考研英语一真题及答案完美.pdf

2016年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一一)试题试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)InCambodiathechoiceofaspouseisacomplexonefortheyoungmale.Itmayinvolvenotonlyhisparentsandhisfriends1thoseoftheyoungwomanbutalsoamatchmaker.Ayoungmancan2alikelyspouseonhisownandthenaskhisparentsto3themarriagenegotiationsortheyoungmansparentsmaymakethechoiceofaspousegivingthechildlittletosayintheselection.4agirlmayvetothespouseherparentshavechosen.5aspousehasbeenselectedeachfamilyinvestigatestheothertomakesureitschildismarrying6agoodfamily.Thetraditionalweddingisalongandcolorfulaffair.erlyitlastedthreedays7bythe1980sitmorecommonlylastedadayandahalf.Buddhistpriestsofferashortsermonand8prayersofblessing.Partsoftheceremonyinvolveritualhaircutting9cottonthreadssoakedinholywateraroundthebridesandgroomswristsand10acandlearoundacircleofhappilymarriedandrespectedcouplestoblessthe11.Newlywedstraditionallymoveinwiththewifesparentsandmay12withthemuptoayear13theycanbuildanewhousenearby.Divorceislegalandeasyto14butnotcommon.Divorcedpersonsare15withsomedisapproval.Eachspouseretains16propertyheorshe17intothemarriageandjointly-acquiredpropertyis18equally.Divorcedpersonsmayremarrybutagenderprejudice19up:thedivorcedmaledoesnthaveawaitingperiodbeforehecanremarry20thewomanmustwaittenmonths.1.AbywayofBonbehalfofCaswellasDwithregardto2.AadapttoBprovideforCcompetewithDdecidedon3.AcloseBrenewCarrangeDpostpone4.AAboveallBIntheoryCIntimeDForexample5.AAlthoughBLestCAfterDUnless6.AintoBwithinCfromDthrough7.AsinceBbutCorDso8.AcopyBtestCreciteDcreate9.AfoldingBpilingCwrappingDtying10.ApassingBlightingChidingDserving11.AmeetingBcollectionCassociationDunion12.AgrowBpartCdealDlive13.AwhereasBuntilCifDfor14.AobtainBfollowCchallengeDavoid15.AisolatedBpersuadedCviewedDexposed16.AwhateverBhoweverCwheneverDwherever17.AchangedBbroughtCshapedDpushed18.AwithdrawnBinvestedCdonatedDdivided19.AbreaksBwarnsCshowsDclears20.AsothatBwhileConceDinthatSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections：Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Francewhichpridesitselfastheglobalinnovatoroffashionhasdecideditsfashionindustryhaslostanabsoluterighttodefinephysicalbeautyforwomen.Itslawmakersgavepreliminaryapprovallastweektoalawthatwouldmakeitacrimetoemployultra-thinmodelsonrunways.Theparliamentalsoagreedtobanwebsitesthatinciteexcessivethinnessbypromotingextremedieting.Suchmeasureshaveacoupleofupliftingmotives.Theysuggestbeautyshouldnotbedefinedbylooksthatendupimpingingonhealth.Thatsastart.Andthebanonultra-thinmodelsseemstogobeyondprotectingmodelsfromstarvingthemselvestodeathassomehavedone.Ittellsthefashionindustrythatitmusttakeresponsibilityforthesignalitsendswomenespeciallyteenagegirlsaboutthesocialtape-measuretheymustusetodeterminetheirindividualworth.Thebansiffullyenforcedwouldsuggesttowomen(andmanymen)thattheyshouldnotletothersbearbitersoftheirbeauty.Andperhapsfaintlytheyhintthatpeopleshouldlooktointangiblequalitieslikecharacterandintellectratherthandietingtheirwaytosizezeroorwasp-waistphysiques.TheFrenchmeasureshoweverrelytoomuchonseverepunishmenttochangeaculturethatstillregardsbeautyasskin-deepandbone-showing.Underthelawusingafashionmodelthatdoesnotmeetagovernment-definedindexofbodymasscouldresultina$85000fineandsixmonthsinprison.Thefashionindustryknowsithasaninherentprobleminfocusingonmaterialadornmentandidealizedbodytypes.InDenmarktheUnitedStatesandafewothercountriesitistryingtosetvoluntarystandardsodelsandfashionimagesthatrelymoreonpeerpressureforenforcement.IncontrasttoFrancesactionsDenmarksfashionindustryagreedlastmonthonrulesandsanctionsregardingtheagehealthandothercharacteristicsofmodels.ThenewlyrevisedDanishFashionEthicalCharterclearlystates:Weareawareofandtakeresponsibilityfortheimpactthefashionindustryhasonbodyidealsespeciallyonyoungpeople.ThechartersmaintoolofenforcementistodenyaccessfordesignersandmodelingagenciestoCopenhagenFashionWeek(CFW)whichisrunbytheDanishFashionInstitute.Butingeneralitreliesonaname-and-shameofcompliance.Relyingonethicalpersuasionratherthanlawtoaddressthemisuseofbodyidealsmaybethebeststep.Evenbetterwouldbetohelpelevatenotionsofbeautybeyondthematerialstandardsofaparticularindustry.21.AccordingtothefirstparagraphwhatwouldhappeninFranceANewrunwayswouldbeconstructed.BPhysicalbeautywouldberedefined.CWebsitesaboutdietingwouldthrive.DThefashionindustrywoulddecline.22.Thephraseimpingingon(Line2Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto_.AheighteningthueofBindicatingthestateofClosingfaithinDdoingharmto23.WhichofthefollowingistrueofthefashionindustryANewstandardsarebeingsetinDenmark.BTheFrenchmeasureshavealreadyfailed.CModelsarenolongerunderpeerpressure.DItsinherentproblemsaregettingworse.24.AdesignerismostlikelytoberejectedbyCFWfor_.ApursuingperfectphysicalconditionsBcaringtoomuchaboutmodelscharacterCshowinglittleconcernforhealthfactorsDsettingahighagethresholdodels25.WhichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleofthetextAAChallengetotheFashionIndustrysBodyIdealsBADilemmafortheStarvingModelsinFranceCJustAnotherRoundofStruggleforBeautyDTheGreatThreatstotheFashionIndustryText2Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsratethecountrysidealongsidetheroyalfamilyShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountrythishaslimitedpoliticaltraction.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosavethebeautyofnaturalplacesforeveryoneforever.Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldexperiencearefreshingair.Hillspressurelaterledtothecreationofnationalparksandgreenbelts.Theydontmakecountrysideanymoreandeveryyearconcreteconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservativesplanningreexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservationevenauthorisingoff-planbuildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalplanningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkipsensingitschancehassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.NigelFaragesspeechthisyeartotheCampaigntoProtectRuralEngandstruckterrorintomanylocalConservativeparties.Thesensibleplacetobuildnewhousesfactoriesandofficesiswherepeopleareincitiesandtownswhereinfrastructureisinplace.TheLondonagentsStirlingAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonareaalonewithnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theideathathousingcrisisequalsconcretedmeadowsispurelobbytalk.Theissueisnottheneedorehousesbutasalwayswheretoputthem.UnderlobbypressureGeorgeOsbornefavoursruralnew-buildagainsturbanrenovationandrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshoppingsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotafreemarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareasinthisway.WhyruinruralonesDevelopmentshouldbeplannednotletrip.AftertheNetherlandsBritainisEuropesmostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountryplanninghasenabledittoretainanenviableruralcoherencewhilestillpermittinglow-densityurbanliving.ThereisnodoubtofthealternativethecorruptedlandscapesofsouthernPortugalSpainorIreland.Avoidingthisratherthanpromotingitshouldunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.26.Britainspublicsentimentaboutthecountryside_.AdidntstarttilltheShakespeareanageBhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheNHSCisfullybackedbytheroyalfamilyDisnotwellreflectedinpolitics27.AccordingtoParagraph2theachievementsoftheNationalTrustarenowbeing_.AgraduallydestroyedBeffectivelyreinforcedClargelyovershadowedDproperlyprotected28.whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraph3ALabourisunderattackforopposingdevelopment.BTheConservativesmayabandonoff-planbuilding.CTheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalinfluence.DUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralconservation.29.TheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsbornesPreference_.AhighlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbypressureBshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralareasCstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingcrisisDrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanareas30.Inthelastparagraphtheauthorshowshisappreciationof_.AthesizeofpopulationinBritain.BthepoliticallifeintodaysBritainCtheenviableurbanlifestyleinBritainDthetown-and-countryplanninginBritainText3“ThereisoneandonlyonesocialresponsibilityofbusinesswroteMiltonFriedmanaNobelprize-winningeconomist.Thatistouseitsresourcesandengageinactivitiesdesignedtoincreaseitsprofits.ButevenifyouacceptFriedmanspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofshareholdersmoneythingsmaynotbeabsolutelyclear-cut.NewresearchsuggeststhatCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompaniesatleastwhentheyareprosecutedforcorruption.ThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSRaccordingtoanestimatelastyearbyEPGaconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.FirstconsumersmaytakeCSRspendingasasignalthatacompanysproductsareofhighquality.Secondcustomersmaybewillingtobuyacompanysproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegoodcausesithelps.Andthirdthroughamorediffusehaloeffectwherebyitsgooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.PreviousstudiesonCSRhavehadtroubledifferentiatingtheseeffectsbecauseconsumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentpaperattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmericasForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumeacompanysproductsaspartoftheirinvestigationstheycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.ThestudyfoundthatamongprosecutedfirmsthosewiththemostcomprehensiveCSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.TheiranalysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirmspoliticalinfluenceratherthantheirCSRstancethataccountedfortheleniency:companiesthatcontributedmoretopoliticalcampaignsdidnotreceivelowerfines.InalltheauthorsconcludethatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyuateacasebasedonitsmeritstheydoseemtobeinfluencedbyacompanysrecordinCSR.Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcernsuchaschildlabourorincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatgenerallyare40%lowerthanthetypicalpunishmentforbribingforeignofficialssaysoneresearcher.ResearchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchbusinessesoughttospendonCSR.Nordoesitrevealhowmuchcompaniesarebankingonthehaloeffectratherthantheotherpossiblebenefitswhentheydecidetheirdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelawevidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlypunishment.31.TheauthorviewsMiltonFriedmansstatementaboutCSRwith_.AtoleranceBskepticismCuncertaintyDapproval32.AccordingtoParagraph2CSRhelpsacompanyby_.AwinningtrustfromconsumersBguardingitagainstmalpracticesCprotectingitfrombeingdefamedDraisingthequalityofitsproducts33.Theexpressionmorelenient(Line2Para.4)isclosestinmeaningto_.AmoreeffectiveBlesscontroversialClesssevereDmorelasting34.WhenprosecutorsuateacaseacompanysCSRrecord_.AhasanimpactontheirdecisionBcomesacrossasreliableevidenceCincreasesthechanceofbeingpenalizedDconstitutespartoftheinvestigation35.WhichofthefollowingistrueofCSRaccordingtothelastparagraphAItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenoverlooked.BThenecessaryamountofcompaniesspendingonitisunknown.CCompaniesfinancialcapacityforithasbeenoverestimated.DIthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingindustry.Text4TherewilleventuallycomeadaywhenTheNewYorkTimesceasestopublishstoriesonnewsprint.Exactlywhenthatdaywillbeisamatterofdebate.Sometimeinthefuturethepaperspublishersaidbackin2010.Nostalgiaforinkonpaperandtherustleofpagesasidetheresplentyofincentivetoditchprint.Theinfrastructurerequiredtomakeaphysicalnewspaperprintingpressesdeliverytrucksisntjustexpensiveitsexcessiveatatimewhenonline-onlycompetitorsdonthavethesamesetoffinancialconstraints.Readersaremigratingawayfromprintanyway.Andthoughprintadsalesstilldwarftheironlineandmobilecounterpartsrevenuefromprintisstilldeclining.OverheadmaybehighandcirculationmaybelowerbutrushingtoeliminateitsprinteditionwouldbeamistakesaysBuzzFeedCEOJonahPeretti.PerettisaystheTimesshouldntwastetimegettingoutoftheprintbusinessbutonlyiftheygoaboutdoingittherightway.Figuringoutawaytoacceleratethattransitionwouldmakesenseforthemhesaidbutifyoudiscontinueityouregoingtohaveyourmostloyalcustomersreallyupsetwithyou.Sometimesthatsworthmakingachangeanyway.PerettigivestheexampleofNetflixdiscontinuingitsDVD-mailingservicetofocusonstreaming.Itwasseenasablunderhesaid.Themoveturnedouttobeforesighted.AndifPerettiwereinchargeatTheNewYorkTimesIwouldntpickayeartoendprinthesaid.Iwouldraisepricesandmakeitintomoreofalegacyproduct.Themostloyalcustomerswouldstillgettheproducttheyfavortheideagoesandtheydfeelliketheywerehelpingsustainthequalityofsomethingtheybelievein.SoifyoureoverpayingforprintyoucouldfeellikeyouwerehelpingPerettisaid.Thenincreaseitasahigherrateeachyearandessentiallytrytogenerateadditionalrevenue.Inotherwordsifyouregoingtomakeaprintproductmakeitforthepeoplewhoarealreadyobsessedwithit.WhichmaybewhattheTimesisdoingalready.Gettingtheprinteditionsevendaysaweekcostsnearly$500ayearmorethantwiceasmuchasadigital-onlysubscription.ItsareallyhardthingtodoanditsatremendousluxurythatBuzzFeeddoesnthavealegacybusinessPerettiremarked.Butweregoingtohavequestionslikethatwherewehavethingsweredoingthatdontmakesensewhenthemarketchangesandtheworldchanges.Inthosesituationsitsbettertobemoreaggressivethanlessaggressive.36.TheNewYorkTimesisconsideringendingitsprinteditionpartlydueto_.AthehighcostofoperationBthepressurefromitsinvestorsCthecomplaintsfromitsreadersDtheincreasingonlineadsales37.PerettisuggeststhatinfaceofthepresentsituationtheTimesshould_.AseeknewsourcesofreadershipBendtheprinteditionforgoodCaimforefficientmanagementDmakestrategicadjustments38.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraphs5and6thatalegacyproduct_.AhelpsrestorethegloryofertimesBismeantforthemostloyalcustomersCwillhavethecostofprintingreducedDexpandsthepopularityofthepaper39.Perettibelievesthatinachangingworld_.AlegacybusinessesarebecomingoutdatedBcautiousnessfacilitatesproblem-solvingCaggressivenessbettermeetschallengesDtraditionalluxuriescanstayunaffected40.WhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetextAShifttoOnlineNewspapersAllatOnceBCherishtheNewspaperStillinYourHandCMakeYourPrintNewspaperaLuxuryGoodDKeepYourNewspapersForeverinFashionPartBDirections：ReadthefollowingtextsandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubheadingfromthelistA-Gforeachofthenumberedparagraphs(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubheadings.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)ACreateanewimageofyourselfBHaveconfidenceinyourselfCDecideifthetimeisrightDUnderstandthecontextEWorkwithprofessionalsFMakeitefficientGKnowyourgoalsNomatterhowalorinaltheworkenvironmentthewayyoupresentyourselfhasanimpact.Thisisespeciallytrueinfirstimpressions.AccordingtoresearchfromPrincetonUniversitypeopleassessyourcompetencetrustworthinessandlikeabilityinjustatenthofasecondsolelybasedonthewayyoulook.Thedifferencebetweentodaysworkplaceandthedressforsuccesseraisthattherangeofoptionsissomuchbroader.Normshaveevolvedandfragmented.Insomesettingsredsneakersordresst-shirtscanconveystatusinothersnotsomuch.Pluswhateverimagewepresentismagnifiedbysocial-mediaserviceslikeLinkedIn.Chancesareyourheadshotsareseenmuchmoreoftennowthanadecadeortwoago.Millennialsitseemsfacetheparadoxofbeingtheleastalgenerationyetthemostconsciousofstyleandpersonalbranding.Itcanbeconfusing.SohowdowenavigatethisHowdoweknowwhentoinvestinanupgradeAndwhatsthebestwaytopulloffonethatenhancesourgoalsHerearesometips:41.AsancutivecoachIveseenimageupgradesbeparticularlyhelpfulduringtransitionswhenlookingforanewjobsteppingintoanewormorepublicroleorchangingworkenvironments.Ifyoureinaperiodofchangeorjustfeelingstuckandinarutnowmaybeagoodtime.Ifyourenotsureaskforhonestfeedbackfromtrustedfriendscolleaguesandprofessionals.Lookforcuesabouthowothersperceiveyou.MaybetheresnoneedforanupgradeandthatsOK.42.Getclearonwhatimpactyourehopingtohave.AreyoulookingtorefreshyourimageorpivotitForonepersonthegoalmaybetobetakenmoreseriouslyandenhancetheirprofessionalimage.Foranotheritmaybetobeperceivedasmoreapproachableormoremodernandstylish.ForsomeonemovingfromfinancetoadvertisingmaybetheywanttolookmoreSoHo.(ItsOKtousecharacterizationslikethat.)43.Lookatyourworkenvironmentlikeananthropologist.WhatarethenormsofyourenvironmentWhatconveysstatusWhoareyourmostimportantaudiencesHowdothepeopleyourespectandlookuptopresentthemselvesThebetteryouunderstandtheculturalcontextthemorecontrolyoucanhaveoveryourimpact.44.Enlistthesupportofprofessionalsandsharewiththemyourgoalsandcontext.HireapersonalstylistorusethefreestylingserviceofastorelikeJCrewTryahairstylistinsteadofabarber.Workwithaprofessionalphotographerinsteadofyourspouseorfriend.Itsnotasexpensiveasyoumightthink.45.Thepointofastyleupgradeisnttobecomemorevainortospendmoretimefussingoverwhattowear.Insteaduseitasanopportunitytoreducedecisionfatigue.Pickastandardworkuniorafewgo-tooptions.Buyallyourclothesatoncewithastylistinsteadofshoppingaloneonearticleofclothingatatime.PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Mentalhealthisourbirthright.(46)Wedonthavetolearnhowtobementallyhealthyitisbuiltintousinthesamewaythatourbodiesknowhowtohealacutormendabrokenbone.Mentalhealthcantbelearnedonlyreawakened.Itisliketheimmunesystemofthebodywhichunderstressorthroughlackofnu