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毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书1本毕业设计(论文)课题应达到的目的: 通过本次毕业设计,使学生进一步掌握五年所学的基础理论和专业设计知识,增强分析问题、解决问题的专业技能和设计创新能力,提高专业设计图纸绘制的规范性和方案计算机表现技能,促进学生养成独立工作的能力以及严谨的工作作风,为学生将来走上工作岗位,顺利完成所承担的任务奠定基础。 熟练掌握纪念建筑的规划设计原理,做到建筑个体与景观规划相互谐调,基础设施布局功能合理、使用方便,室内外空间尺度适宜、张弛有度,交通流线清晰、停车场地布点合理,建筑造型美观并富有韵味。作为一个时期历史文化的传播平台,纪念馆展厅设计的壁纸与展架的色调搭配,展台陈设的次序与位置,以及展馆的背景等等都与纪念馆的魅力息息相关,它决定了游客的观赏兴趣和心情。2本毕业设计(论文)课题任务的内容和要求(包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等): 1、任务要求1.1基地背景1.1.1社会背景:涟水县,是江苏省淮安市下辖县,古称安东,地处江苏省北部,黄淮平原东部,淮河下游,地处连云港、盐城、淮安、宿迁四市交界处。追溯历史,在解放战争初期,在国民党叫嚣三个月消灭全国的共产党和解放区的大规模武装进攻下,涟水县解放区新四军开始了武装自卫保卫解放区的战斗。为纪念涟水保卫战革命烈士,修建这一纪念馆以追悼历史。 1.1.2基地现状概况:该地块位于涟水县古淮河以北,梅湖大道以南。基地占地面积约为30万平方米,北面中心为主入口,主入口以东建一独立的游客服务中心。将涟水保卫战纪念馆和游客服务中心用景观广场的方式组织在一起,成为基地中轴线北端的构图中心。这个中心也将成为一个视觉整体,有利于在梅湖大道方向形成本项目的标志性形象。1.1.3场地特征:在基地的中部和南部设计大片的景观生态绿地,并结合主轴线和河道灵活的设计多个空间节点,使得基地外部空间收放自如,层次丰富。 1.2建筑规模及结构1.2.1总用地面积:356068.7M2。1.2.2总建筑面积:8000 M2(10%)1.2.3建筑结构:框架结构(仿古建筑)1.2.4建筑层数:3层2、技术要求2.1外围护结构热工要求,地区相当于200mm砖墙的热工条件;2.2主导风向:夏季主导风向为东南风,冬季主导风向为西北风;2.3耐火等级:二级;2.4抗震设防:按7度设防;2.5日照间距:南方地区按1:1.3考虑;2.6建筑的水、暖、电均由城市集中供应。3、设计要求3.1房间分类及名称数量(间) 面积()备 注主馆部分8000(10%)主厅1438特色展厅49004临时展厅38003后勤办公自定卫生间自定厕所按男女使用人数各半考虑。游客服务中心1500接待150游程安排1自定休息21002社区服务1200储藏21002餐厅1500 毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书3对本毕业设计(论文)课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求: 1、设计图纸不少于15张,A3版面排版(不包括封面、目录、设计说明)1.1总平面布置图(包含相关技术经济指标)(1:200);标明道路、绿化、小品、停车位和出入口的位置;标明技术经济指标:用地面积、建筑密度、容积率和绿化面积等。 1.2单体设计各层平面图(1:150不少于2张),标注轴线及开间尺寸,画出墙体、柱、楼梯、门窗洞口及门的开启方向,注写房间名称,在一层平面图中注剖切符号;1.3剖面图(1:150不少于2张),剖切位置应选择在楼梯间和能最大限度地表现建筑内部空间的位置;剖面包括:外墙、内墙;注明各层楼地面标高;屋面坡度;剖面关键尺寸;使用提供的图例,加以必要的说明。 1.4建筑外观效果图(不少于3张) 1.5建筑细部构造做法及分析图(不少于8张) 1.6其他必要的分析说明图件2、设计说明书字数不少于4000字,遵照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计(论文)撰写规范相关要求进行撰写和排版。4主要参考文献: 1 赵慧宁;建筑环境设计中人体活动与心理情感因素分析J;东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版);2005年01期2(日)芦原义信.外部空间设计 M.尹培桐.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011.3(丹麦)扬盖尔.交往与空间M.何人可.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002.4帕内罗、泽尔尼克.人体尺度与室内空间M.龚锦.天津:天津科技出版社,1999. 5丁奇;纪念性景观研究D;南京林业大学;2003年6彭一刚.建筑空间组合论M. 北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998.7金和天;博物馆观众心理与行为研究D;吉林大学;2006年8马志龙.绿色建筑设计浅析J.科技风.2010(11):12-18.9刘禹舒;纪念性空间的研究D;北京林业大学;2006年10李小龙;纪念性建筑的文化内涵与文化取向D;合肥工业大学;2003年11单超群;刘松茯;历史建筑与历史地段的同构A;建筑历史与理论第九辑(2008年学术研讨会论文选辑)C;2008年12卢荣.中国绿色建筑导则(将出台)J. 建筑装饰材料世界.2005(04):8-10.13陈光辉.议推动建筑节能的对策J.科技传播.2011(11):12-17.14弗朗斯斯考滕 ,许杰;心理学与展览设计简述J;中国博物馆;1988年01期15任军,李蕾;“具体”与“抽象”在纪念心理表达中的应用J;哈尔滨工业大学学报;2003年12期毕 业 设 计(论 文)任 务 书5本毕业设计(论文)课题工作进度计划:2015.10.16- 2015.12.16 毕业设计前期准备,指导学生完成选题工作;2015.12.17- 2015.12.25 完成设计任务书上传,学生撰写开题报告;2015.12.26- 2016.01.24 完成毕业设计开题报告撰写和审核工作;2016.01.25- 2016.04.13 毕业设计初稿提交与审核,填写中期检查表;2016.04.14- 2016.05.11 毕业设计初稿修改,毕设成果定稿提交; 2016.05.12- 2016.05.18 毕业设计定稿审核、成果制作和准备答辩;2016.05.19- 2016.05.25 组织和安排答辩,完成毕业设计答辩工作; 2016.05.26- 2016.06.06 输入成绩和上传毕设终稿,进行相关总结工作所在专业审查意见:符合建筑学毕业设计的要求,时间安排合理,审核通过。