（天津专用）2019高考英语二轮增分策略 专题三 阅读理解 第二节 分类突破 十二 主旨大意-文章大意题课件.ppt

十二、主旨大意文章大意题,专题三第二节分类突破,真题感悟,名师点津,内容索引,随堂限时练,真题感悟,(2018北京，A)MyFirstMarathon(马拉松)Amonthbeforemyfirstmarathon，oneofmyankleswasinjuredandthismeantnotrunningfortwoweeks，leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain.Yet，Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.Irememberbacktomy7thyearinschool.InmyfirstP.E.class，theteacherrequiredustorunlapsandthenhitasoftball.Ididntdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwas“notathletic”.,TheideathatIwas“notathletic”stuckwithmeforyears.WhenIstartedrunninginmy30s，Irealizedrunningwasabattleagainstmyself，notaboutpetitionorwhetherornotIwasathletic.Itwasallaboutthebattleagainstmyownbodyandmind.Atestofwills!Thenightbeforemymarathon，IdreamtthatIcouldntevenfindthefinishline.Iwokeupsweatingandnervous，butreadytoprovesomethingtomyself.Shortlyaftercrossingthestartline，myshoelaces(鞋带)becameuntied.SoIstoppedtoreadjust.NotthestartIwanted!Atmile3，Ipassedasign：“GOFORIT，RUNNERS！”,Bymile17，Ibecameoutofbreathandtheonceinjuredanklehurtbadly.Despitethepain，Istayedthecoursewalkingabitandthenrunningagain.Bymile21，Iwasstarving!AsIapproachedmile23，Icouldseemywifewavingasign.Sheismybiggestfan.Shenevermindedthealarmclocksoundingat4a.m.orquestionedmyexpensesonrunning.Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished!AndIgotamedal.Infact，Igotthesamemedalastheonethattheguywhocameinfirstplacehad.Determinedtobemyself，moveforward，freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签)，Icannowcallmyselfa“marathonwinner”.,语篇解读,语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者不畏艰难，挑战自我，坚持跑完马拉松，实现了一次从自我砥砺到自我认识的人生“长跑”的励志故事。文章旨在向人们传递积极的价值观：只要勇于挑战，拼搏进取，人人皆为胜者。,36.Amonthbeforethemarathon，theauthor.A.waswelltrainedB.feltscaredC.madeuphismindtorunD.losthope,解析细节理解题。由第一段第二句“Yet，Iwasdeterminedtogoahead.”并结合上句最后的“leavingmeonlytwoweekstotrain”可知，虽然作者在马拉松比赛前一个月脚踝受伤需休息两周，但他决心在仅剩的两周训练时间里继续前行，去参加马拉松长跑。此处的关键信息determined与选项C中的madeuphismind相吻合。故选C。,答案,解析,37.WhydidtheauthormentiontheP.E.classinhis7thyear?A.Toacknowledgethesupportofhisteacher.B.Toamusethereaderswithafunnystory.C.Toshowhewasnottalentedinsports.D.Toshareapreciousmemory.,解析推理判断题。根据第二段最后两句“Ididntdoeitherwell.HelaterinformedmethatIwasnotathletic.”可知，作者列举小时候第一次上体育课的例子，说明自己跑圈不行，打垒球也不行，所以老师告诉作者他不擅长体育运动。这显然表明了作者在运动方面没有天赋，与选项C的意思相匹配。,答案,解析,38.Howwastheauthorsfirstmarathon?A.Hemadeit.B.Hequithalfway.C.Hegotthefirstprize.D.Hewalkedtotheend.,解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Iwasoneofthefinalrunnerstofinish.ButIfinished！”可知，作者跑完了这次马拉松。这与选项A中的“madeit(做成)”意思相吻合。,答案,解析,39.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Amanoweshissuccesstohisfamilysupport.B.Awinnerisonewithagreateffortofwill.C.Failureisthemotherofsuccess.D.Oneisnevertoooldtolearn.,解析文章大意题。根据作者对自己马拉松情况的叙述可知，对于一位脚踝有伤、不具有运动天赋的人来说去跑马拉松面临的挑战可想而知，但作者不畏艰难，凭着强大的意志力，最后成功到达终点，显然就是选项B提到的“一位具有强大意志力的获胜者”。故选B项。,答案,解析,名师点津,一、题型解读说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类，都会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有：(1)Whatisthemaintheme/topic/ideaofthis/thepassage/thetext?(2)Whatdoesthetext/passagemainlyfocuson?(3)Thepassageismainlyabout.(4)Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageis.(5)Thepassagemainlyfocuseson.,二、解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。,主题句的位置一般有以下几种：(1)主题句出现在文首。开门见山，提出主题，用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想，是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。(2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。