性，获得最佳的灌水控制参数，有效地提高地面灌溉技术的评价精度和制定地面灌溉实施方案的准确性。除地面灌溉技术外，发达国家十分重视对喷、微灌技术的研究和应用。微灌技术是所有田间灌水技术中能够做到对作物进行精量灌概的高效方法之一。喷头是影响喷灌技术灌水质量的关键设备，世界主要发达国家一直致力于喷头的改进及研究开发，其发展趋势是向多功能、节能、低庄等综合方向发展。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1、本课题要解决的问题（1）了解单片机的使用；（2）如何用太阳能对锂电池进行充电；（3）如何进行灌溉控制器的设计；（4）如何进行灌溉控制器的低功耗设计；2、设计途径（1）从书上和网上进行资料搜集，找到合适的单片机；（2）进行资料研究，找到并设计出太阳能对锂电池的充电方法，并设计出电路；（3）文献研究，找到灌溉控制器的设计方法；（4）确定灌溉控制器的设计功耗，研究灌溉控制器各部分的功耗分布情况，并对各部分进行优化设计，降低灌溉控制器的功耗。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：对课题的应用背景、意义以及应用场景进行了说明；综述了技术发展历史，以及技术发展趋势。基本合格。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：课题有一定的应用广度，研究深度适中，工作量适中。预计成果：可演示的硬件，以及毕业论文。3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2015 年 12 月 30 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 04 月 22 日说明：要求学生结合毕业设计（论文）课题参阅一篇以上的外文资料，并翻译至少一万印刷符（或译出3千汉字）以上的译文。译文原则上要求打印（如手写，一律用400字方格稿纸书写），连同学校提供的统一封面及英文原文装订，于毕业设计（论文）工作开始后2周内完成，作为成绩考核的一部分。原 文 A Solar Energy Powered Autonomous Wireless Actuator Node for Irrigation SystemsRafael Lajara, Jorge Alberola and Jos Pelegr-SebastiAbstract: The design of a fully autonomous and wireless actuator node (“wEcoValve mote”) based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard is presented. The system allows remote control (open/close) of a 3-lead magnetic latch solenoid, commonly used in drip irrigation systems in applications such as agricultural areas, greenhouses, gardens, etc. The very low power consumption of the system in conjunction with the low power consumption of the valve, only when switching positions, allows the system to be solar powered, thus eliminating the need of wires and facilitating its deployment. By using super capacitors recharged from a specifically designed solar power module, the need to replace batteries is also eliminated and the system is completely autonomous and maintenance free. The “wEco Valve mote” firmware is based on a synchronous protocol that allows a bidirectional communication with a latency optimized for real-time work, with a synchronization time between nodes of 4 s, thus achieving a power consumption average of 2.9 m W. Keywords: wireless sensor networks; actuator node; autonomous sensor; solar energy; agriculture irrigation systems 1 Introduction Localized irrigation systems require the use of latch type solenoids to control automated irrigation zones. Currently, control is achieved by using wired networks with two or three leads to communicate and carry out the actions (activation/deactivation) of the solenoid, such as the Piccolo RTU from Motorola . Some newer systems are based on a 2.4 GHz radio link but do not implement the control of the solenoid valve. Most of them, normally, are used for monitoring environmental conditions. There are other systems that take control when implemented, such as Piccolo-XR but they need a battery, which must be replaced from time to time in order to assure the action of the solenoid. Wireless sensor networks have the peculiarities that, as a rule, do not use large data transfer rates, and furthermore, their nodes are powered by small batteries and/or super capacitors. Our design consists of a hardware part, where the components were chosen to optimize the use of the available energy. The firmware has also been taken into account for this purpose, as the main goal of a MAC layer protocol for these devices is to save energy. This requires to identify the main mechanisms of energy cost as the detailed in , hence the importance of timing in this type of nodes and applications. Traditional MAC protocols keep the receivers always listening to a channel, since energy efficiency is not priority , but this is not practical in low power sensor networks, where energy efficiency is a major concern. Thus the sensor network nodes should power-off their transceivers when they have a chance . These reasons and others such as hardware limitations or the need for reconfiguration make traditional synchronization mechanisms not valid in low power sensor networks, and new approaches claim to be developed specifically, even for each type of application in particular For two sensor nodes to communicate with each other, they must enable their transceivers within the same period of time (synchronously), one in transmission mode and the other in reception mode. The problem to be solved by the MAC protocol is to determine when to enable the transceiver, having into account that there must be synchronization between at least two of the nodes. In addition they must also take into account the time when two nodes want to transmit at a time to avoid collisions, and when a node wants to transmit data but must also receive. The main energy saving is achieved by disabling the transceiver when not needed. For example, the CC2420 transceiver, used in this node consumes 19.7 m A in transmission, 17.4 m A in reception and 20 A in power-down mode . Of course, the microprocessor must be waked up from its idle or sleep mode before enabling the transceiver. In addition it would also be desirable for other devices such as sensors and/or actuators be disabled when not needed. Activating devices only when they are needed, leads to the typical listen/sleep duty cycles of low power sensor networks applications. In active mode, the node will perform tasks as transmitting or sensing, and in sleep mode it will turn off unused devices. For simplicity consider that the processor and the sensors have the same activation period of the transceiver. The lower is the duty cycle, the lower is the average consumption. 2 wEco Valve Hardware Development The “wEco Valve mote” block diagram is shown in Figure 1, where there are three sections: (a) the supply circuit formed by the solar panel, a super capacitor and two highly efficient DC-DC converters to supply a regulated 3.3 V to the Micro controller and the transceiver; (b) the control circuit for the solenoid, which comprises a DC-DC converter, a super capacitor and a circuit to control the solenoid Micro controllers.The actuator node is powered by a circuit similar to the one shown in , but adapted to the needs of the action over the solenoid valve and based on the use of a solar panel that recharges a single 100 F super capacitor to be fully autonomous without replaceable batteries. The Epson SG-3030JC oscillator and the 74HC40103 counter have been used to divide the clock frequency down and allow the micro controller to work in the lowest power mode, as explained later. Current pulses of 700 m A and 12 V peak and 20 ms long open and close the solenoid valve . These pulses are achieved through a 12 V Boost Converter and a second 3.3 m F super capacitor that stores energy for activation/ deactivation of the solenoid. The super capacitor is charged up to 10.5 V, and this voltage is measured by the micro controller by means of polling. Once the super capacitor has accumulated enough energy, the triggering circuit of the solenoid valve activates the discharge of the super capacitor with a 10 s voltage pulse. Finally, other circuits were added to measure the current provided by the solar panel and to measure the voltage across the main super capacitor for testing and debugging purposes. 