负责人: 2016 年 1 月6 日 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计(论文)课题情况,根据所查阅的文献资料,每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述: 本设计是在淮安涟水保卫战历史文化环境背景下,以纪念烈士为目的而建的纪念性建筑。该纪念馆涵盖大量历史陈列品,包括照片,实物,日记,回忆录,报纸展示等功能。是城市群众参与、青少年教育的平台。也是涟水县历史文化中心的重要组成部分,是奠定城市文化基调的关键。从1958年4月建成新中国建立以来具有开创性及经典意义的北京天安门广场“人民英雄纪念碑”以来,到改革开放国内渐趋涉猎“纪念性建筑”概念,这当中可谓经历了艺术、社会、市场及文化诸方面快速而多样的变化过程。中国的建筑师在创作实践、理论探索及文化观念的思考中,已经逐渐把关注的目光部分地投向了社会与文化转型时期的建筑与时代发展趋向、建筑与社会群体的文化品性、建筑与城市环境、建筑与当代文化的多元格局以及建筑与本土社会文化经验及其价值取向等方面相互关系的研究领域。显然,对以上诸方面问题的理论关切,势必对我国纪念性建筑的艺术创作和文化发展有着迫切的现实意义和开拓性意义。然而,也恰恰是以上诸方面和一些与其密切相关的潜在问题的认知上,尚存在一些空白。传统的纪念性建筑是在建筑手法上都以显形的式样来表达纪念性,而在现代纪念性建筑创作中,却已不再只限于显形式样的追求或传统图像语汇的运用,而更重视深层思想内容的表达,是一种对旧有观念背离的发展趋势。由于现代造型艺术和时空观念有了很大的突破,为建筑造型提供了更多表现手段,建筑师在创作艺术上反映出的思维方式与传统思维也有了很大区别。人们不仅强调纪念性建筑的结构状态、形象特征、环境表现,而且更多地重视深层的隐形式样的表达。意大利东北部Sacrarium Redipuglia纪念台地,被建造在埋有10万第二次世界大战中牺牲者的坟场上。设计者只是在层层高起的台阶踏步上刻着牺牲者的事迹,别无其他惊人之举。当凭吊者一步步缓缓登上台阶极顶时,所见到的唯有浩渺无际的苍天,没有建筑,没有雕像,也没有树木和花草。这一好似没有处理的设计,给人们带来的却是无限的哀思和沉寂。这些实例都说明,上个世纪中期,随着新建筑运动的兴起,人们已不再因袭传统的手法,不再受传统纪念性建筑图像语汇的限制,并利用环境、建筑和雕塑形象的抽象变形,达到联想、隐喻的效果。可见社会的发展必然导致设计观念的变化和思维方式的变化。实际上,纪念性建筑在相当长的时期内,在任何国家都与权力形态及政治产生着密切的关联,成为一种社会发展中的必然现象。然而问题在于,它是否也能同时符合绝大多数公民的总体利益,是否顺应社会文明与进步的要求,是否真正体现了民众的政治与文化意愿。在文化观念呈现多元的当代,纪念性建筑不再被认为是“死者”的房子,也不再被认为是“造神”的产物。纪念性建筑需要全社会对之作出回应,走出可以和社会公众和人本精神对话的道路,与整体社会形成高亲和力、高认同感的互动效应,这是纪念性建筑文化精神所需要实现的目标,否则,无论建筑的手法有多高明、建筑氛围有多凝重,建筑的形式有多丰富,纪念的真正意义却不存在或者被扭曲了。毕竟,我们需要的是是真正意义上的纪念以及我们乐于采用的纪念方式。参考文献: 1赵慧宁.建筑环境设计中人体活动与心理情感因素分析J.东南大学学报(哲学社会科学版).2005年01期 2(日)芦原义信.外部空间设计 M.尹培桐,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2011. 3(丹麦)扬盖尔.交往与空间M.何人可,译.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2002. 4帕内罗泽尔尼克.人体尺度与室内空间M.龚锦,译.天津:天津科技出版社,1999. 5丁奇.纪念性景观研究D.南京林业大学.2003年 6彭一刚.建筑空间组合论M.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1998. 7金和天.博物馆观众心理与行为研究D.吉林大学.2006年 8马志龙.绿色建筑设计浅析J.科技风.2010(11):12-18. 9刘禹舒.纪念性空间的研究D.北京林业大学.2006年 10李小龙.纪念性建筑的文化内涵与文化取向D.合肥工业大学.2003年 11单超群.刘松茯.历史建筑与历史地段的同构A.建筑历史与理论第九辑(2008年学术研讨会论文选辑)C.2008年 12卢荣.中国绿色建筑导则(将出台)J.建筑装饰材料世界.2005(04):8-10. 13陈光辉.议推动建筑节能的对策J.科技传播.2011(11):12-17. 14弗朗斯斯考滕.心理学与展览设计简述J.许杰,译.中国博物馆.1988年01期 15任军,李蕾.“具体”与“抽象”在纪念心理表达中的应用J.哈尔滨工业大学学报.2003年12期 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段(途径): 1、研究问题或解决的问题熟练掌握纪念建筑的规划设计原理,做到建筑个体与景观规划相互谐调,基础设施布局功能合理、使用方便,室内外空间尺度适宜、张弛有度,交通流线清晰、停车场地布点合理,建筑造型美观并富有韵味。作为一个时期历史文化的传播平台,纪念馆展厅设计的壁纸与展架的色调搭配,展台陈设的次序与位置,以及展馆的背景等等都与纪念馆的魅力息息相关,它决定了游客的观赏兴趣和心情。 2、拟采用的研究途径 2.1调研阶段:外出调研多个历史纪念馆或博物馆,分析它们的功能分区、流线以及风格特征,为自己设计做准备。 2.2构思阶段:考虑自己设计的风格和手法以及采用怎样的节能方式,以及如何契合史实加入丰富的元素。去图书馆查阅相关书籍和资料,寻找理论支撑。 2.3草图阶段:将自己的想法以草图形式交给老师修改,指出其中不足。通过几次修改,敲定大体框架。 2.4扩充阶段:在草图基础上对方案进行扩充和细化,考虑细节和小空间氛围的营造,直至方案完全确定。 2.5方案图绘制阶段:将方案以图纸的形式绘制出来,利用计算机绘图、建模、渲染和排版,最后将打印A3文本上交。 毕 业 设 计(论文) 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见:1对“文献综述”的评语:针对毕业设计具体任务,参考诸多文献,了解纪念性建筑文化精神在空间中的体现,和设计的切入点,为毕业设计的开展提供理论研究知识。本课题是学生所学专业知识的延续,符合学生专业发展方向,对于提高学生的基本知识和技能,对于提高学生的研究能力有益。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计(论文)结果的预测:该生拟定的研究方法和研究计划基本合理,难度合适,学生能够在预定时间内完成该课题的设计。3.是否同意开题: 同意 不同意 指导教师: 2016 年 02 月 19 日所在专业审查意见:符合要求,审核通过。 