基于单片机的智能火灾报警系统【自动化毕业论文开题报告外文翻译说明书】.zip
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基于单片机的智能火灾报警系统【自动化毕业论文开题报告外文翻译说明书】.zip,自动化毕业论文开题报告外文翻译说明书,系统【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】,系统的设计【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】,基于单片机的,的设计【毕业论文,自动化毕业论文,系统【毕业论文,系统开题报告
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 通过毕业设计，使学生受到自动化工程师所必备的综合训练，在不同程度上提高各种设计及应用能力，具体包括以下几方面：1. 调查研究、中外文献检索与阅读的能力。2. 综合运用专业理论、知识分析解决实际问题的能力。3. 定性与定量相结合的独立研究与论证的能力。4. 实验方案的制定、仪器设备的选用、调试及实验数据的测试、采集与分析处理的能力。5. 设计、计算与绘图的能力，包括使用计算机的能力。6. 逻辑思维与形象思维相结合的文字及口头表达的能力。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 1. 本课题要求设计一款针对于家庭、宿舍等小环境的火灾报警系统,以AT89C51单片机和MQ-2型半导体电阻式烟雾传感器为核心设计的烟雾报警器可实现报警、故障自诊断、浓度级别显示、报警设置、温度显示及与温度报警值设定等功能。芯片采用STC89C52芯片，火灾报警系统中的电路包括烟雾采集信号电路、前置放大电路、A/D转换电路、安全保护电路等主要电路组成,是一种结构简单、性能稳定、智能化的烟雾报警器。2.设计系统的硬件电路和软件程序，包括详细的硬件设备配置，系统连接，程序调试等详细步骤；3.最终完成一篇符合金陵科技学院毕业论文规范的系统技术文档，包括各类技术资料，电路图纸，程序等；4.系统要有实际的硬件展示，并能够通电运行；毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 1.按期完成一篇符合金陵科技学院论文规范的毕业设计说明书（毕业论文），能详细说明设计步骤和思路；2.能有结构完整，合理可靠的技术方案；3.能有相应的电气部分硬件电路设计说明；4.有相应的图纸和技术参数说明。5.要求调试成功，并在答辩时完成实际系统展示。4主要参考文献： 1. 王俊峰,孟令启.现代传感器应用技术M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.2. 韩泽欣. 基于单片机的智能火灾报警系统J.甘肃科技,2013,(1).3. 张鲲. 基于单片机的家庭智能火灾报警系统的设计J.软件,2014,(4)4. 姜国强. 基于模糊神经网络的智能火灾报警系统J.自动化技术与应用,2003, (9)5. 何立民. 单片机高级教程(第1版)M北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，2001.6. 赵晓安. MCS-51单片机原理及应用M. 天津：天津大学出版社，2001.7. 李广第 单片机基础M北京：北京航空航天大学出版社，1999.8. 徐惠民，安德宁 单片微型计算机原理接口与应用M 北京：北京邮电大学出版社，1996。9. 金发庆.传感器技术与应用M.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.10. 夏继强. 单片机实验与实践教程M. 北京：北京航空航天大学出版社, 2001. 11. 孙洪程.过程控制工程设计(第2版)M.北京:化学工业出版社,2009.12. 魏克新.自动控制综合应用技术M.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.13. 白志刚.自动调节系统解析与PID整定M.北京:化学工业出版社,2012.14. 沈聿农.传感器及应用技术M.北京:化学工业出版社,2001.15. 范晶彦.传感器与检测技术应用M.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.11.102015.12.13调研、收集相关资料、对学生进行初步辅导，拟题、选题、填写任务书。2015.12.152015.12.31学生查看任务书，为毕业设计的顺利完成，进行前期准备。12月31日前正式下发任务书。12月21日两个系提交专业选题分析总结（撰写要求详见对内通知中附件2）2016.01.092016.04.05学生在指导教师的具体指导下进行毕业设计创作；拟定论文提纲或设计说明书（下称文档）提纲；撰写及提交开题报告、外文参考资料及译文、论文大纲；在2016年4月5日前学生要提交基本完成的毕业设计创作成果以及文档的撰写提纲，作为中期检查的依据。指导教师指导、审阅，定稿由指导教师给出评语，对论文主要工作未通过的学生下发整改通知。2016.04.062016.04.10提交中期课题完成情况报告给指导教师审阅；各专业组织中期检查（含毕业设计成果验收检查）。2016.04.112016.05.10进行毕业设计文档撰写；2016年5月8日为学生毕业设计文档定稿截止日。2016年5月9日-13日，指导教师和评阅教师通过毕业设计（论文）管理系统对学生的毕业设计以及文档进行评阅，包括打分和评语。5月1日前，做好答辩安排，通知学生回校进行答辨2016.05.142016.05.15查看答辩安排，毕业设计（论文）小组答辩2016.05.162016.05.29对未通过答辨的学生进行二次答辨完成毕业设计的成绩录入2016.05.302016.06.07根据答辩情况修改毕业设计（论文）的相关材料，并在毕业设计（论文）管理系统中上传最终稿，并且上交纸质稿。2016年6月7日为学生毕业设计文档最终稿提交截止日。2016.06.072016.06.30各系提交本届毕业设计（论文）的工作书面总结及相关材料。 所在专业审查意见：通过负责人： 2015 年 12 月21 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 全世界几乎每天都有火灾发生。城里的高层建筑，地下商场以及大型的建筑群日益增多。火灾的隐患也伴随着社会的发展而逐年升高。自动火灾报警系统就是为了保障人民生命财产安全而发明的，并且随着现代技术水平的不断提高。在方式，功能，和结构上不断的完善。 为减少火灾的发生，研制一款针对于家庭、宿舍等小环境的一款火灾报警系统,以AT89C51单片机和MQ-2型半导体电阻式烟雾传感器为核心设计的烟雾报警器可实现报警、故障自诊断、浓度级别显示、报警设置、温度显示及与温度报警值设定等功能。芯片我们采用STC89C52芯片，火灾报警系统中的电路包括烟雾采集信号电路、前置放大电路、A/D转换电路、安全保护电路等主要电路组成,是一种结构简单、性能 稳定、使用方便、价格低廉、智能化的烟雾报警器。具有一定的实用价值。一、发展趋势 最早的火灾报警系统是通过人来观察，例如巡逻，当有人发现出现了火灾时，就通过喊话或者鸣铜锣来通知其他的人来灭火。伴随着社会的进步，人们渐渐的研制出了高科技来防范火灾的发生，省去了很多的人力物力。当发生火灾的时候报警设备发出报警信号，人们就可以以最快的速度抵达火灾现场进行扑救，来达到减轻损失，这就是火灾报警的前身。二、三个阶段： 1，自动火灾报警系统为多线型。每个传感器有三根线，除了两根电源线还有一根报警线。报警模块必须向传感器提供电源，报警显示装置和信号线相连，当某个传感器发现火灾，系统会相应的点亮相关的灯来提示人们，有火灾发生。在国外，如日本“日探”公司最早生产的（CPF）自动火灾报警系统。它的主要作用是报警，或者在联合一些简单的联动装置，例如蜂鸣器，显示器等。这个系统对其外围传感器设备不能进行故障排查功能，只有当电源线断电的时候才能作出反应。这个系统的缺点是校验工作量特别大，安装也是十分的繁琐，和容易出现错误。 2，自动火灾报警系统为总线型。这种自动火灾报警系统使用了功能比较全面的微型处理器。如单芯片微型计算机（单片机）。各个模块和传感器用地址编码形式。通过控制器和总线的方式进行信号的传送。传感器的报警形式是数字量，硬件的条件决定了它的灵敏度。灵敏度是不能调节的。这种系统能进行现场编程，是各个模块能较为灵活的控制联动装置，这个系统能对自身的故障进行自动检测，对外围的装置的故障也能进行排查，它的最大的缺点就是很难区分故障的类型。现在，国内大多数的自动火灾报警系统是此类产品。这是因为这种系统有很好的自动控制和自动检测功能，再加上施工简单，价格便宜。所以很多的单位使用这种报警系统。 3，自动火灾报警系统为智能型。因为先进的计算机技术已经应用到了自动火灾报警系统之中，这样就使自动火灾报警系统有了飞跃的发展。传感器的报警由过去的开关量变成了数字量。智能系统给人民带来了很多的优点。人们可以根据不同的保护环境设置不同的火灾报警灵敏度。如果是环境变化较大的地方，传感器的灵敏度就要求要低一些。对于环境变化不大的地方或者比较重要的地方对于火灾要求比较严格的场所，要求传感器的灵敏度就比较高。三、现状与特点 自动火灾报警系统对于保护人民的生命财产安全是十分重要的，目前，在自动火灾报警系统在家庭中的使用率是很低的，与欧美发达国家相比我们国家市场的发展才刚刚起步，尤其是家庭自动火灾报警系统认可度普遍更低，随着人们火灾防范意识的提高，会有更多的人意识到火灾防范的重要性。