高中英语构词法.ppt

Classify:pathwayfreedomdarkestplaceunfairlockeverydayriversidenursedisagree,合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词):,转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性):,派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词):,everydaypathwayriverside,unfairdarkestdisagreefreedom,lockplacenurse,构词法,构词法：,合成(Compounding),派生法（Derivation）【前缀/后缀】,转化法（Conversion）【词性转换】,合成词Compound,pain-killer,止痛药,color-blind,色盲,sleep-walk,梦游,sleep-walker,1.合成名词(1)n+nairconditionerbloodpressureincometaxcreditcard(2)adj+ncentralbankfastfood,空调血压所得税信用卡中央银行快餐,solarsystemremotecontrol(3)v-ing+另一词washingmachinedrivinglicense(4)其他方式by-producteditor-in-chief,太阳系遥控洗衣机驾驶执照副产品主编,2.合成形容词(1)过去分词或带ed词尾的词构成。absent-mindedgrey-haired(2)动词的ing或另一词构成long-sufferingfar-reaching,心不在焉的头发灰白的长期受苦的深远的(影响),3.合成动词及合成副词overeatbaby-sitempty-handed,吃得太多看孩子一无所获的,加前缀：happy-_happy加后缀：develop-develop_既加前缀又加后缀：employ-_employ_,un,ment,un,ment,派生词（derivation）,派生法（Derivation）-词缀法,1.前缀:,Pre-（前）,Pre-reading,preview,prepay,Re-(重新),Rewrite,reconsider,reuse,dis-（不）,disagree,dislike,disappear,in/im-（不）,incorrect,impossible,mis（错误或失当）,super-（超级）,mini-（微小）,misunderstand,mislead,supermarket,superman,miniskirt,minibus,foretell,forecast,post(之后),postwar,post-reading,fore-(前，预先),semicircle,semi-final,semi-(半，部分),antiwar,anti-Japanesewar,anti-(阻止，抗),underground,under-develop,under-（在下，在中）,2.常见的后缀,1).名词后缀：-er-or-tion-ment-ity-ist-hood-ion,请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连，组成新词：work,educate,develop,visit,satisfy,teach,sail,ability,piano,art,child,act,brother,solute,conclude,move,possible,-er-or-tion-ment-ity-ist-hood-ion,teacher,workervisitor,sailoreducation,satisfactiondevelopment,movementability,possibilitypianist,artistchildhood,brotherhoodaction,solution,conclusion,如：,-ous-ful-able,-ible-ant,-ent-ary,dangerous,humoroushelpful,carefulcomfortable,responsibleimportant,excellentmilitary,voluntary,2）.形容词后缀：,3）.副词性的词缀：,-ly-wards,quickly,softly,yearlybackwards,forwards,转化法（Conversion）,Ithasagoodtaste.,Ittastesverygood.,record,n.记录,v.记录,LiuXiangBrokethe100mHurdlesWorldRecord.,Heliestorecordsomethingwhilereadingabook.,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,wrong,mistaken,mistake,misunderstand,understand,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,n.,反义,独立的,词根,adj.,残疾的,n.,不可能的,n.,反义,n.,误解,词根,大学生,词根,n.,近义,反义,WordsBuilding,correct,n.,反义,独立的,词根,adj.,残疾的,n.,不可能的,n.,反义,n.,误解,词根,大学生,词根,n.,近义,反义,WordsBuilding,correct,correction,incorrect,independent,depend,dependable,disable,disability,impossible,possible,possibility,expression,education,wrong,mistaken,mistake,understand,underground,undergraduate,graduate,graduation,underway,subway,subtitle,always,sideways,n,教育,表达,O,独立的,root,adj,残疾的,n,不可能的,O,n,S,S,n,误解,root,大学生,root,n,地下的,地下通道,地铁,副标题,总是,misunderstand,缩写和简写:缩写和简写(也被称为截断法或缩短法)主要采取:“截头”,“去尾”或者“既截头又去尾”的方法生成新词.,telephone-phoneairplaneplanelaboratory-labmathematics-mathadvertisementadexamination-exam,另外还有许多缩写词是由各个单词的首字母组成.CD(compactdisk)CCTV(ChinaCentralTelevision)NBA(NationalBasketballAssociation)UFO(unidentifiedflyingobject)UN(UnitedNations)ID(identification)USA(UnitedStatesofAmerica),1.Hewasoneofthebest_inyesterdaysfootballmatch.(play)2.Look!How_Kateislaughing!(happy)3.Itsnowed_lastnightandnowthestreetsarecoveredwithsnow.(heavy)4.Edisonwasagreat_.Duringhislifehehadmany_.