(3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。(4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。,以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1.段落中出现表示转折的词语(如however，but，infact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2.首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3.作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4.表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore，thus，inshort，conclude，conclusion等词。,例如：【真题感悟】中第39题，通读全文可知，作者在讲述自己跑马拉松的经历，再根据最后一段“Determinedtobemyself，moveforward，freeofshameandworldlylabels(世俗标签)，Icannowcallmyselfamarathonwinner.”可知，作者成功跑完马拉松源于自己的强大意志力。故选B。,随堂限时练,A(2018天津十二区县二模)Whilelearningthesciencelessons，Iusedtogetadoubtwhyears，nose，tongueandeyesshouldbecalledasspecialsenses?Thebasicreasonisthatthesearethechannelsthroughwhichwemaintaincontactwiththesurroundings.Thoughapparentlyitmayfeelliketheseareindividualsensoryorgans，theydoshowsomeconnectivity.Interestingly，ourhearingislesssharpafterweeataheavyfood.Isntitgoodforasoundnapafterastomach-fullmeal？Thatdoesnotmeanwegodeafafterameal，butthehearingpitch(强度)doeschangeafteraheavymeal.,Weusuallygivecreditofthetastetoourtongue，butdoyouknowthatunlesssaliva(唾液)dissolvessomething，ourtonguecannotrecognizethetasteofthefoodeaten.Tasteisnothingbutthefoodchemicalsdissolvedinthesalivabeingsensedbythetastebudspresentonthetongue.Trytodryoffyourtongueandmouthwithatissuepaperandthentastesomething.Womenaremuchbettersmellersthanmen.Theyarebornwiththischaracteristicabilityandcancorrectlypinpoint(准确说出)theexactfragranceofthesample.Weallcanstorealmost50,000differentscents，whicharestronglytiedtothememories.,Pupils(瞳孔)donotrespondtolightalone，buttotheslightestbitofnoisearoundtoo.Thussurgeons，watchmakersandthoseprofessionalswhohavetoperformamuchdelicatejobdoprefertohaveasound-freeenvironment.Evenasmallnoisecandilate(扩大)theirpupils，changethefocusandblur(使模糊)theirvision.Ifyoudonotwearglassesorcontactlensduetohavinga6/6vision，youarejustamongtheonethirdofthehumanpopulation.Itisnowstatisticallyprovedthatonlyonethirdofthepopulationhasperfectvision，restallareeitherwearingglassesoraretryingtoreadwithapromisedvision.,Eachandeveryoneofushasaparticularorindividualisticorcharacteristicsmell，whichisuniquetous，exceptfortheidenticaltwins.Thissmellisverysubtle(微妙的)yetcanbesensedevenbyanewborn.Itmaybeduetothisscentthatthenewbornrecognizesthepresenceofhisparentsaround.Manyofuscanpinpointthesmellofoursignificantfriendsandcolleagues.Asignificantpartofthisphenomenonisguidedbygeneticsbutitisalsochangedbytheenvironment，dietandpersonalhygiene.Thisalltogethercreatestheuniquechemistrythatisindividualisticforeachperson.,1.WecanlearnfromParagraph1that.A.afterafullmealourhearingisasgoodasbeforeB.allsensoryorgansareconnectedandcanbeexchangedC.sensoryorgansfunctionscanneverbechangedfortheirparticularcharacterD.wefeelandlearnabouttheworldaroundusthroughoureyes，ears，noseandtongue,解析细节理解题。根据第一段第一、二句“.Iusedtogetadoubtwhyear，nose，tongueandeyesshouldbecalledasspecialsenses？Thebasicreasonisthattheseare.surroundings.”可知，我们通过感官和外界保持联系。,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析细节理解题。根据第一段倒数第一、二、三句可知，吃饱后人的听觉会降低，但不会变聋。,2.Whatmayhappenafteryouhavehadarichlunch?A.Youreyesbeedim.B.Youmayfeelenergeticandfresh.C.Yourhearingpitchmaybedecreased.D.Yourtonguemaylosethefunctionoftaste.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析句意理解题。根据第二段内容可知，舌头必须在唾液的配合下才能分辨味道，如果用纸把舌头擦干，舌头的味觉功能就会丧失。故选B。