可以推测自动火灾报警系统即将会有很广阔的发展空间。 目前，国内的一些企业也开始重视智能报警系统的市场，开始研制一些早期的智能火灾报警系统。比如，有我国南京消防公司生产的超早期火灾自动报警系统。（SH97300）是高灵敏度激光吸气式感烟火灾探测报警系统。它的灵敏度可以达到0.0042dB/m。比最早期的烟雾传感器的灵敏度高一百倍以上。并且也具有安装方便，价格便宜，智能报警等诸多特点。这个系统被大量的应用于重要的场合，如图书馆、计算机房，资料室等等。但是在国内的很多的重要地方的火灾报警系统是从外国进口的设备或引进的技术，系统的灵敏度和环境的匹配能力有限，探测的烟雾浓度范围，和节能设计方面还需要很大的提高。在推广之前还有很多的技术瓶颈需要解决，毋庸置疑的是未来的最先进的自动火灾报警系统在随着科学技术的发展，市场推广的应用和人类防火意识的不断增强，会被越来越多的用户所信赖。应用的范围也会越来越广泛，火灾自动报警技术的更新也会不断的发展。参考文献1 孙育才MCS-51系列单片微型计算机及其应用第4版，东南大学出版社， 20062 王庆Protel 99 SE&DXP电路设计教程电子工业出版社，20083 康华光电子技术基础模拟部分第4版，高等教育出版社，20064 刘军单片机原理与接口技术华东理工大学出版社，20065 赖寿宏微型计算机控制技术机械工业出版社，20096 李中望一种智能火灾报警系统的设计方案安防科技，20087 王忠民基于单片机的语音数字联网火灾报警器设计现代电子技术，20048 王钊智能型火灾报警系统的设计与研究：（硕士学位论文）西安理工大学， 20099 孙健基于ARM7的火灾自动报警控制器研制：（硕士学位论文）浙江大 学，200710 雍静，李北海，杨岳等建筑智能化技术M北京:科学出版社，200811 王忠民，郝静，张瑜等基于单片机的语音数字联网火灾报警器设计.西安邮 电学院12 张向亮智能建筑火灾自动报警系统的设计与研究：（硕士学位论文）武汉 理工大学，201013 陈颖基于C8051F单片机的火灾智能报警控制系统的设计：大连海事大学， 200714 于智洋浅析智能建筑中火灾自动报警系统的设计J潜江：江汉石油科技， 2008.15 丁璐，李春华，杨戍等火灾探测技术的分析J煤矿现代化.2007(4).16 吴龙标，袁宏永火灾探测与控制工程M合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社， 1999.17 范维澄.中国火灾科学基础研究概况J火灾科学，200518 缪顺兵，熊光明，李永萍等自动火灾报警系统设计与研究J装备制造技 术.2006毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 为减少火灾的发生，研制一款针对于家庭、宿舍等小环境的一款火灾报警系统,以AT89C51单片机和MQ-2型半导体电阻式烟雾传感器为核心设计的烟雾报警器可实现报警、故障自诊断、浓度级别显示、报警设置、温度显示及与温度报警值设定等功能。首先要给传感器预热,因为MQ-2型半导体电阻式烟雾传感器在不通电存放一段时间后，再次通电时，传感器不能立即正常采集烟雾信息，需要一段时间预热。程序初始化结束后，系统进入监控状态。在整个报警系统工作中，烟雾浓度信息经ADC0832转换处理后，由单片机进行分析处理，判断系统是否启动报警。主程序还包括LED八段式数码管浓度字符显示功能、手动报警功能、报警浓度设定功能，中断子程序等，使报警器功能更加完善，给用户带来便利。 首先，查阅相关资料，了解火灾的特点和现在自动火灾报警系统的作用和类型，确定系统的总体设计方案，仿真并根据要求选取合适的硬件。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：综述内容较为丰富，参考文献合理，概括了单片机的智能火灾报警系统的相关背景、基础知识、历史发展等，同时还对本课题所研究的任务进行了一定的阐述，对本课题的研究有一定的指导意义。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：本课题研究的任务是对单片机的智能火灾报警系统进行设计，是对电气控制领域应用较多的PLC技术的一个实例进行探讨，技术相对成熟，深度中等，但是涉及到的知识面较广，例如传感器技术、电子技术、单片机技术等，学生可以通过实例调研，查阅专业资料，进行系统调试，来实现最终的设计任务和结果，并对自己的专业应用能力是一个非常大的提高。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 03 月 30 日所在专业审查意见：同意 负责人： 2016 年 03 月 30 日Development of Fire Detection Systems in the Intelligent Building Abstract Fire detection and its corresponding safety systems are crucial parts of an intelligent building. This paper reviews the current state of development of fire detection and alarm systems in the intelligent building. New technologies and concepts developed in intelligent buildings, such as advanced multi-function sensors, computer vision systems and wireless sensors, real-time control via the Internet, and integrated building service systems, have also been reviewed and discussed. These new technologies and concepts will improve the capability of fire detection systems to discriminate between fire and non-fire threats and will increase the time available for property and life protection. However, much effort is still needed to remove barriers to the further development of these new technologies. Introduction An intelligent building can be defined as one that combines the best available concepts, designs, materials, systems and technologies to provide a responsive, effective and supportive intelligent environment for achieving the occupants objectives over the full life-span of the building 1-6. Compared with traditional buildings, intelligent buildings should be able to reduce energy consumption, reduce maintenance and service operation costs, provide improved security services, improve ease of layout planning and re-planning, and increase the satisfaction of building occupants 4-7. Other benefits should include its adaptability to changing uses and technology and its environmental performance in providing safer, healthier and more comfortable working conditions. Intelligent building proponents also believe that these buildings will improve worker productivity through improved work environments. Over the last two decades, the intelligent building concept has become an important consideration in the planning of many new or upgraded office buildings 3-6. It has also been further developed to embrace other types of living and working environments such as homes, factories and education facilities. Fire detection and the corresponding safety systems are crucial parts of an intelligent building. Billions of dollars are spent annually to install and maintain fire detection systems in buildings to assure safety from unwanted fires 8. Intelligent systems developed in the intelligent building offer opportunities to meet this task more effectively, efficiently and economically. New sensors will produce earlier and more reliable fire detection. Wireless systems will eliminate the need for cabling and offer opportunities for fire fighters to work out fire fighting strategies before arrival at the fire scene. Integrated building systems hold the potential for reducing false alarms, speeding building evacuation and assisting in fire fighting. These changes will create new ways to provide fire safety and new markets for fire detection, alarm and fighting systems 9. As these technologies mature, changes to building practices may also result. This paper reviews the current state of the art for fire detection and alarm systems in intelligent buildings. It identifies new technologies and concepts developed for intelligent buildings that could be used to improve the capability of fire safety systems. The potential effects of integrated building service systems and barriers to the development of fire detection and alarm systems in intelligent buildings are discussed. The paper concludes by examining how these new systems may be combined to provide the next generation of intelligent fire safety systems. Emerging Sensor Technologies New sensor technologies will be key components in the next generation of intelligent buildings. Current intelligent buildings often have embedded processors and dedicated information networks. The new generation is expected to add the capability to learn about the buildings circumstances and its occupants needs and change the behaviour of its control systems accordingly 10. The employment of a large number of sensors within the building will allow it to operate in a responsive manner, rather than using preprogrammed control models as are employed in the first two generations of intelligent building. The information provided by sensors includes changes in both internal and external environments of a building, such as smoke, temperature and humidity, air quality, air movement, and the number of building occupants as well as a host of other properties. The system will use sensors to identify how a particular person tends to react to particular circumstances and to learn different behaviours for different people. The number of sensors required to obtain this type of functionality is quite high, especially since one of the major goals of intelligent buildings is to allow individualized control of an environment.This need will increase the cost of intelligent buildings and make it difficult to manage the resulting large amount of data. Development of cost-effective sensors has consequently been identified as a key need for intelligent buildings 11. Fortunately, many of the properties that need to be monitored can be used for multiple purposes. Security systems that can track the entry and exit of occupants from an office building can also be used to ensure complete evacuation of a building during a fire or even, in more advanced forms, determine where occupants may be trapped and unable to escape. Similarly, parameters such as temperature and air movement are as relevant to fire detection as the maintenance of the indoor working environment. Dual use sensors and sensor systems that are flexible enough to interpret data from different events will be key to making cost efficient intelligent buildings. Efforts are being made to develop multi-function sensors for simultaneously detecting fire and monitoring indoor air quality (IAQ). Multi-function sensors that combine inputs from several different chemicals or physical processes would be expected to reduce the rate of false alarms and increase the speed of detection of real problems. They should therefore enhance fire safety while at the same time lowering total system costs. The chemical gas sensor has potential for this