3 Synchronization Protocol Development In a classification of different types of protocols was given, highlighting the slotted (TDMA, 802.15.4, SMAC, DSMAC, TMAC, FRAME), the sampling (ALOHA, BMAC, Wise MAC, CSMA; (for wireless networks using CSMA/CA) and the others (STEM (using two transceivers, one for data transfer with a certain listen/sleep duty cycle, and the other one that is permanently activated to wake-up the system) and hybrids (e.g., ZMAC, SCP-MAC). Slotted protocols keep nodes permanently synchronized, so they are particularly well suited for applications where there is a periodic exchange of information. Also they know exactly when to be activated, allowing them to shorten the active periods. Moreover, sampling protocols will be more convenient in terms of energy in applications with sporadic transmissions, because there is no penalty to maintain the synchronization. 3.1. Slotted ProtocolsSlotted protocols require that all nodes work with a common clock signal, which will serve to maintain synchronization. In the end, at the lowest level, all of these protocols use the main crystal of the system to maintain the synchronization. If these clocks were ideal, after initialization, the nodes would always be perfectly synchronized, however frequency variations occur between clocks from one node to another due to various causes, such as temperature changes, aging or frequency stability. For example, the clock used in the Microchip PICDEM.Z evaluation board, the HC-49US from ECS International Inc., has a frequency stability of 15 ppm to 100 ppm at 25 C. This means that at worst, within 1 minute the clocks of two nodes have been lagged 12 ms. To maintain synchronicity one can send special frames (beacons) broadcasted periodically or use the preamble of the messages to send information about the synchronization. In both cases, drift margins have to be taken into account to avoid possible resynchronizations. MAC protocols focus on activating and deactivating the transceiver, and this requires the microprocessor to maintain the synchronization. This entails a problem if you want to set the microprocessor to a low-power mode: the microprocessor maintains the synchronism, but if all of the devices (including timers) were turned off, the synchronization would get lost. The PIC18F4620 microcontroller used has a clock frequency of 4 MHz and 3 V draws 1.3mA in active mode, 430 A in PRI_IDLE mode (CPU and peripherals switched off) and 0.1A deep sleep mode. For a duty cycle of 1% and a 21mA current consumption in listening mode (micro controller plus transceiver active), and a current consumption of 450 A in sleep mode (PRI_IDLE mode micro controller and transceiver powered down), the overall average consumption is 655.5A. However the use of micro controllers deep sleep mode (0.1A) can achieve an average consumption of 210.1A. For that, the aim is to change the micro controller from one mode to another during its sleep period, thus reducing the consumption by two thirds. 3.2. The Proposal Slotted protocols with a low duty cycle will approach the average consumption to the sleep mode consumption. Therefore, reducing this consumption has a major impact on the average consumption. The aim is to optimize the power consumption for a given protocol by reducing the current drawn in sleep mode. To do this, one needs to bring the microprocessor to the lowest power mode and stay there as much time as possible. For that, all the peripherals and even the processor must be powered down, all but some system to cause wake up again. The first approach would be to use some internal oscillator to periodically wake the processor up. For example, the PIC18F4620 micro controller incorporates an internal 32 kHz oscillator connected to the watchdog timer, which can be used for this task. But this presents two downsides: 32 kHz is too high a frequency for low duty cycle applications of low power sensor networks, so the processor probably wakes up more often than necessary. This can be solved by using