淮安市文化艺术中心建筑设计【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip
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建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译
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淮安市文化艺术中心建筑设计【建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】.zip,建筑工程毕业说明书论文开题报告外文翻译,【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】,设计【说明书论文开题报告外文翻译】,开题报告外文翻译,建筑设计说明书,毕业设计开题报告,外文翻译毕业论文,毕业设计论文开题报告
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毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书1本毕业设计（论文）课题应达到的目的： 充分发挥规划用地的区位及景观优势，塑造城市的整体美感，规划建筑方案应体现： 1、突出亲民性、可达性，体现为市民服务与社会的人文关怀。 2、便捷高效的交通流线设计，给业务人员提供舒适、宽松的工作环境。 3、造型需简洁、现代、庄重，体现时代特征、构思新颖的建筑风格。 4、充分利用该地块紧邻国际会展中心的区位优势，营造现代、简约、大方的建筑群体形象；经对室内外空间和交通流线的组织、竖向布置和日照、防火、卫生、通风、环保等技术手段的深入分析，确保总平面规划的适用性和经济性，保证群体空间的环境效果。 5、充分发挥建筑设计的专业技术表现水平，熟练掌握并运用AutoCad，photoshop，sketchup等设计应用软件。2本毕业设计（论文）课题任务的内容和要求（包括原始数据、技术要求、工作要求等）： 1.任务要求 1.1基地概况：位于淮安市清河区某中心，面向中心城区，依托珠海路和国际会展中心，为居民创造更加丰富、专业的文化享受。 1.2场地特征：基地内部场地地势基本为平整。 1.3用地概况：基地面积3公顷。 1.4项目地形。2、技术要求和工作要求： 2.1规划要求：用地位置淮安市清河区用地面积3 ha用地性质文化艺术中心容积率0.3-0.4绿地率30%建筑间距满足与周边建筑的日照间距及消防间距建筑功能展厅、休闲区、行政办公等建筑风格建筑风格与周围环境协调一致 2.2设计要求 2.2.1占地面积30000。 2.2.2停车位以地下车库为主，地上停车位为辅相结合布置。 2.2.3平面设计按照功能房间流程设计布置。 2.2.4在总平面中综合解决好功能分区、出入口、停车位、绿化消防等问题。毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书3对本毕业设计（论文）课题成果的要求包括图表、实物等硬件要求： 3.1设计图纸不少于15张，A3版面排版（不包括封面、目录、设计说明），图纸、文字一律采用计算机绘制，应工整清晰。3.1.1建筑总平面图3.1.2各层平面图3.1.3立面图3.1.4剖面图 3.1.5效果图3.1.6其他构思和分析图3.2设计说明书字数不少于4000字，遵照金陵科技学院本科毕业设计（论文）撰写规范相关要求进行撰写和排版。4主要参考文献： 1高毅存.城市规划与城市化M.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.2刘延杰.后现代商业空间J.时代建筑,2005,(2):98-101.3赵宇.城市广场与街道景观设计M.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2011.4李宁,韩延辉,孙寿华.城市景观创意M.辽宁:辽宁美术出版社,2002.5段汉明.城市详细规划设计M.北京：科学出版社，20066王建国著.城市设计M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009.7中国城市规划学会,中国建筑工业出版社.当代城市景观与环境设计丛书M.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.8张勃钊.小城镇规划设计丛书M.北京:化学工业出版社,2012. 9董艳芳.新农村人居环境与村庄规划丛书M.北京:中国社会出版社,2006. 10戎安,骆中钊,骆伟.新农村建设规划与建筑设计丛书 M.北京:中国林业出版社,2008.11彭一刚.建筑空间组合论M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社1998.12朱德本.公共建筑设计图集M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999.13刘锡良.现代空间结构M.天津:天津大学出版社,2003.14程裕祯.中国文化要略M.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2012.15扬盖尔.交往与空间M.北京：建筑工业出版社，2002.毕 业 设 计（论 文）任 务 书5本毕业设计（论文）课题工作进度计划：2015.10.19- 2015.12.9 毕业设计前期准备，指导学生完成选题工作；2015.12.08- 2015.12.20 完成设计任务书上传，学生撰写开题报告；2015.12.21- 2016.01.25 完成毕业设计开题报告、论文大纲等撰写和审核工作；2016.01.26- 2016.04.05 毕业设计初稿提交与审核，填写中期检查表；2016.04.06- 2016.04.12 毕业设计初稿修改，毕设成果定稿提交； 2016.04.13- 2016.05.18 毕业设计定稿审核、成果制作和准备答辩；2016.05.19- 2016.05.25 组织和安排答辩，完成毕业设计答辩工作； 2016.05.26- 2016.06.06 输入成绩和上传毕设终稿，进行相关总结工作。所在专业审查意见：符合建筑学毕业设计的要求，时间安排合理。负责人： 2016 年 1 月6 日 毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 1结合毕业设计（论文）课题情况，根据所查阅的文献资料，每人撰写不少于1000字左右的文献综述： 当前的城市建设模式中，新建公共文化建筑集群化建设已经成为了一个明显的趋势。公共文化建筑作为服务于城市的基础性文化设施在近些年随着我国经济实力的加强也得到了很大的发展。一方面，公共文化建筑的类型越来越丰富，博物馆、图书馆、城市规划展览馆、科技馆、美术馆、文化艺术中心、剧院等公共文化建筑都迎来了建设的高潮。另一方面，公共文化建筑的建设进度也开始加快，相当多的公共文化建筑开始成批量地统一规划设计、集中兴建。现拟在淮安市清河区文化广场附近建一个文化艺术中心，为居民创造更加丰富、专业的文化享受。大型综合文化设施能够在提升城市整体品位的同时，为居民创造更加丰富、专业的文化享受。与建设一幢楼、一座桥相比，这种城市“软实力”的建设可能要花费更多的时间，需要更多的耐心和恒心。随着城市的发展，人们对公共设施的要求不仅仅局限在某个领域，而趋向于多功能、多样化的综合性服务。对此，各类型设施在专业化的基础上，逐渐摒弃了以往的条块分割局面，并朝着综合性、兼容性、专业化不断迈进，形成规模效益和集聚效益。