哂囂處讐縮殻范文.doc

哂囂處讐縮殻范文 PresentationsandPublicSpeakinginEnglish Apresentationisaformaltalktooneormorepeoplethatpresentsideasorinformationinaclear,structuredway.Peoplearesometimesafraidofspeakinginpublic,butifyoufollowafewsimplerules,givingapresentationisactuallyveryeasy.ThistutorialguidesyouthrougheachstageofgivingapresentationinEnglish,fromtheinitialpreparationtotheconclusionandquestionsandanswers.Thistutorialisitselfsetoutlikeaminipresentation. Preparation Canyounamethe3mostimportantthingswhengivinganypresentation? Number1is.Preparation Number2is.Preparation Number3is.Preparation Preparationiseverything Withgoodpreparationandplanningyouwillbetotallyconfidentandlessnervous.Andyouraudiencewillfeelyourconfidence.Youraudience,too,willbeconfident.theywillbeconfidentinyou.Andthiswillgiveyoucontrol.Controlofyouraudienceandofyourpresentation.Withcontrol,youwillbeinchargeandyouraudiencewilllistenpositivelytoyourmessage. Objective Beforeyoustarttoprepareapresentation,youshouldaskyourself:WhyamImakingthispresentation?Doyouneedtoinform,topersuade,totrainortosell?Yourobjectiveshouldbeclearinyourmind.Ifitisnotclearinyourmind,itcannotpossiblybecleartoyouraudience. Audience WhoamImakingthispresentationto?Sometimesthiswillbeobvious,butnotalways.Youshouldtrytoinformyourself.Howmanypeople?Whoarethey?Businesspeople?Professionalpeople?Politicalpeople?Expertsornonexperts?Willitbeasmall,intimategroupof4colleaguesoralargegatheringof400petitors?Howmuchdotheyknowalreadyandwhatwilltheyexpectfromyou? Venue WhereamImakingthispresentation?Inasmallhotelmeetingroomoralargeconferencehall?Whatfacilitiesandequipmentareavailable?Whataretheseatingarrangements? Timeandlength WhenamImakingthispresentationandhowlongwillitbe?Willitbe5minutesor1hour?Justbeforelunch,whenyouraudiencewillbehungry,orjustafterlunch,whenyouraudiencewillbesleepy? Method HowshouldImakethispresentation?Whatapproachshouldyouuse?Formalorinformal?Lotsofvisualaidsoronlyafew?Willyouincludesomeanecdotesandhumourforvariety? Content WhatshouldIsay?Nowyoumustdecideexactlywhatyouwanttosay.First,youshouldbrainstormyourideas.Youwillnodoubtdiscovermanyideasthatyouwanttoincludeinyourpresentation.Butyoumustbeselective.Youshouldincludeonlyinformationthatisrelevanttoyouraudienceandyourobjective.Youshouldexcludeallotherideas.Youalsoneedtocreateatitleforyourpresentation(ifyouhavenotalreadybeengivenatitle).Thetitlewillhelpyoutofocusonthesubject.Andyouwillprepareyourvisualaids,ifyouhavedecidedtousethem.Butremember,ingeneral,lessisbetterthanmore(alittleisbetterthanalot).Youcanalwaysgiveadditionalinformationduringthequestionsafterthepresentation. Structure Awellorganisedpresentationwithaclearstructureiseasierfortheaudiencetofollow.Itisthereforemoreeffective.Youshouldorganisethepointsyouwishtomakeinalogicalorder.Mostpresentationsareorganisedinthreeparts,followedbyquestions: BeginningShortintroductionweleyouraudience introduceyoursubject explainthestructureofyourpresentation explainrulesforquestions MiddleBodyofpresentationpresentthesubjectitself EndShortconclusionsummariseyourpresentation thankyouraudience invitequestions QuestionsandAnswers Notes