the prescaler and postscaler counters of the watchdog circuit. The second and main problem is that this oscillator is an RC type, which means that it has worse stability than those based on quartz crystals. The micro controller under study can vary its frequency from 26.562 kHz to 35.938 kHz, which makes a count that may be 1 s long differs up to 0.3 s at the worst case. This problem makes to discard the use of RC oscillators. It is also the reason why so far the quartz crystal and a counter have been used as the main oscillators and as the basis of synchronism. Instead of using the internal RC oscillator, a simple circuit consisting of a low frequency crystal oscillator and a frequency divider has been added. The output of this circuit is connected to an input that triggers an interrupt, which wakes up the processor. This solution allows turning all the peripherals of the processor fully off, so that the consumption in sleep mode is considerably reduced. 4 “wEco Valve” Firmware/Software Development The solution proposed in Section 3.2 has been implemented together with the SMAC protocol . This protocol allows two or more nodes to synchronize and communicate with each other during their active period. The synchronization protocol is accomplished with regular broadcast transmission of SYNC frames from nodes to nodes; the nodes update their timers to keep synchronized by taking the time from these frames. A scheme based on containment through frames CTS/RTS is used to avoid collisions. RTS frames are a request to send data and CTS is the confirmation. Data frames are sent after that if needed. When there is no data to broadcast, the node enters sleep state. Some of the nodes that form the network are called “control nodes”, and transmit the open and close commands to remotely control the solenoid valves. Other nodes are called “terminal nodes”, and are the ones that receive the commands for actuating over the solenoid valves. The latter shall be responsible for monitoring the valve states . Furthermore, to assist in debugging the application, “terminal nodes” broadcast the current value supplied by the solar panel and the voltage value across the super capacitors. This information also aids to know the status of each node at any moment. Thus it could be used to know whether a node might fail for not being able to open/close the solenoid, or might not become active again due to the lack of energy. This information is received by the “control node”, and passed through a serial communication to an application running on a PC. This application allows the user to broadcast opening or closing commands from a “control node” to each valve. 5 Results and Discussion The remotely controlled “wEco Valve” has been implemented by using the SMAC protocol. In the implementation a 4 seconds period of resynchronization has been chosen . Every 4 seconds a node broadcasts a synchronization frame to be listened by all its neighbors. Since there is a random delay before a node broadcasts a SYNC frame, the node with the shortest delay updates the time of the rest. Thus, the node which transmits the SYNC frame remains uncertain, and it is randomly selected.The resynchronization time can be increased, whereas the clocks drift, not evident. In the same manner this time also can be reduced to improve the latency. A monitoring application has also been implemented on the PC, which can send data via RS232 to a “control node” in order to open and close the “terminal nodes”. This can be scheduled. 