市民文化艺术中心就是这样，中心内各部门应协调配合，充分发挥各自功能，为市民提供一个休闲、学习、交往的多样化互动空间，既方便市民，又能形成资源共享的良好局面。从根本上说，文化艺术中心是市民社会生活的场所，是城市实质环境的精华、多元文化的载体和独特魅力的源泉。 文化艺术中心建设的整体质量直接影响到城市的综合竞争力和大众的满意度，因此，城市决策者、建设者和使用者无不对其给予特别关注。文化艺术中心设计时应该考虑几点：一、强化整体，构筑系统。市民文化中心是城市物质环境巨系统中重要的分系统。如何使这一系统更好地强化其城市功能，首先应该考虑将其整体纳入城市规划设计中。要充分认识到，这一系统不是可有可无的，不是在建筑实体定位定型后随意用其填补空白的。市民文化中心系统对城市环境建设、社会经济文化发展和公众生活质量提高的影响作用，可谓举足轻重。因此，必须从整体上，从宏观、中观和微观上把握好公共空间系统的规划与建设。二、优化生态，协调自然。市民文化中心是维护城市生态环境和市民大众实现“诗意地栖居”理想的有力保障。但是在一些城市发展中，盲目追求GDP，片面追求领导任期政绩，以致对破坏自然生态、污染环境的恶行惩治不力。许多所谓的“天灾”实际上都与“人祸”有关。为此，必须将环境友好、生态优先的战略原则贯彻到文化艺术中心建设的始终。三、尊重文化，提升品位。城市文化和文化力是城市软实力的组成要素。在公共空间建设中，利用文化设施、文化活动及建筑艺术、环境艺术来表现城市文化主题特色，对提升环境文化品味和社会教养水平会起到潜移默化作用。尊重文化，传承文脉，是文化艺术中心规划设计的重要原则，据此而设计建造的公共空间易为市民大众所认同。当然，还要注意兼顾高雅文化和草根文化、民俗文化的融合。在外观设计上，采用现代建筑设计手法，力求和谐统一、简洁明快。在功能设计上，文化艺术中心要能向社会提供服务，满足市民的基本精神文化需求，同时烘托淮安当地传统人文地方气息。 参考文献：1高毅存.城市规划与城市化M.北京:机械工业出版社,2004.2刘延杰.后现代商业空间J.时代建筑,2005,(2):98-101.3赵宇.城市广场与街道景观设计M.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2011.4李宁,韩延辉,孙寿华.城市景观创意M.辽宁:辽宁美术出版社,2002.5段汉明.城市详细规划设计M.北京：科学出版社，20066王建国著.城市设计M.北京：中国建筑工业出版社，2009.7中国城市规划学会,中国建筑工业出版社.当代城市景观与环境设计丛书M.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2000.8张勃钊.小城镇规划设计丛书M.北京:化学工业出版社,2012. 9董艳芳.新农村人居环境与村庄规划丛书M.北京:中国社会出版社,2006. 10戎安,骆中钊,骆伟.新农村建设规划与建筑设计丛书 M.北京:中国林业出版社,2008.11彭一刚.建筑空间组合论M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社1998.12朱德本.公共建筑设计图集M. 北京：中国建筑工业出版社，1999.13刘锡良.现代空间结构M.天津:天津大学出版社,2003.14程裕祯.中国文化要略M.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2012.15扬盖尔.交往与空间M.北京：建筑工业出版社，2002.毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 2本课题要研究或解决的问题和拟采用的研究手段（途径）： 1.研究问题或解决的问题本设计文化艺术中心是一公共性建筑，在设计时要注意满足其使用功能要求和建筑结构要求。此次设计可分为两部分，建筑设计和结构设计。 在建筑设计时应考虑其使用人群及其使用功能要求，根据建筑场地确定拟建平面和出入口。建筑设计部分包括基地总平面设计、建筑平面设计、立面设计、剖面设计、空间组合设计、屋面排水设计、楼梯的设计、抗震设计等。 在结构设计部分因为框架结构由梁、柱通过节点连接而形成的结构体系，所以构件应具备必要的强度、适当的刚度、良好的延性和可靠的连接，并应注意强度，刚度和延性的合理匹配。2.拟采用的研究途径 (1) 调研阶段：外出调研的多个艺术中心，文化馆，分析它们的功能分区、流线以及风格特征，为自己设计做准备。 (2) 构思阶段：考虑自己设计的风格和手法以及采用怎样的节能方式，去图书馆查阅相关书籍和资料，寻找理论支撑。 (3) 草图阶段：将自己的想法以草图形式交给老师修改，指出其中不足，通过几次修改，敲定大体框架。 (4) 扩充阶段：在草图基础上对方案进行扩充和细化，考虑细节和小空间氛围的营造，直至方案完全确定。(5) 方案图绘制阶段：将方案以图纸的形式绘制出来，利用计算机绘图、建模、渲染和排版，最后将打印A3文本上交。毕 业 设 计（论文） 开 题 报 告 指导教师意见：1对“文献综述”的评语：能结合毕业设计题目文化艺术中心设计搜集相关资料，了解毕业设计内容和要求，同意开题。2对本课题的深度、广度及工作量的意见和对设计（论文）结果的预测：课题深度、广度、工作量适中，预计能按时完成。 3.是否同意开题： 同意 不同意 指导教师： 2016 年 02 月 22 日所在专业审查意见：基本上根据毕业设计内容进行了相关设计要求前期整理和学习，了解掌握了一定设计要求、内容和方法，同意开题。 负责人： 2016 年 02 月 22 日原文：Talking About The Importance Of Strengthening Public Building Energy Efficiency And Energy Saving DesignAbstract：In recent years, with the rapid development of national economy and accelerating urbanization, Chinas building energy consumption accounts for the proportion of the community is also growing rapidly, increasing by one percentage point more than a year, of which, many large public buildings to seek Yang, Innovation, and big building energy consumption and become a black hole. Strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings and promoting energy efficiency and the rational use of energy and resource conservation fundamentally ease the contradiction between supply of energy resources and economic and social development, improve peoples quality of life. Building energy efficiency design which is also a very important part. This paper focuses on