type of application. Chemical sensor techniques are now available for measuring almost any stable gaseous species emitted from materials and prior to or during combustion 12. Chemical species can be sensed through a multitude of interactions, including catalytic, electrochemical, mechanic-chemical, and optical processes. In one square inch, several hundred individual sensors can be placed in an array. By coating each sensor with a different semi-conducting material, several hundred different readings for gas signatures can be made by an expert system 13. Recently, one olfactory sensor array system has been developed for environmental monitoring and for fire and smoke detection 14. Such a system consists of an array of broadly-selective chemical sensors coupled to microprocessor-based pattern-recognition algorithms so that the changes in environmental conditions, such as CO, CO2 and smoke, can be detected. A major issue in any sensor system is differentiating between different causes of the event being detected. Higher than expected levels of CO2, for example, may be the signs of a fire, but may also be a sign of poor air circulation within a room. When separate sensors installed in the building for fire safety, thermal comfort control and environmental monitoring can be integrated, sensitivity to fires and false alarm immunity can be significantly enhanced 15. These sensors are located in different positions in the building. Once a fire occurs, the system can take multiple fire signatures and the spatial relationship and status of adjacent detectors into account in making decisions. Separate fire sensitivity information produced by these sensors would be transmitted to a control panel where fire signal processing and alarm and fault determinations are made. The use of a powerful central processing unit (CPU) in the control panel would also allow the system to use complex algorithms and advanced signal processing for fire signature identification. The role of the control panel in improving fire detection capability has already been recognized, with a system using control panels for decision making being one of two main versions of intelligent fire detection systems 16. Modern control panels are much more powerful and flexible because of the widespread use of integrated circuits and digital components that allow functions to be fully computer controlled. These control panels have powerful signal processing capability and use artificial intelligent techniques, to improve fire detection system reliability, response times to incipient fires, false alarm rates and maintenance requirements. The Building and Fire Research Laboratory at NIST has recently initiated a project to further develop advanced fire detection and alarm panels 8. This project aims to use information provided by sensors and advanced models of fire growth and smoke spread in buildings to discriminate between fire and non-fire threats, identify the exact location of a fire in a building, and provide continuous estimates on the short and long term behavior of fire growth and smoke spread in the building. Such fire information will allow building operators and fire fighters to make a more accurate and responsive evaluation of any fire-related incident in the building, to control fires and supervise the evacuation from the building. Computer vision systems can also be used as a type of multi-function sensor. Computer vision applications have included building security, improving response rate and energy saving for HVAC systems by identifying occupant numbers and their locations 17, monitoring electrical power switchboards and control panels 18 and lighting level sensing and control 2. Computer vision also has strong advantages for use in sensing and monitoring a fire. Cameras and corresponding facilities required in the computer vision system are already standard features of many buildings for other applications. Additional fire detection capability can therefore be added with minimal cost through changes in software and correlating results between the computer vision system and other sensors. One such