6 Conclusions A fully autonomous and remote solenoid valve node (wEco Valve) that can be used for irrigation of gardens, indoor plants, greenhouses or field crops has been implemented and tested. It is in general suitable for any system that requires a solenoid type latch valve. Its key advantage is that it does not need any cabling deployment to power the node and the electrovalve, because it is wirelessly controlled and solar powered. This was accomplished with an ultra low power consumption hardware/firmware design that allowed super capacitors (100 F) to provide the systems power supply for more than a day without direct sunlight over the solar panel, depending on the synchronization period and the duty cycle of use in the end application. The use of supercaps with almost no degradation over time eliminates the need for batteries replacement. A very precise synchronization method (4 seconds for resynchronization) has been designed by making use of a low frequency crystal and a frequency divider, which let us to shut down most of peripherals, thus reducing considerably the power consumption. It can be used in several synchronization protocols to reduce messaging traffic or improve accuracy. It could be used to open or close electrovalves that control the water flow through plants. Each solenoid could be connected to a node that could be wirelessly and independently controlled. As future work, we have started to test the board in a real scenario (orange fields in south Valencia) and collect data. Later the system could be adapted for measuring the water flow and to keep track of the consumed water, plus transmitting the data out to a central station. 译 文太阳能供电的无线自主节点执行器灌溉系统Rafael Lajara, Jorge Alberola and Jos Pelegr-Sebasti摘要：基于IEEE 802.15.4标准的完全自主的无线节点的执行机构（“wEco Valve mate”）的设计呈现。该系统允许遥控（打开/关闭）3向磁性闭锁电磁线圈，常应用于滴灌系统，如农业区，温室，花园。该系统在与非常低的功耗阀以及低功耗开关等结合时，才允许系统是太阳能供电，从而消除导线的需要，并简化其部署。由一个专门设计的太阳能发电模块向一个超级电容充电，免除了更换电池的需要，并且该系统是完全自主的，免维修。“wEco Valve mate”固件是基于同步协议，允许用实时工作优化的延迟一个双向通信，以4秒的范围在节点之间同步时间，从而实现了功率消耗平均为2.9毫瓦。关键词：无线传感器网络,执行器节点,自主传感器,太阳能,农业灌溉系统1.简介局部灌溉系统需要使用的闩锁型螺线管，以控制自动灌溉区域。目前，控制是通过使用有线网络与两个或三导线进行通信，并进行螺线管的动作（激活/睡眠），如短笛RTU从摩托罗拉来实现的。一些较新的系统是基于2.4 GHz的无线链路，但没有实现电磁阀的控制。他们中的大多数，通常用于监视环境条件。还有其他的系统采取控制实现时，如短笛-XR，但他们需要一个电池，并且必须不时更换以便确保螺线管的正常工作。无线传感器网络作为一项规则，具有不使用大数据传输速率的特点；而且，他们的节点由小型电池和/或超级电容供电。我们的设计包括硬件部分，其中部分被选择的组件是来可以优化利用现有能源的。固件也已经考虑到了这个目的，作为MAC层协议对这些设备的主要目的是节约能源。这就要求在这样的机制中确定在这种类型的节点和应用程序的能量成本应包含详细的定时是非常重要的。传统的MAC协议保持接收机总是监听一个信道，因为能量效率不优先，但是这是不实用的低功率无线传感器网络，其中，能量效率是一个大问题。因此，当传感器不需接受信息时，传感器网络节点应对其收发器断电。诸如此类的原因包括硬件限制或对传统同步机制的修改以满足有效的低功耗无线传感器网络的需求，和有些声称个人是专门开发的新方法，甚至是在各种特殊的应用中的使用。两个传感器节点来互相通信，它们必须在相同的时间（同步）保证他们的收发器，一个工作在传输模式，另一个工作在接收模式。需要由MAC协议解决的问题是确认在启用收发器时，考虑到必须有两个节点是同步的。此外，他们还必须考虑到时间时两个节点想要传送的时间，以避免冲突，而当一个节点想要发送数据，它也必须接收数据。主要的节能方式是在不需要使用收发器，让它关闭。例如，CC2420收发，在这个节点使用消耗19.7毫安传输，17.4毫安接待和20A掉电模式。当然，在使用收发器前，微处理器必须将节点从闲置或睡眠模式唤醒。此外，它也将适用于其它设备，如传感器或执行器在不需要时被禁用。只在需要的时候激活设备，这会导致在低功耗无线传感器网络中存在典型的应用/睡眠占空比。在主动模式，该节点将执行任务的发送或感应，并在休眠模式下将关闭未使用的设备。简单来说就是处理器和传感器具有收发器的相同的激活期。下层是占空比，下层是平均消耗。2.wEco Valve硬件开发“wEco Valve mote”包含三个部分：（a）由太阳能电池板，一个超级电容器和两个高效率的DC-DC转换器所形成的电源电路，微控制器和收发信机提供3.3V的电压; （b）对于螺线管控制电路，它包括一个DC-DC变换器，一个超级电容器和一个用一个12伏电源电路来控制电磁阀的控制电路;（c）该微控制器和收发器通过一Flexipanel精灵模块来实现。执行器节满足了在电磁阀的工作时的需要，并基于太阳能电池板再充电的单个100F超级电容器，该超级电容器的使用是完全独立的，所以没有更换电池的必要。本设计使用爱普生SG-3030JC振荡器和74HC40103计数器来划分时钟频率，并允许微控制器在最低功耗模式工作，这些将在文章后面解释。700毫安的电流脉冲、12伏的峰值和20毫秒的时间打开和关闭电磁阀。这些脉冲通过一个12V升压转换器和每秒3.3F的超级电容器，来为螺线管的激活/去激活来实现提供能量的。超级电容器可充电到10.5伏，并且该电压由微控制器通过测轮询的方式测得。一旦超级电容器已积累足够的能量，电磁阀的触发电路激活超级电容器用10微秒电压脉冲放电。最后，其它电路接通以测量由太阳能电池板所提供的电流和对通过主超级电容器的电压进行检测和调试。3.同步协议开发对不同类型的协议分类如下：突出开槽（TDMA，802.15.4，SMAC，DSMAC，TMAC，FRAME），采样（ALOHA，BMAC，Wise MAC，CSMA（使用CSMA / CA）的无线网络），其他（STEM（使用两个收发信机，一个用于数据传输具有一定听/睡眠占空比，另一个是永久激活唤醒系统）和杂交（例如，ZMAC，SCP-MAC）。开槽协议保持永久同步的节点，所以它们特别适用于那些周期性的信息交换。此外，它们知道什么时候被激活，使得他们能够缩短活动时段。此外，抽检的协议将在能源与零星的传输应用方面更加方便，因为没有额外的能源消耗来保持同步。3.1开槽协议为了维持节点的同步工作，开槽协议要求的所有节点具有共同的时钟信号；最后，所有这些协议最低限度的
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