Whenyougiveyourpresentation,youshouldbeorappeartobeasspontaneousaspossible.YoushouldnotreadyourpresentationYoushouldbesofamiliarwithyoursubjectandwiththeinformationthatyouwanttodeliverthatyoudonotneedtoreadatext.ReadingatextisboringReadingatextwillmakeyouraudiencegotosleepSoifyoudonthaveatexttoread,howcanyouremembertosayeverythingyouneedtosay?Withnotes.Youcancreateyourownsystemofnotes.Somepeoplemakenotesonsmall,A6cards.Somepeoplewritedownjustthetitleofeachsectionoftheirtalk.Somepeoplewritedownkeywordstoremindthem.Thenoteswillgiveyouconfidence,butbecauseyouwillhavepreparedyourpresentationfully,youmaynotevenneedthem Rehearsal Rehearsalisavitalpartofpreparation.Youshouldleavetimetopractiseyourpresentationtwoorthreetimes.Thiswillhavethefollowingbenefits: youwillbeemorefamiliarwithwhatyouwanttosay youwillidentifyweaknessesinyourpresentation youwillbeabletopractisedifficultpronunciations youwillbeabletocheckthetimethatyourpresentationtakesandmakeanynecessarymodifications Soprepare,prepare,preparePrepareeverything:words,visualaids,timing,equipment.Rehearseyourpresentationseveraltimesandtimeit.Isittherightlength?Areyoupletelyfamiliarwithallyourillustrations?Aretheyintherightorder?Doyouknowwhotheaudienceis?Howmanypeople?Howwillyouanswerdifficultquestions?Doyouknowtheroom?Areyouconfidentabouttheequipment?Whenyouhaveansweredallthesequestions,youwillbeaconfident,enthusiasticpresenterreadytomunicatethesubjectofyourpresentationtoaneageraudience. Equipment Easilyyourmostimportantpieceofequipmentis.YOU Makesureyoureinfullworkingorder,andcheckyourpersonalpresentationcarefullyifyoudont,youraudiencewilltheoverheadprojector(OHP)displaysoverheadtransparencies(OHTsorOHPTs).Ithasseveraladvantagesoverthe35mmslideprojector: itcanbeusedindaylight theusercanfacetheaudience theusercanwriteordrawdirectlyonthetransparencywhileinuse thewhiteboard(morerarelyblackboardorGREenboard)isausefuldeviceforspontaneouswritingasinbrainstorming,forexample.Forpreparedmaterial,theOHPmightbemoresuitable.Thedusterisusedforcleaningthewhiteboard.Itisessentialthatthedusterbecleantostartwith.Youmayconsidercarryingyourowndusterjustincase.Markersareusedforwritingonthewhiteboard(delibleyoucanremovetheink)orflipchart(indelibleyoucannotremovetheink).Theyareusuallyavailableinblue,red,blackandgreen.Again,itsagoodideatocarryasparesetofmarkersincaseyouaregivensomeusedoneswhichdonotwritewell.Agoodworkmanneverblameshistools.Theflipchartconsistsofseveralleavesofpaperthatyoufliporturnover.Somepeopleprefertheflipcharttothewhiteboard,butitsuseislimitedtosmallerpresentations.TheSlideprojectorwhichmustbeusedinadarkenedroomaddsacertaindrama.Someslideprojectorscanbesynchronisedwithaudioforaudiovisual(AV)presentations.Theseprojectorsaretypicallyusedforlargerpresentations.Themajoritytake35mmslidesortransparencies(asseenhere),butprojectorsfor6x6cmslidesarealsoavailable.Transparenciesareprojectedbyanoverheadprojectororaslideprojectorontoascreeninthiscaseafoldingscreenwhichcanbepackedupandtransported.Thenotebookputerisincreasinglybeingusedtodisplaygraphicsduringpresentations.Itisoftenusedinconjunctionwithanoverheadprojector,whichactuallyprojectstheimagefromtheputerscreenontothewallscreen.Handoutsareanydocumentsorsamplesthatyouhandoutordistributetoyouraudience.Notethatitisnotusuallyagoodideatodistributehandoutsbeforeyourpresentation.Theaudiencewillreadthehandoutsinsteadoflisteningtoyou. Delivery