application is the machine vision fire detection system (MVFDS), which uses a combination of video cameras, computers, and artificial intelligence techniques 19-22. It processes multiple spectral images in real time to reliably detect a small fire at large distances in a very short time. It can also identify the location of a fire, track its growth and monitor fire suppression. For some applications, the MVFDS is further combined with radiation sensors (UV and IR) to enhance its detection capabilities or a CCD camera to automatically evaluate the scene through identification of bright regions associated with the fire radiation and increase system reliability 21, 22. The development of this computer vision system is still ongoing and is viewed as being restricted due to the need for expensive and sophisticated software and hardware components. Wireless sensors are another important emerging technology for intelligent buildings. Wireless fire detectors are already available in the market. An alarm signal is transmitted to the control panel by radio, infra red transmission, ultra sonic and microwaves when smoke or rapid temperature changes are detected. Their significance comes not from their ability to measure new parameters, but because they do not require a hardwired connection to the data acquisition system that will record their readings. This capability not only allows wireless sensors to be located anywhere inside a room, but also means that they can be installed in the exterior envelope or other locations that would be too expensive or physically impossible to monitor in any other way 2. Wireless technology may also be a necessity for retrofitting intelligent building technology in older buildings, where the difficulty and cost of installation is a significant barrier. In many cases installing intelligent building systems in older buildings requires major renovations. It can rarely, if ever, be done without damage to existing walls, floors and ceilings. It is likely that wireless networks will need to be developed to retrofit older buildings. Without such techniques, these older buildings will gradually become uncompetitive with new construction, reducing the value of the existing built environment. In large buildings, wireless sensors communicate with other building systems through wireless networks in the building. Intra-office data networks based on 10 GHz wireless networks are already becoming widely available 23. Wireless networks are expected to become the dominant media for low to medium bit rates for many intelligent building network applications. However, significant further development will be necessary for them to reach their full potential, and to overcome attenuation problems, such as absorption by office partitioning and reflection from wall, windows and other surfaces. Other major problems include the need to significantly lower the cost of wireless sensors, and the requirement for the development of suitable power supply systems that will allow the longterm operation of these sensors. Development of Remote Monitoring and Control Techniques There is increasing interest in remotely monitoring building service systems. Intelligent remote monitoring can significantly increase efficiency and reduce costs for building management operations. They may be especially important for small facilities where skilled technical supervision would otherwise be too expensive to consider. These systems could let a single person supervise a number of buildings. Most commercial monitoring systems use a modem and remote dial-up to access the buildings operating system. Alarm messages from the building systems can also be directly sent to the equipments manufacturer without intervention from the buildings operator. More recently, studies have been carried out using the Internet for real-time control of a building automation system 24, 25. Compared to voice/touch-tone interface, the Internet is able to provide more information (text, images and sound clips). Researchers at the University of Essex in the United Kingdom are developing an embedded-internet within a building