the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings and how the implementation of building energy efficiency in building design are described, and made some personal advice.Keywords：Public buildings Building energy efficiency Building energy efficiency design Importance1IntroductionOur country is a developing country, it is a big country building, housing a total construction area of the country has more than 400 million square meters of new housing area per year up to 1718 million square meters, more than the sum of all the developed countries each year completed the construction area. With the gradual advance of building a well-off society, the rapid development of construction, building energy consumption growing rapidly and has become the worlds second largest energy consumer. Some public buildings are often used as a symbol of the modern city, but due to the special nature of its structure and purpose, and often also public buildings energy-hungry, energy-saving potential of such buildings urgently mining. Second, strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings.2Strengthen the construction of energy-saving, especially the importance of energy efficiency in public buildings2.1The need to strengthen the energy efficiency of public buildings and social developmentWith the rapid economic and social development, and constantly improve the living standards of technology and science and technology, energy problem has become one of the important countries in the world. The total energy consumption in the world, 25% to 40% of energy consumption in buildings. At present, Chinas total energy consumption building society accounts for the total energy consumption of 27%, gradually, refrain. Especially in recent years, with the European style of vogue, many large public buildings as seeking ocean, Innovation, and big, the pursuit of facade effect, a large area with glass walls, winter cold, summer heat, must resort to air conditioning adjust the room temperature, so that the air conditioning energy consumption than the general construction of such buildings to be three times higher. According to the survey, China has about 500 million of large public buildings, power consumption 70300years for residential 815 times. Chinas large public building energy consumption per square meter in the 1020 times that of ordinary residential buildings, public buildings, including many large energy government offices, commercial buildings in the course of its heating, air conditioning, ventilation, lighting and other aspects of consumption construction accounts for about 30% of the countrys total energy consumption. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public building energy efficiency is imperative.2.2To enhance public building energy efficiency is needed to improve the working and living environmentWith the gradual advance of building a moderately prosperous society, comfortable thermal environment is increasingly becoming the need of peoples work and life. In developed countries, the suitable temperature has become a basic needs. In China, people are gradually increased requirements for quality of life. Meanwhile, Chinas vast territory, continental climate performance significantly: compared with other regions of the same latitude, the winter of the