负责人: 2016 年 02 月 20 日原文:Analysis of the Chinese Museum of Cultural Construction ofAbstract: In recent years, with Chinas rapid economic development, Chinas museum construction has been unprecedented development opportunities throughout the city have resorted to all kinds of reason to enhance their citys cultural taste, so he appeared in the case of the museum building of todays blind , and this trend also crushed all resistance, quickly swept through half of China. So, faced with such a situation, we need to make a Chinese museums development system, calm analysis. Keywords: Museum; Culture; Grade1. The Chinese Museum Of The Development Of Two Take-Off Museum of Chinese history is short, although we have five thousand years of history. In 1905, Zhang Jian Bo Wuyuan is the Chinese people founded Nantongs first museum was founded 1. Since then, China has been the museums history. Chinas first take-off at the Museum of the last century, the sixties to the eighties, and this was also the worlds a stage of rapid development of the museum. Since the Second World War just ended, countries will focus on the city building, At this time, the number of museums have been developing rapidly. American Association of Museums in 1965, according to figures provided by 2: 1961 - 1963 in the United States every 3.3 days to reach a new museum there. In 1948, only 238 museums in Japan, 1960, 600, but by 1975, to 1307, from 1960 to 1975, a short period of 15 years time, the number of museums in Japan has increased more than doubled. Also during this period of Chinas museums have a great development, especially in the September 17, 1958, Chairman Mao Zedong visited Anhui Museum, pointed out 3: a province of the major cities should have such a museum. The people awareness of their history and the creation of the force is a very important thing to do. In Maos instructions and the establishment of the CPC Central Committee Political Bureau decided to Tiananmen Square, Museum of Chinese History, Chinese Revolution Museum, a new site and new Chinese Peoples Revolution Military Museum, the provincial and municipal all have established or expanded, or topography around the Museum of History Museum, the Museum of China has entered the building the first new peak, the process continues until after a period of reform and opening up, while the peak in 1984. From 1980 to 1985, an average of every 10 days to build a new national museum in 1984, 2.4 days for each country there is a new museum there. Prior to 1949, the National Museum of only 21, to the late eighties, the number of museums in China reached more than 1000. Nineties of the last century, Chinas steady increase in the number of museums, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, 1994 National Heritage Museum, a total of 1161 systems. And enter the 21st century, in recent years, Chinas museums, take off again. The reason appears in this stage for two reasons: First, Chinas economy is the development of double-digit annual GDP, making China gradually become the worlds economic center. Therefore, the rapid development of local construction and cultural infrastructure has