that will allow building users or manufacturers to directly communicate with the building service systems 24. The City University of Hong Kong has carried out an initial research project to use the Internet for real-time control of building automation systems 25. Their studies have shown that the Internet has the potential to extend the monitoring and control of a typical building automation system out of the building so that users can gain access to it at anytime and from anywhere. Their work also shows that one central 24-hour management office is able to manage a real estate portfolio with hundreds of buildings. Remote monitoring and control also has the potential to improve fire safety. It is estimated that 67 percent of all fires occur outside of office hours 26. Remote monitoring of fire detection and alarm systems can reduce response time and improve response effectiveness by providing adequate fire information to the building supervisor, activating fire suppression systems and immediately summoning the appropriate fire brigade. Some current advanced fire control panels have already incorporated a modem for remote access control. With the development of real-time control via the Internet, fire detection systems will perform automatic fault detection and diagnosis with early warning of sensor contamination before the overall integrity of the system is affected. Human intervention at the first sign of a warning should permit more efficient discrimination between fire and non-fire threats. When a fire occurs, detailed and adequate local fire information could be directly sent to the appropriate fire department. Firefighters could also access information from the Internet to identify the locations of potentially hazardous materials or occupants who will need special assistance to leave the fire location. Fully integrated remote access systems will allow planning for fighting fires to take place enroute to the fire, rather than at the buildings fire panel. Remote access systems should therefore provide valuable additional time for property and life protection. However, real-time control via the Internet, is still in its infancy 25. Development of the advanced, Internet based remote access fire protection systems described above has not yet begun. In addition, significant issues, such as real-time control of security and safety, still need to be considered. Internet access to fire safety systems also creates its own unique fire safety issues concerning computer and network security. The full implementation of Internet based monitoring systems will require strong assurances of data integrity and resistance to computer hacking. Without these protections, fire fighters may receive false information about the existence, location or size of fires. Integrated Building Service Systems Todays fire detection and alarm systems have been partially integrated with other building systems. Once a fire occurs in a building, fire detection and alarm systems in some buildings activate various fire safety systems, such as smoke control, and various pressurization and smoke exhaust system. They also activate elevator recall, the door release system, flashing exit signs and fire suppression systems 27. Currently, however, the level of integration of all the disparate building systems is still limited. Even though building service systems that have similar functionality, such as fire safety systems and security systems, or HVAC systems and lighting systems, have been integrated together 5, 6, there is a limited level of information-sharing among the systems. Systems on the same cabling backbone are all provided by the same manufacturer. Various building service systems involving HVAC, lighting, fire safety and security monitoring in the building are not integrated together on the basis of a common communication protocol. This is mainly due to fragmentation of the building and communication industries, a reluctance to change established practices as well as the lack of standardized, broadlybased communication protocols that allow different types of building service systems to communicate