worlds coldest countries in the same latitude, the average January temperature Northeast than other regions of the same latitude average low 1520 , the Huang-Huai basin low 1015, south of the Yangtze low 610, southern coastal also low 5; summer is on the same latitude in the world average warmest countries (except the desert), the average temperature in July northeast than other regions of the same latitude the average high 4, North high 2.5, the Yangtze River is high 1.5 2. Therefore, hot summer and cold winter, long plagued the nation. More to improve peoples lives, the more unbearable winter heat toss, heating in winter to the summer to cool, which consumes energy. Initial investigation found that summer air conditioning power consumption is a major factor in recent years, increasing in civilian electricity. The energy consumption of public buildings is to become the black hole, air-conditioning systems in public buildings energy consumption of buildings accounts for the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing year by year. From a macro perspective, only to achieve the conservation and rational use of energy resources in order to meet peoples need for a comfortable thermal environment. Thus, strengthening building energy efficiency, especially in public buildings energy- delay. 2.3Strengthen public building energy efficiency is to realize the need for national energy saving targetsChinas Eleventh Five-Year Plan proposed to reduce by about 20% during the Eleventh Five-Year energy consumption per unit of gross domestic product, the total discharge of major pollutants by 10%. Twelve Five-Year Plan also proposed that five period of non-fossil fuels in primary energy consumption to 11.4%; reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 16%, reduce carbon dioxide per unit of GDP by 17%; major significantly reduce pollutant emissions and chemical oxygen demand and sulfur dioxide emissions were reduced by 8%, ammonia, nitrogen oxide emissions were reduced by 10%. With the rapid development of urbanization, heating and air conditioning building energy increasing, the rapid growth of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere. Chinas carbon dioxide emissions have been accounted for second in the world, while building carbon dioxide emissions can be caused also accounted for using the countrys total emissions of carbon dioxide can cause 1/4. In a period of time, this situation still exists, energy saving long way to go.2.4The need to strengthen public building energy efficiency building technology advancesOn the one hand, increasing as the countrys energy requirements of the building, a fundamental part of the walls, doors, windows, roofs, floors and heating, lighting and other buildings have undergone tremendous changes. Housing construction is no longer a world of several traditional masonry and other materials, learning materials and processes used in practice for many years may have to quit the stage of history. Sprung up many new efficient insulation materials, sealing materials, energy efficient equipment and insulation pipes. On the other hand, the emergence of new energy-saving materials also contributed to the continuous development and create technology. Construction-related industries, such as