(invent),players,happily,heavily,inventor,inventions,构词法精练,Usetheappropriateformofthewordstofillintheblanks.,按括号内的要求改写下列单词:,rain(形容词)_agree(反义)_nation(形容词)_farm(人)_recent(副词)_friend(形容词)_hope(形容词)_back(形容词)_visit(名词)_home(形容词)_eight(序数词)_true(名词)_America(形容词)_China(形容词)_,rainy,national,recently,hopeful,visitor,eighth,American,disagree,farmer,friendly,backwards,homeless,truth,Chinese,5.Moreandmore_havecometovisitChinaovertheseyears.（foreign）6.Wewant_reasonsforyourfailuretohelp.(satisfy)7.Pleasegivemesomereferencework.Itwill_mytask.(simple)8.Theboyhadthe_ofbeinghalfstarved.(appear)9.Thepolicehave_aplotagainstthePresident.(cover)10.ThedoctorsaidthatMarysmotherneededan_.(operate),foreigners,satisfactory,simplify,appearance,uncovered,operation,11.Shehopedthathersonwouldbecomea_.(music)12.Few_wordsmadeusexcited.(speak)13.Thedaysonthemoongethotterthan_water.(boil)14.Thankyouforyour_.(kind)15.Manycollegestudentsworkwhiletheyarestudyingbecausetheywanttomakesomemoneyfortheircollege_.(expensive)16.Mostinternational_lettersarewritteninEnglish,too.(busy),musician,spoken,boiling,kindness,expenses,business,17.Theboynoticedan_mistakeonhispaper,buthedecidednottosayanythingaboutit.(correct)18.WheninRome,doasthe_do.(Rome)19.Theteacherwaspleasedwithher_.(honest)20.Themotherdidntknowwhyherdaughterwascrying_.(noise),uncorrected,Romans,honesty,noisily,Fillintheblankswithproperwords,Withthe(1)_(develop)ofindustry,airpollutionisgettingmore(2)_moreserious.InBeijing,manypeoplesufferdifferentkindsofillnessesbecause(3)_airpollution.Airpollutioniscaused(4)_thefollowingreasons:abouthalfoftheproblemiscausedbyvehicles.Therearemoreandmorecars,busesontheroads,andtheygive(5)_poisonousgases.25%ofairpollutioniscausedbyfactories.Another(6)_(fact)isthesmokers.Smokingnotonlydoes(7)_totheirhealth(8)_alsotoothers.Besidesthese,about10%ofair(9)_iscausedbyotherreasons.Weshouldtakesomemeasurestofight(10)_pollution.Newfuelcanbeusedtoreplacegas.Wecanplantmoretrees.Ifeverybodyrealizestheimportanceofenvironmentanddoessomethingtostoptheproblemwillbesolved.,development,and,of,by,out,factor,harm,but,pollution,against,附：类比构词（Word-FormationbyAnalogy）,类比构词是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。例如：work-aholic（工作迷）系仿alcoholic（嗜酒者）而造seajack（海上劫持）和skyjack（空中劫持）则是类比hijack（拦路抢劫）hijacker（强盗）而成，故都属类比词。,从原形词与类比词的联系来看，英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类：,一.数字、色彩类比,数字类比，例如，美国总统夫人在英语中称FirstLady（第一夫人），通过该词美国人又联想类比出FistFamily（第一家庭）。FirstMother（第一母亲）等词。就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增，获得了FirstDog（第一狗）的殊荣，可谓一人得道，鸡犬升天。色彩类比，例如，BlackPower（黑人权力）最初是美国黑人在争取自身权力斗争中提出的政治口号，后为美国其他少数种族所借用。为了反歧视争平等。印第安人提出了RedPower，美籍墨西哥人也提出了BrownPower。另外，老年人为维护自身权益则提出GrayPower.美国英语中还因美元为绿色钞票而类比出greenpower一词，借指“金钱的力量”。greenpower虽与上述种种Power风马牛不相及，但同属色彩类比，甚是有趣，亦含幽默。再看一例，较早出现的blue-collar（蓝领阶层的）和white-collar（白领阶层的）分别指“体力工作者的”和“脑力工作者的”，稍后产生的pink-collar（粉领阶层的）和gray-collar（灰领阶层的），则分别指“典型女性职业工作者的”和“维修保养行业工作者的”。近年来，又有两个新的英语类比词问世，即gold-collar（金领阶层的）和bright-collar（亮领阶层的），分别表示“高级专业人士的”和“电脑及通讯专业人士的”。,二.反义、对义类比,这方面英语类比词数目不少，俯拾可得。例如，nightmare（梦魇daymare（昼魇），brain-drain（人材流失）brain-gain（人材流入），flashback（倒叙）flash-forward（超前叙述），high-tech（高技术的）low-tech（低技术的），等等。在这方面，有些类比词来得有趣，仿造奇特。例如manFriday源于小说鲁滨逊飘流记，指主人公于星期五救出的一个土人，后成其忠仆，故名。该词进入英语词汇后泛指“忠实的仆人”或“得力的助手”。后来出现的girlFriday一词系仿此而造，专指“忠实的女仆”或“得力的女助手”。又如，boycott（联合抵制）一词的来历可追溯到19世纪末。当年在爱尔兰的梅奥郡有个地主名叫CharlesCunnighamBoycott，他压