,3.WhatdoestheauthormeanbytheunderlinedsentenceinParagraph2?A.Ourtonguescantbedriedwhileeatingsomething.B.Ifyourtongueisdriedwithoutanysalivaonit，itwillnotwork.C.Atissuepaperistheonlythingthatcanbeusedtodryourtongues.D.Ifyourtongueisdriedwithatissuepaper，itmayworkaswellasbefore.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析细节理解题。根据最后一段第一句“Eachandeveryoneofushasaparticularorindividualisticorcharacteristicsmell，whichisuniquetous，exceptfortheidenticaltwins.”可知，除同卵双胞胎以外，我们每个人身上都有独特的味道。故选C。,4.Whatmakeseachpersondifferentfromanyoneelseexceptidenticaltwins?A.Thenumberofsensoryorgans.B.Thefunctionsofsensoryorgans.C.Theparticularsmellofaperson.D.Thestyleofonesbehaviour.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,解析主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，这篇文章讲的是感觉器官的联系和功能。,5.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Thefunctionsofsensoryorgans.B.Theconnectivityofourtongueandear.C.Anewbornssensesofthesensoryorgans.D.Thedifferencesofsensesbetweenwomenandmen.,答案,解析,1,2,3,4,5,B(2018天津部分区县一模)Doyoulistentothesongsthatyourparentslike?Chancesarethatyoudont.Youprobablythinkthemusicthattheylikeisoldanddullandthatthesongsonyourplaylistaremuchcooler.Buthereiswhatscientistsfoundrecently：peoplesmusictasteschangeastheyage，accordingtoastudypublishedintheJournalofPersonalityandSocialPsychology.Soitslikelythatyourownmusicalpreferencewillfollowasimilarpathtoyourparents，whetheryoulikeitornot.,Weusedtothinkthatcultureandpersonalityaretheonlyfactorsthataffectonesmusicchoice.ButresearchersattheUniversityofCambridge，UK，gathereddatafrommorethan250,000peopleoverthepast10years.Theynoticedthataspeopleage，theirsocialcircumstanceschange，andsodoestheirmusictastes.Therearethreemusicalperiodsthatpeoplepassthroughastheymature“intense”，“contemporary”and“sophisticated”.Thefirstperiodesintheteenageyears，duringwhichtimepeoplelikeintensemusicsuchaspunkandrockbecauseteenagerstendtobeaggressiveandwanttoestablishtheiridentityasindependentindividuals.,Butaspeoplemoveintoearlyadulthood，theirlifestylechangestheysocializemoreandwanttobuildcloserelationshipswithothers.Asaresult，theybeemorefondofcontemporarymusic，suchaspopandR&B，whichisusuallyupliftinganddanceableandplayedatpartieswherepeoplehangouttogetherandchat.Whenmiddleagees，thingshavesettleddownformostpeople.Thisperiodwillbedominated(支配)bymore“sophisticated”music，suchasjazzandclassical，aswellasmorecatchymusiclikecountry，folk，andblues.,“Formany，thislifestageisfrequentlyexhaustedbyworkandfamily，andthereisarequirementforrelaxing，emotive(有感染力的)music，”JasonRentfrow，aresearchermember，toldThetelegraph.Butyoumustbethinking：“Arentthereoldpeoplewhoarestillintorockmusic？”Ofcoursethereare.ButRentfrowexplainedthattheirreasonsforlisteningtorockmusicmayhavechanged.“Weusemusicfordifferentreasons，”hesaid，andthusatthatagepeoplemaylistentoremindthemselvesoftheiryouths.,语篇解读,语篇解读本文主要讲述了“是什么影响了人们的音乐品味？”研究发现音乐品味随着年龄的增长而变化。,解析细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“Buthereiswhatscientistsfoundrecently：peoplesmusictasteschangeastheyage”可知，音乐的品味随着年龄的增长而变化，所以孩子与父母喜欢的音乐不同。可知答案为B。,6.Whydochildrenusuallylikedifferentsongsfromtheirparentsaccordingtothepassage?A.Childrenprefercoolmusic.B.Musictastechangeswithage.C.Parentssongsarealwaysdull.D.Parentshavebettersocialcircumstances.,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,7.Theunderlinedword“catchy”inParagraph7probablymeans“”.A.touchingandeasilyrememberedB.awkwardandeasilycapturedC.elegantbutdifficulttounderstandD.flexibleanddifficulttocatch,答案,解析,6,7,8,9,10,解析词义猜测题。由该画线词后列举的例子，如乡村音乐、民谣音乐和