design, construction and other sectors have to adjust the technical structure, create better meet peoples needs energy-efficient buildings.3The importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency designBuilding energy efficiency is the sum of the whole life of the whole building process every step of energy. Refers to the building planning, design, new (renovation, expansion), transformation and use of the process, the implementation of building energy efficiency standards, using energy-saving technologies, processes, equipment, materials and products to improve building insulation and heating performance heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating system efficiency, strengthening building energy systems operation and management, use of renewable energy, to ensure the quality of indoor thermal environment, reduce the number of heating, air conditioning, refrigeration and heating, lighting, hot water supply energy consumption. Building energy efficiency design is a comprehensive building energy efficiency is a very important part, is to enhance energy efficiency in buildings first gate.3.1The overall energy-saving design and the external environment3.1.1Reasonable siting Construction site is mainly based on the factors of local climate, soil, water, topography and the surrounding environmental conditions, considering. Architectural design, both to make the building suitable microclimate maintained throughout its life cycle, while also achieve the harmony of architecture and nature.3.1.2Rational design of the external environment After building address is determined, according to the needs of architectural features, the external environment through rational design, to improve the existing micro-climate, creating an enabling environment for building energy efficiency.3.1.3Reasonable planning and program designReasonable construction planning and program design can effectively adapt to the harsh micro- climate. It includes determining the amount of the overall body building, body building and construction portfolio size, construction and other aspects of sunshine and orientation. Like yurt circular plane, conical roofs can effectively adapt to the harsh prairie climate, serve to reduce building cooling area, resist sand effect. For most areas, the introduction of energy-efficient natural ventilation of the building is very important. On the layout, you can create different pressure through the sunny side and the shady side of the building, ventilation can be formed even in no wind. Forming a tunnel in the body design of the building, so that the natural wind in which the roundabout, get good ventilation, so as to achieve the purpose of energy conservation. Sunshine principles and towards the choice is to get enough sunlight in winter and avoid the dominant wind, summer can take advantage of natural ventilation and minimize solar radiation. However, the orientation towards the construction program and the design of the building is often constrained by social history, culture, topography, urban planning, roads, environmental conditions, in order to make towards the building while meeting the summer heat and winter insulation is often difficult. Therefore, only trade-offs between various factors, to find a