gradually become the focus; the other hand, Beijing won the bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games, the 2010 Shanghai World Expo bid, the Chinese once again became the focus of world attention. Thus, to the rapid development of cultural infrastructure, which is also essential to the building of the National Grand Theater, as the cutting edge, and then, Shanghai Conservatory of Music Theater, Music Theater, the construction of Guangzhou, set off a local urban cultural infrastructure and the frenzy. PRC August 15, according to the article reports: Beijing registered a total of 140 museums, and a national Museum, the largest number of cities, but now the National Museum of the total number has reached more than 2,100 blocks. 2. Chinese Museums Are Now Facing Problems Some will say that the United States in 1979, when the number reached more than 2,500 museums have, but less than the amount we have today this number, not to mention the history of China than the United States we have a long long time, therefore, in order to mentally balanced, it will look tightly fixed on the number of the museum, so, there is a local government building of the museums move crazy, but totally not considered after the completion of the utilization. According to the U.S. Kotler brothers Museum Strategy and Marketing 4, according to American Association of Museums, in 1994 the United States a total of Museum 15000, of which 55% is the Museum of History and historical sites, 15% Museum of Art, 14 % is a natural and science and technology-oriented museums, including zoos and botanical gardens. The National Federation of Independent Museums should be a total of 8934 (1992), in which nearly 9000 museums, 75% are small or micro-museum. These small museums generally only two full-time employees and an annual budget of less than 9 million U.S. dollars. It would appear that the United States has a certain scale, only the regular museum more than 2,000 seats, roughly the same with China. But we are under construction and almost all large-scale projects, not to mention, the existing number of museums there have been a lot of problems, mainly reflected in the following two aspects: Question one: the contents of old and dilapidated for many years, the replacement cycle is long way museums display is divided into fixed according to the exhibition, thematic exhibitions and temporary exhibitions. As many displayed in the museum of the content is limited, and there is no longer necessary to maintain, makes the display of outdated facilities and the content is lost on peoples attractiveness, making the majority of the existing museums there wants to come horrendously. Content is the value of a museum is a museum of the soul where, as vice president of the China Architecture Design & Research Institute Professor Cui Kai said: the charm of the museum must not only in its architectural form, but more importantly on the cultural and artistic activities in the planning and operation of a space, it could be the living room, it could