Deliveryreferstothewayinwhichyouactuallydeliverorperformorgiveyourpresentation.Deliveryisavitalaspectofallpresentations.Deliveryisatleastasimportantascontent,especiallyinamulticulturalcontext. Nerves Mostspeakersarealittlenervousatthebeginningofapresentation.Soitisnormalifyouarenervous.Theansweristopayspecialattentiontothebeginningofyourpresentation.Firstimpressionscount.Thisisthetimewhenyouestablisharapportwithyouraudience.Duringthistime,trytospeakslowlyandcalmly.Youshouldperhapslearnyourintroductionbyheart.Afterafewmoments,youwillrelaxandgainconfidence. AudienceRapport Youneedtobuildawarmandfriendlyrelationshipwithyouraudience.Enthusiasmiscontagious.Ifyouareenthusiasticyouraudiencewillbeenthusiastictoo.Andbecarefultoestablisheyecontactwitheachmemberofyouraudience.Eachpersonshouldfeelthatyouarespeakingdirectlytohimorher.Thismeansthatyoumustlookateachpersoninturninasnaturalawayaspossible.Thiswillalsogiveyoutheopportunitytodetectsignsofboredom,disinterestorevendisaGREement,allowingyoutomodifyyourpresentationasappropriate. Yourobjectiveistomunicate BodyLanguage Whatyoudonotsayisatleastasimportantaswhatyoudosay.Yourbodyisspeakingtoyouraudienceevenbeforeyouopenyourmouth.Yourclothes,yourwalk,yourglasses,yourhaircut,yourexpressionitisfromthesethatyouraudienceformsitsfirstimpressionasyouentertheroom.Generallyspeaking,itisbettertostandratherthansitwhenmakingapresentation.Beawareofandavoidanyrepetitiveandirritatinggestures.Beaware,too,thatthemovementofyourbodyisoneofyourmethodsofcontrol.Whenyoumovetoorfromthewhiteboard,forexample,youcanmovefastorslowly,raisingorreducingthedynamismwithintheaudience.Youcanstandverystillwhiletalkingoryoucanstrollfromsidetoside.Whateffectdoyouthinkthesetwodifferentapproacheswouldhaveonanaudience? CulturalConsiderations BecauseEnglishissowidelyusedaroundtheworld,itisquitepossiblethatmanymembersofyouraudiencewillnotbenativeEnglishspeakers.Inotherwords,theywillnothaveanAngloSaxonculture.EvenwithintheAngloSaxonworld,therearemanydifferencesinculture.IfwehypotheticallyimagineaGermanworkingforanIsraelipanymakingapresentationinEnglishtoaJapaneseaudienceinKorea,wecanseethatthereareevenmorepossibilitiesforculturalmisunderstanding.Youshouldtrytolearnaboutanyparticularculturalmattersthatmayaffectyouraudience.Thisisonereasonwhypreparationforyourpresentationissoimportant.Culturaldifferencescanalsobeseeninbodylanguage,whichwehavejustdiscussed.ToaLatinfromSouthernFranceorItaly,apresenterwhouseshishandsandarmswhenspeakingmayseemdynamicandfriendly.ToanEnglishman,thesamepresentermayseemunsureofhiswordsandlackinginselfconfidence. Voicequality Itis,ofcourse,importantthatyouraudiencebeabletohearyouclearlythroughoutyourpresentation.Rememberthatifyouturnawayfromyouraudience,forexampletowardsthewhiteboard,youneedtospeakalittlemoreloudly.Ingeneral,youshouldtrytovaryyourvoice.Yourvoicewillthenbemoreinterestingforyouraudience.Youcanvaryyourvoiceinatleastthreeways: speed:youcanspeakatnormalspeed,youcanspeakfaster,youcanspeakmoreslowlyandyoucanstoppletelyYoucanpause.Thisisaverygoodtechniqueforgainingyouraudiencesattention. intonation:youcanchangethepitchofyourvoice.Youcanspeakinahightone.Youcanspeakinalowtone. volume:youcanspeakatnormalvolume,youcanspeakloudlyandyoucanspeakquietly.Loweringyourvoiceandspeakingquietlycanagainattractyouraudiencesinterest. theimportantpointisnottospeakinthesame,flat,monotonousvoicethroughoutyourpresentationthisisthevoicethathypnotistsusetoputtheirpatientsintotrance Visualaids Ofalltheinformationthatentersourbrains,thevastmajorityofitentersthroughtheeyes.80%ofwhatyouraudiencelearnduringyourpresentationislearnedvisually(whattheysee)andonly20%islearnedaurally(whattheyhear).Thesignificanceofthisisobvious: visualaidsareanextremelyeffectivemeansofmunication nonnativeEnglishspeakersneednotworrysomuchaboutspokenEnglishtheycanrelymoreheavilyonvisualaids Itiswellworthspendingtimeinthecreationofgoodvisualaids.Butitisequallyimportantnottooverloadyouraudiencesbrains.Keeptheinformationoneachvisualaidtoaminimumandgiveyouraudiencetimetolookatandabsorbthisinformation.Remember,youraudiencehaveneverseenthesevisualaidsbefore.Theyneedtimetostudyandtounderstandthem.Withoutunderstandingthereisnomunication. AudienceReaction Remaincalmandpoliteifyoureceivedifficultorevenhostilequestionsduringyourpresentation.Ifyoureceiveparticularlyawkwardquestions,youmightsuggestthatthequestionersasktheirquestionsafteryourpresentation. Language Saywhatyouaregoingtosay, SimplicityandClarity Ifyouwantyouraudiencetounderstandyourmessage,yourlanguagemustbesimpleandclear. Useshortwordsandshortsentences. Donotusejargon,unlessyouarecertainthatyouraudienceunderstandsit. Ingeneral,talkaboutconcretefactsratherthanabstractideas. Useactiveverbsinsteadofpassiveverbs.Activeverbsaremucheasiertounderstand.theyaremuchmorepowerful.Considerthesetwosentences,whichsaythesamething: Toyotasoldtwomillioncarslastyear. TwomillioncarsweresoldbyToyotalastyear. Whichiseasiertounderstand?Whichismoreimmediate?Whichismorepowerful?N1isactiveandN2ispassive. Signposting Whenyoudriveontheroads,youknowwhereyouareonthoseroads.Eachroadhasanameornumber.Eachtownhasaname.Andeachhousehasanumber.IfyouareathouseN100,youcangobacktoN50orforwardtoN150.Youcanlookatthesignpostsfordirections.Andyoucanlookatyouratlasforthestructureoftheroadsindetail.Inotherwords,itiseasytonavigatetheroads.Youcannotgetlost.Butwhenyougiveapresentation,howcanyouraudienceknowwheretheyare?Howcantheyknowthestructureofyourpresentation?Howcantheyknowwhatisingnext?Theyknowbecauseyoutellthem.Becauseyouputupsignpostsforthem,atthebeginningandallalongtheroute.Thistechniqueiscalledsignposting(orsignalling). Duringyourintroduction,youshouldtellyouraudiencewhatthestructureofyourpresentationwillbe.Youmightsaysomethinglikethis: IllstartbydescribingthecurrentpositioninEurope.ThenIllmoveontosomeoftheachievementswevemadeinAsia.AfterthatIllconsidertheopportunitiesweseeforfurtherexpansioninAfrica.Lastly,Illquicklyrecapbeforeconcludingwithsomeremendations. Amemberoftheaudiencecannowvisualizeyourpresentationlikethis: Introduction Wele Explanationofstructure(now) Body Europe Asia Africa Conclusion Summingup Remendations Hewillkeepthisimageinhisheadduringthepresentation.Hemayevenwriteitdown.Andthroughoutyourpresentation,youwillputupsignpoststellinghimwhichpointyouhavereachedandwhereyouaregoingnow.WhenyoufinishEuropeandwanttostartAsia,youmightsay: ThatsallIhavetosayaboutEurope.LetsturnnowtoA