with each other. Many tenants and developers also prefer to have a lesser degree of systems integration due to fears of excessive complexity, potential total system failure and possible slowdown of the central control 28, 29. Various methods and concepts have been developed to enhance integration of building systems and to increase reliability of the integrated systems 5, 6, 30. Efforts are also being made to develop communication protocols that enable different manufacturers to interoperate together and allow the building systems to communicate with each other over a network 8. These protocols include BACnet, LonWorks, CAN, NEST, EHSA and CAB 10. They prescribe a detailed set of rules and procedures that govern all aspects of communicating information from one cooperating machine to another. BACnet prefers a hierarchical model in which the whole system is divided into a number of subsystems, each with a separate central processing unit 31. The coordination of the subsystems is achieved by hardwired interconnection or software interconnection. This method simplifies installation and maintenance and the damage caused by the failure of the CPU to EMCS and the fire safety systems is only limited to the local level, instead of to the whole integrated system. BACnet is most suitable to the traditional processing and communications models used by current HVAC hardware. However, BACnet does not support dynamically structured networks, nor does it emphasize distributed processing. Efforts are being made to expand BACnet beyond the HVAC realm. The first commercial BACnet fire system products will be introduced within the next two years, and new features are also being added to the protocol that will enhance the use of BACnet in lifesafety systems 8. Other communication protocols, such as LonWorks, on the other hand, prefer networking integration in which there is no central processing unit, just intelligent field cabinets. Each intelligent field cabinet is a node on the network and has equal status to the other nodes. Each cabinet controls local or zoned all energy management functions, all fire alarm functions and smoke control functions. It does not depend on any remote central processing unit or another intelligent field cabinet. The microprocessors in the field cabinet can support advanced diagnostics and manage all the local building functions. The nodes in the network can communicate with each other and can be approached and managed through a central station or by a personal computer. This type of network further simplifies installation and maintenance, and increases the reliability of the system. Once a fire damage or a fault occurs, only the immediate area is affected, and the fire command station or any other man/machine interface location could maintain communication with any other field cabinet on the network loop by transmission of data in two directions. Response of this type of network to a fire threat is very fast, because there is no need for a CPU to scan and process whole building systems. The intelligent field cabinet recognizes the fire alarm within its own area and acts upon that event within the cabinet. Conclusion New intelligent building technologies have strong potential to improve fire safety. Multifunction sensors (i.e., chemical gas sensors, integrated sensor systems and computer vision systems) and wireless sensors will not only reduce expenditure on sensors, but also reduce false alarms, speed response times and reduce fire-related losses. Real-time control via the Internet will extend the monitoring and control of building service systems and fire safety systems out of the building, which will increase the efficiency and reduce costs for building management operations, more efficiently discriminate between fire and non-fire threats, and increase the time available for property and life protection. The integration of fire detection and alarm systems with other building systems should also increase fire safety in the building. However, the application of intelligent building technology may also create completely new risks. Sensor technologies