balance, try to be reasonable.3.2Energy-saving design monomers3.2.1Energy-saving structural design of various parts of the buildingEnergy-efficient structural design of various parts of the building, mainly to meet the same building as a fundamental part of the function, to be further design aspects of the material through the various parts (roof, floors, walls, doors, windows, etc.), construction and so on. Make full use of the building exterior climate conditions, to save energy and improve the effect of indoor microclimate environment.(1)Energy-saving design for roof The roof is an important part of the building and the outdoor air in contact with the main energy saving measures: the use of sloping roof; Set roof insulation layer; If necessary, an additional roof insulation (insulated overhead roofing, water roofing, green roofs, etc.).(2)Energy-saving design for floor layer The main structure is the use of a hollow space, and the design of the floor to the ceiling shape. If the circulating water disposed therein, the summer can reduce the indoor temperature of cold water circulating in winter and hot water circulation heating.(3)Energy-saving design for building envelope wallIn addition to energy-saving design of the wall to adapt to climate conditions, good insulation, moisture, insulation and other measures, should be reflected in the special structure can improve the micro-climate conditions, such as cold regions of the sandwich wall design, passive solar house in various regenerative wall (water wall) design, the Baghdad area in order to adapt to local climatic conditions are hot and dry in the wall of the outlet design.(4)Energy-efficient doors and windows design According to statistics, in our existing buildings with high energy consumption, 40% of the energy is dissipated through the doors. Therefore, to solve the problem of energy-saving windows and doors is important.(5)Energy-efficient building envelope design detail Energy-saving design detail, the overall energy efficiency of the building is also very important. Should proceed with the following parts: thermal bridge, take a reliable insulation and the bridge measure; the external walls and overhangs member attached to the wall components, such as balconies, rain cover, by the facades balcony railing, air conditioner outdoor unit shelf, with pilasters, bay windows, decorative lines, bridges and shall take off the heat insulation measures; window around the walls should be insulated; doors, window frames and wall the gap between the insulation material should be used efficiently caulking; the gap doors, window frames and plaster layers around, should adopt caulking sealant insulation materials and seal the interface of different materials to avoid cracking, impact doors, thermal performance windows; all-glass curtain wall, the gap walls, floor or between beams and walls should be filled with insulation material.3.2.2Rational design of building space Reasonable space is designed in a fully meet the functional requirements of the building using the premise of reasonable architectural space delimited (delimited flat and vertical separator) to improve indoor insulation, ventilation, lighting and other micro-climatic conditions, to save energy.3.2.3Selection of energy-saving building