be storage, the key to see how to use and therefore, it is a lot of the old museum needs to be improved and new museum to be taken into account. In particular, a museum for temporary exhibitions and the vitality of which have the most direct impact. Capital Museum has been able to attract so many people, the key is the arrangement of its temporary exhibition is more reasonable: February 15, 2007 to March 31, 2007, exhibition Italian Heritage and Art - UNESCO-designated World Heritage Experience Exhibition ; 2007 Nian March 15 to March 29, displaying feel Greece - Rita Photographic Art Exhibition ; March 20, 2007 Zhi 5 11, exhibition of Aftershock: Contemporary British Art Exhibition 1990-2006 ; June 1, 2007 Zhi 8 2, display high-Dis world - architecture, geometry and design ; August 12, 2007 Zhi 11 9, on display Louvre Treasures Exhibition . ., and these are attractive exhibits no wonder that Bo will have its first weekend, there will be every reason to deal with them, but so many museums in the country to have a few can do it Such a high frequency of conversion of the exhibition content, such a high conversion of the exhibition content? I am afraid not! So, which requires the building of the museum is ambitious policy makers carefully consider the fate of the future, how will the museum? Problem 2: the level and quality of management to be improved over the years, we have the museum develop a kind of bureaucratic style is high above the instructor does not fit the shelf to the service for the general audience, but the past two years there has been a museum artifacts Pirates of the, premises were burnt to sell cultural artifacts and other serious problems, without exception, today the museum staff levels and low quality-related, todays museum is very negative, because the key to comprehensively improve the level of the museum is talent. International Council of Museums sector work is training very seriously, they are specially set up a manpower training committee to pairs of countries in the training of museum personnel. Reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 3.Solving Strategy The development of the museum along with the constant development of social change, through a region or a countrys museum, you can see that the cultural level of this place and the public taste. Therefore, the new era the museum approached the problem-solving strategies must be closely linked with the community. Strategy 1: Design front of the museum, be sure to clearly identify its theme of my type of museum can be divided into four categories: social history, class, natural sciences, culture, arts classes and integrated classes, social history, class museums including the Archaeological Museum of history, revolutionary history museum to commemorate the class museums, ethnic, folk museums, science museums are the Museum of Natural History and science and technology museums, cultural art museums: including painting, calligraphy, arts and crafts, literature, drama, architecture, and integrated class museum: It is both the