will need to be robust enough to prevent false alarms, accurately discriminate between fire and non-fire threats, and ensure that vital information such as the location of occupants is not lost due to data overload during a fire. Internet based monitoring and control of building service systems will need to be completely secure to prevent false fire information being provided to building owners and fire brigades. Integrated building systems will need to be designed not only to give fire safety priority over other building activities but also that fire emergencies do not crash the building service system. A close examination of the concept of system integration will need to be conducted as intelligent building systems become more prevalent in order to determine whether a full integrated building system has sufficient redundancy to provide adequate fire safety. In addition to the need for further research in developing new fire safety systems and ensuring that intelligent building systems do not hinder fire safety, additional work is needed to overcome the problems that are common to all parts of the intelligent building industry. Fragmentation of the building and communication industries, a reluctance to change established practices, the complexity of intelligent building systems, and the lack of universal communication standards have all slowed intelligent building progress. Much effort is needed to remove these barriers.译文：智能建筑中火灾探测系统的发展一、摘要 火灾探测和其相应的安全系统是智能建筑的关键部分。本文论述了火灾探测及报警系统在智能建筑中最新的发展趋势。新的技术和概念在智能建筑中的开发，例如先进的多功能传感器，计算机视觉系统和无线传感器通过因特网实时控制，对综合服务体系建设同时也进行了审查和讨论。这些新技术和概念将提高火灾探测系统对区分火和非火威胁的能力并且将增加更多有效的时间进行生命财产保护。然而，仍然需要许多的努力去消除这些新技术进一步发展所遇到的障碍。二、简介 智能建筑可以被定义为一个结合了最佳概念，设计，材料，系统和技术，可以提供快速响应，有效的可支持智能的环境，为实现以上目标所具有充分生命跨度的建筑。与传统建筑相比，智能建筑能够减少能源消耗，减少维修和服务操作的成本，提供更好的安全服务，改进易用的布局规划和重新规划，并增加了建设占用的满意度。其他好处还包括对提供更安全，更健康，更舒适的工作条件和环保成效和不断变化的用途、技术的适应。智能建筑的支持者还认为这些建筑物将通过改善工作环境来提高员工的生产能力。在过去二十年来，智能建筑的概念在许多新的或扩建办公室的规划中已成为一个重要的参考因素。这也进一步发展到涵盖了其他类型的居住与工作环境，如家庭，工厂和教育设施环境。火灾探测和相应的安全系统是智能化建筑的关键部分。在每年的安装和维护建筑中火灾探测系统要花费数十亿美元，以确保来自避免不了的火灾的安全。智能建筑中智能系统的发展为使完成这项任务更有效，更高效，更经济提供了机会。新型传感器将生产的更早，提供更可靠的消防检测。无线系统将消除对布线的需要并为消防人员在到达火灾现场之前提供机会去制定灭火策略。综合建筑系统会减少误报的可能性，提升建筑疏散和协助灭火的速度。这些变化将创造出新的方式来提供消防安全、火灾探测、报警和灭火系统的新市场。由于这些技术的成熟，也可能造成建设方式的改变。 本文回顾了智能建筑中火灾探测及报警系统的当前的走势。它确定了新技术和智能开发的概念可用于改善消防安全系统。对潜在的综合建筑服务体系的影响和火灾检测和报警系统在智能楼宇中的发展障碍进行了讨论。本文的结论通过研究这些新的系统可能被合并以提供下一代智能消防安全系统。三、新兴传感器技术新的传感器技术在下一代智能建筑中将是关键组成部分。当前智能楼宇往往有嵌入式处理器和专用信息网络。新一代预计将增加功能去了解建筑的具体情况和居民的需求并且改变相应的控制系统的走势。建筑内大量的传感器它的建设将是一个负责任的经营方式，而不是使用预先编程控制模型应用于前两代的智能建设。由传感器提供的信息包括在建筑物内部的和外部环境的变化，如烟雾，温度，湿度，空气质量，空气流动，和建设占用的数目以及一大堆其他的性质。该系统将使用传感器来识别某个特定的人在特定情况下如何作出反应，学习不同的人的不同的行为。按规定须获得此类型功能的传感器数量相当高，尤其是智能建筑的主要目标之一是在环境中的个性化控制。这需要增加智能建筑的成本并很难管理产生的大量数据。因此具有成本效益的传感器的发展在智能建筑中被确定为一个关键需要。幸运的是，许多需要监测的性能可以用于多种用途。安全系统可以跟踪办公楼的入口和出口的住户还可以用来确保在火灾中建筑物内的完全疏散，在更先进的形式中确定居民可能被困在那里和无法逃脱。同样，如温度和空气流动这些参数在室内的工作环境中作为火灾检测相关的维护。双重使用传感器和传感器系统非常灵活，可以从不同的事件中说明数据将是制造成本高效的智能大厦的关键。目前正在努力开发能够同时探测火灾和监控室内空气质量的多功能传感器（IAQ）。多功能传感器结合了投入几种不同的化学或物理过程预计将减少假警报几率和增加对实际问题的检测速度。因此，他们应该加强消防安全的同时降低总体系统得成本。化学气体这种传感器具有潜在的应用类型。化学传感器技术现在可用于测量几乎任何稳定的气体排放的种类在材料燃烧之前。化学物质可以感觉到多数的相互作用，包括催化，电化学，机械化工和光学流程。在一平方英寸上，几百个独立传感器可放置在一个阵列中。包覆每一个传感器就用一个不同的绝缘材料，几百不同的气体读数签名可以由一个专家系统做出了。最近，有一个嗅觉传感器阵列系统已研发出来并应用于环境监测和火灾烟雾检测。这种系统由一个具有广泛选择性阵列化学传感耦合微处理器为基础的模式来识别环境条件的改变，如一氧化碳，二氧化碳和烟雾这些变化可以检测到。任何一个传感器系统的主要问题就是区分检测事件的不同原因。高于预期水平的二氧化碳，例如，可能是一个迹象火，但也可能是一个空气不流通的房间的征兆。当单独的为了消防安全，舒适度控制和环境建设监测的传感器可以被整合，监控火灾的灵敏度和防误报能力显著增强。这些传感器在建筑中分布在不同的位置上。一旦发生火灾时，该系统可以采取多种火灾识别和空间关系，并考虑到邻近的探测器的位置作出决定。分开的火灾敏感信息由这些传感器将传送到一个控制小组如火灾信号处理和报警及故障判断。一个强大的中央处理单元在控制面板（CPU）的将允许系统使用复杂的算法去进行火灾识别和先进的信号处理鉴定。 控制面板在提高火灾探测能力中的角色已被公认，与系统使用控制面板进行决策是两种主要智能火灾探测系统的版本之一。现代控制面板功能强大，由于数字集成电路和广泛使用灵活组件，要充分发挥功能,让电脑控制。这些控制面板具有强大的信号处理能力，并使用人工智能技术，以提高火灾探测系统的可靠性，初期火灾的响应时间，虚警率和维护要求。NIST的建设与火灾研究实验室最近发起了一个项目，以进一步开发先进的火灾探测及报警面板。这一项目旨于利用先进的传感器和火灾模型提供的信息增长和烟雾扩散到建筑火灾或非建筑火灾威胁，确定建筑物发生火灾的确切位置，并提供持续短期和长期增长的火灾和烟雾的蔓延短期行为。这种信息将使建设运营商和消防人员任何与在建筑物火灾有关的事件中作出更准确的反应，控制火灾和监督疏散。计算机视觉系统还可以用来作为多功能传感器类型。计算机视觉系统应用于包括建筑安全，提高反应速度和暖通空调系统节能来查明乘员数量和它们的位置，电力配电监测和控制面板和照明度传感器控制。计算机视觉检测和监测火灾也有很强的优势。相机和计算机视觉中的所需的相应设施，系统已为其他许多建筑应用作为标准功能。另外火灾探测能力可以通过改变增加最小的成本在软件与计算机视
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