materials An important aspect of the rational use of energy-saving building materials are also comprehensive building energy efficiency. Building materials should be selected to follow a healthy, efficient, economical, energy-saving principles. On the one hand, with the development of technology, a lot of new efficient materials continue to be developed and applied to architectural design to better achieve energy savings. Such as new insulation material, waterproof material used in walls, roofs, and achieve a better insulation moisture effects; new translucent insulating glass (such as Low-E glass, etc.) in windows applications, played a better aluminum with adjustable visor to shade the purpose; translucent insulation.4ConclusionIn recent years, a series of national regulations and local building energy efficiency standards were introduced, from government officials to the construction industry all employees, not just from the thought of the importance of energy efficiency in buildings have a certain visual recognition, and in particular work has also made certain achievements. However, with Chinas energy goals, there is a considerable gap, particularly public building energy efficiency, hesitant, far more than other civil difficulty saving. The reason for the policy on both factors, there are also reasons for funding. But I think the key is thinking and understanding is not in place, as long as the profound understanding of the importance of strengthening public building energy efficiency, we will be able to achieve our energy efficiency goals.中文译文：浅谈加强公共建筑节能和节能设计的重要性摘要：近年来，随着国民经济的快速发展，城市化进程的不断加快，我国建筑能耗占社会能耗的比重也在快速增长，每年增加一个百分点以上，而其中，不少大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”而成为建筑能耗的“黑洞”。加强建筑节能，尤其是公共建筑节能有利于从根本上促进能源资源节约和合理利用，缓解我国能源资源供应与经济社会发展的矛盾，提高人民群众生活质量。其中建筑节能设计也是一个很重要的环节。本文主要对公共建筑节能的的重要性以及如何在建筑设计中落实建筑节能进行了阐述,并提出了一些个人的建议。关键词：公共建筑 建筑节能 建筑节能设计 重要性1 引言我国是一个发展中大国，又是一个建筑大国，全国房屋总建筑面积已超过400多亿，每年新建房屋面积高达1718亿，超过所有发达国家每年建成建筑面积的总和。随着全面建设小康社会的逐步推进，建设事业迅猛发展，建筑能耗迅速增长，已成为世界第二大能源消耗国。而一些公共建筑经常被作为一个城市现代化的象征,但又由于其结构和用途的特殊性，公共建筑往往也是耗能大户,这类建筑的节能潜力亟待挖掘。2 加强建筑节能，尤其是公共建筑节能的重要性2.1 加强公共建筑节能是社会发展的需要随着经济社会的快速发展、科技技术和生活水平的不断提高，能源问题已成为世界各国普遍重视的问题之一。在全世界总的能源消耗中，有25%40%的能源消耗在建筑上。目前我国建筑总能耗约占社会能源消费总量中的27%，逐渐接近三成。尤其是近年来，随着欧陆风的盛行，许多大型公共建筑为“求洋、求新、求大”，追求外立面效果，大面积采用玻璃幕墙，冬天冷、夏天热，必须借助于空调调节室温，以至于这类建筑的空调能耗比一般建筑要高出3倍。据调查，目前我国有5亿左右的大型公共建筑，耗电量为70300年,为住宅的815倍。我国大型公建每平方米年耗电量是普通居民住宅的10至20倍，许多大型公建包括政府办公大楼、商业大厦在使用过程中，其供暖、空调、通风、照明等方面消耗的能量已占全国建筑总能耗的30%左右。由此可见，加强建筑节能，尤其是公共建筑节能势在必行。2.2 加强公共建筑节能是改善工作生活环境的需要随着全面建设小康社会的逐步推进，舒适的建筑热环境日益成为人们工作生活的需要。在发达国家，适宜的室温已成为一种基本需求。在我国，人们对于生活品质的要求也在逐年提高。同时我国幅员辽阔，大陆性气候表现明显：与同纬度其他地区相比，冬季我国是世界上同纬度最冷的国家，一月平均气温东北地区比同纬度其它地区平均要偏低1520，黄淮流域偏低1015，长江以南偏低610，华南沿海也偏低5；夏季则是世界上同纬度平均最暖的国家(沙漠除外)，七月平均气温东北比同纬度其它地区平均偏高4，华北偏高2.5，长江中下游偏高1.52。因此，冬冷夏热，长期困扰着国民。人民生活越是改善，越不堪忍受寒冬酷暑的折腾，冬季要供暖，夏季要降温，这都要消耗能源。初步调查发现，夏季空调制冷电耗是近年来民用用电逐年递增的主要因数。而公共建筑更是成为能耗的“黑洞”，公共建筑空调系统能耗占建筑物总能耗的比重也在逐年增加。从宏观上讲，只有实现了能源资源的节约和合理利用，才能满足人们对舒适的热环境的需要。由此可见，加强建筑节能，尤其是公共建筑节能刻不容缓。2.3 加强公共建筑节能是实现国家节能减排目标的需要中国“十一五”规划纲要提出，“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值能耗降低20%左右、主要污染物排放总量减少10%。“十二五”规划纲要又提出，“十二五”期间非化石能源占一次能源消费比重达到11.4%；单位国内生产总值能耗降低16%，单位国内生产总值二氧化碳降低17%；主要污染物排放总量显著减少，化学需氧量、二氧化硫排放分别减少8%，氨氮、氮氧化物排放分别减少10%。随着城镇化的迅速发展，供暖和空调建筑用能
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