social the dual nature of science and natural science museums, a wide range of real indeed. Thus, in the design of the museum before, there must be a clear theme. This theme is not blind to set or me too may be, but should be according to their geographical resources should be set. Based on this to determine the size of the museum, so blind to prevent the building of a number of things to happen. Strategy 2: To strengthen linkages with schools and other educational institutions - reflect its educational function in the museums three major functions - collection, research and education, education is one of a very important part. However, the educational function of museums is not very good play, especially for the younger generation and education. And strengthen ties with schools, educational institutions, contact the museum is more in the future popularization the only way. Because students are the future of the motherland is the future development of our motherland and source of power, so that they learn more in the museum inside the ancient Chinese knowledge, making them Chinas ancient culture has a clear understanding, you can make them feel as a Chinese pride, pride and self-confidence, thus enhancing national unity and cohesion. Strategy 3: To strengthen the exchange between the provincial and municipal museums, and cooperation, after all, every place a limited number of museum collections, in order to regularly update the contents of the museum, a museum to bring in new blood of the need to replace the temporary exhibition of the content from time to time, as the Beijing Capital Museum The operating mode. Although we are not able to move outside of our exciting museum collections, but we can strengthen ties with fraternal provinces, contact the museum, after all, we Chinese called the vast land, the exchange of exhibits from time to time between provinces, not only attracted popular, but also for renewed understanding of Chinas ancient culture and play a positive role in promoting. Strategy 4: To strengthen and popularize the peoples awareness in many people know the museum, the museum is a place of some high-level intellectuals, has little to do with the general public. This original idea is a specific historical period in the previous form, there are a great historical limitations. Today, the museum is no longer just for the exclusive preserve of top cultural figures, but with ordinary peoples lives. In addition, the museum is to raise awareness of science and culture in a big classroom. As we all know, interest is gradually cultivated, noble sentiments are gradually mold, and a wealth of knowledge is in the process of learning accumulated, the museum will be able to play this kind of Run a silent and influencing role, the museum consciousness also through practical training to gradually improve. Since 1987, the Chinese Museum Institute, the International Society Bo China National Committee on State Cultural Relics Bureau and the provincial cultural relics bureau, provincial and municipal museums support and facilitation, in the annual 5.18 International Museum Day are based on International Society Bo carried out under the thematic content in various forms, a variety of activities, well the popularity of the general public awareness of the museum. The museum is to satisfy peoples aesthetic taste of life to enjoy and foster a place, therefore, vigorously popularize awareness of the peoples museum, for people to enhance peoples cultural taste has a very important role. 4.Conclusion In fact, a countrys advanced and developed, not only is that you can build how many, how big museums, but rather the ability to protect their own traditional culture to flourish. Almost all of their own traditional culture, the more attention people, this nation is full of more self-confident nation! Similarly, a countrys backwardness and poverty, and not just reflected in a certain period of slow economic growth and material deprivation, while the historical heritage and traditional culture is the intangible assets such as permanent loss of the museum is precisely these cultural treasures of container. 中文译文:浅析对中国博物馆文化建设的思考 在技术设备方面,地下空间的建造,使用与地上空间关註的问题有所不同。而且,博物馆对室内环境的要求较高,在良好的地下环境中,离不开先进的技术手段和精良的设备支持。因此,在施工水平、技术设施等方面还需继续发展创新。在我国,由于经济、技术水平的制约以及人们对博物馆在认识上存在的偏颇,致使博物馆建筑地下空间的利用发展缓慢。通常的认识是地下空间建造费用高、施工工艺强,一旦处理不好将给博物馆日后的使用带来很大麻烦。而人们对博物馆的形象盲目追求高大、标志性,不考虑周边环境的特点,也使得博物馆建筑的地下空间利用没有得到足够的重视。相信随着经济与社会的发展,人们对地下空间的利用会有正确的认识,从而推进博物馆建筑设计在地与地下空间中都会有更大的灵活性、适应性和自由度。目前,博物馆建筑地下空间的利用可谓多姿多彩。在现代建筑设计理念的指导下,以现代科技为保障,一定会有更多的好作品出现。摘要:近年来,随着中国经济的快速发展,中国的博物馆建设得到空前的发展机遇,各地市纷纷以各种“缘由”来增强自己城市的文化品位,于是就出现了今天盲目建设博物馆的情形,而此举也以势如破竹之势,迅速席卷大半个中国。因此,面对此种境况,我们有必要对中国博物馆的发展做一系统、冷静的分析。关键字:博物馆,文化,品位一、中国博物馆发展的两次腾飞中国博物馆的歷史是短暂的,虽然我们有着五千年的歷史。1905年,张謇创办的南通博物苑是国人创办的第一个博物馆1.从此开始,中国有了博物馆的歷史。中国博物馆的第一次腾飞处于上世纪六十年代到八十年代,同时这也是世界博物馆迅速发展的一个阶段。因为第二次世界大战刚结束,各国都将精力放在了城市建设方面,此时,博物馆的数量得到迅勐发展。据美国博物馆协会1965年提供的数字2:1961年1963年美国达到每3.3天出现一座新博物馆。1948年,日本只有238个博物馆,1960年600个,但是到1975年达到1307个,从1960年到1975年,短短的15年是时间,日本博物馆的数量就增加了一倍多。中国的博物馆也在这个时期有了一个很大的发展,尤其是在1958年9月17日毛泽东主席视察安徽省博物馆时指出3:“一个省的主要城市都应该有这样的博物馆。人民认识自己的歷史和创造的力量,是一件很要紧的事。”在毛泽东的指示和中共中央政治局决定在天安门建立中国歷史博物馆、中国革命博物馆新址和新建中国人民革命军事博物馆之后,各省市都纷纷建立或扩建了各地歷史博物馆或地志博物馆,中国博物馆建设进入了第一个新高潮,这个过程一直持续到改革开放后的一个时期,而在1984年达到高峰。1980年至1985年,平均每10天全国新建一座博物馆,1984年,每2.4天全国就有一座新博物馆出现。在1949年之前,全国仅有21座博物馆,到八十年代末,中国博物馆的数量就达到一千多。上世纪九十年代,中国的博物馆数量在稳步提升,据国家统计局统计,1994年全国文物系统的博物馆共计1161座。而进入21世纪的这几年,中国的博物馆建设再次出现腾飞。之所以出现在这个阶段,原因有二:一是中国的经济GDP每年以两位数的发展,使得中国逐渐在成为世界的经济中心。因此,地方建设迅勐发展,文化基础设施逐渐成为重点;另一方面,北京获得2008年奥运会的主办权、上海获得2010年世博会的主办权,中国再次成为世界瞩目的焦点。因此,文化基础设施得以迅勐发展,而这也基本以国家大剧院建设为先锋,随后,上海音乐剧院、广州音乐剧院的建设掀起了地方城市文化基础设施建设的“狂潮”。据8月15日人民网文章报道:北京登记在册的博物馆总数达到140家,成为全国博物馆数量最多的城市,而如今全国博物馆总的数量已经达到2100多座。二、中国博物馆现在面临的问题有人会说,美国在1979年时博物馆数量就达到2500多所,而我们今天的数量还不及这个数目,更何况我们中国的歷史要比美国长很久,因此,为了心理上的平衡,就将目光紧紧的盯在博物馆的数量上,因此,就有了地方政府疯狂建设博物馆的举动,而全然没有考虑建成之后的利用情况。据美国科特勒兄弟的博物馆战略与市场营销4,据美国博物馆协会统计,1994年美国共有博物馆1.5 万座,其中55是历史博物馆和歷史遗址,15是艺术博物馆,14是自然和科学技术导向的博物馆,包括动物园和植物园。而全美独立博物馆总数应该是 8934座(1992年),在这近9000 座博物馆中,有75是小型或微型博物馆。这些小博物馆一般只有2名全职员工,年度预算低于9万美元。这样看来,美国有一定规模的正规博物馆也只有2000多座,与我国大致
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