2019版高考英语大二轮复习 第二部分 阅读理解 13 社会文化类课件.ppt

专题十三社会文化类,-2-,(2018全国C)Languageshavebeeningandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlessingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.,-3-,Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdowntobeefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalpulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettermunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.,-4-,Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlyaround200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位数)ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.,-5-,Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoextinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.,-6-,28.Whatcanweinferaboutlanguagesinhunter-gatherertimes?A.Theydevelopedveryfast.B.Theywerelargeinnumber.C.Theyhadsimilarpatterns.D.Theywerecloselyconnected.29.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Complex.B.Advanced.C.Powerful.D.Modern.30.Howmanylanguagesarespokenbylessthan6,000peopleatpresent?A.About6,800.B.About3,400.C.About2,400.D.About1,200.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Newlanguageswillbecreated.B.Peopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.C.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.D.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.,-7-,【文章结构】,-8-,【难点分析】Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.总的规则是:天气温和地区的语言种类相对较少,往往有许多人说这些语言,而炎热、潮湿地区的语言种类很多,但往往说这些语言的人数少。分析:thatmildzoneshave.while.是宾语从句。while是并列连词,连接两个并列分句,表示对比。spokenby.是过去分词短语,作后置定语修饰前面的languages。,-9-,【语篇导读】本文是说明文。在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,语种众多。但是随着工业化、贸易、全球化等的发展,许多语种消失了。28.B推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers.theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem”可知,在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,人们使用的语言种类很多。29.C词义猜测题。根据上文提到的“.allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear”和下文的“suchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover”可知,英语、西班牙语和汉语正在逐渐取代一些语言。由此可猜测该词的意思是“占优势的”,所以选C项。,-10-,30.B细节理解题。根据第三段的第一句“Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages”和最后一句中的“isamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat”可知,B项正确。31.C主旨大意题。通读全文可知,在依靠狩猎和采集生活的时代,语种众多。但是随着工业化、贸易、全球化等的发展,许多语种消失了。由此可知,人类的发展导致了语种的减少,所以选C项。,-11-,A(2018河南郑州三模)“YearsagowhenIwasattheGrandCanyon,Irememberedsomeoneinguptothecanyonsedge,takingashotwithacameraandthenwalkingaway,likegotitdone,barelyevenglancingatthemagnificentsceneinfrontofhim,”LindaHenkel,ascientistatFairfieldUniversity,UStoldLiveScience.Henkelwassurprisedbyhowobsessed(着迷的)peoplearewithtakingpicturesthesedaysbeforedinner,duringfriendsbirthdayparties,onmuseumtoursandsoon.Theykeeptakingpicturesbecausetheythinkthatithelpsrecordthemoment,butasHenkelslateststudyhasjustfoundout,thisobsessionmaypreventtheirbrainsrememberingwhatactuallyhappened,reportedTheGuardian.,-12-,Inherstudy,Henkelledagroupofcollegestudentsaroundamuseumandaskedthemtosimplyobserve15objectsandphotograph15others.Thenextdaythestudentsmemoryofthetourwastested,andtheresultsshowedthattheywerelessaccurateinrecognizingtheobjectsandtheyrememberedfewerdetailsaboutthemiftheyphotographedthem.“Whenpeoplerelyontechnologytorememberthemcountingonthecameratorecordtheeventandthusnotneedingtoattendtoitfullythemselves,itcanhaveanegativeimpactonhowwelltheyremembertheirexperiences,”Henkelexplained.Butthereisalsoanexception:ifstudentszoomed(缩放)intophotographpartofanobject,theirmemoryactuallyimproved,andthosewhofocusedthelens(镜头)onaspecificareacouldevenrecallpartsthatwerentintheframe.,-13-,Sobasically,thisstudyissayingthatconstantlytakingpicturescanharmyourmemory.Butshouldntreviewingpictureswehavetakenhelpwakeupourmemories?Thisistrue,butonlyifwespendenoughtimedoingit.“Inordertoremember,wehavetoaccessandinteractwiththephotos,ratherthanjustcollectthem,”HenkeltoldTheTelegraph.However,previousresearchhasshownthatmostpeoplenevertakethetimetolookovertheirdigitalpicturessimplybecausetherearetoomanyofthemandtheyarentusuallyveryorganizedontheirputers.,-14-,【语篇解读】本文为议论文。人们都喜欢拍照,拍照有助于记录某一时刻,但拍照对我们的记忆有影响。如果我们只是简单的记录,而不去关注和欣赏的话,则会有负面的影响;如果我们以后还会欣赏这些照片则会有助于唤醒我们的记忆;如果只拍照不欣赏还不如不拍照只是欣赏的好。,-15-,1.WhydidtheauthormentionHenkelstriptotheGrandCanyonatthebeginning?A.Toplainaboutsometouristsbadhabits.B.Togivesuggestionsonhowtoenjoyonestour.C.Topointoutpeoplesobsessionwithtakingpictures.D.TodescribethebeautifulviewoftheGrandCanyon.,答案,解析,-16-,2.WhatcanwelearnfromHenkelsstudy?A.Reviewingpicturesalwayshelpspeoplebringbackmemorieseasily.B.Takingpicturesinamuseumtourhelpsstudentsrecognizeobjectsbetter.C.Peopleshouldspendmoretimetakingpicturesthanstudyingrealobjects.D.Picturesfocusingonthedetailsofobjectsprobablyimprovepeoplesmemories.,答案,解析,-17-,3.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“it”inParagraph5probablyreferto?A.Thecamera.B.Thetechnology.C.Theevent.D.Anobject.,答案,解析,-18-,4.Whatisthearticlemainlyabout?A.Peoplesobsessionwithtakingpicturesanditsinfluence.B.Possiblewaysofusingpicturestoimproveonesmemory.C.Greatharmtomemorycausedbytakingpicturesconstantly.D.Abelievablestudyintothenegativeimpactofliningcamerasoften.,答案,解析,-19-,B(2018全国D)Weveallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeunfortablesilence.Whatstheproblem?Itspossiblethatweallhavepromisedconversationalintelligence.Itsmorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseitsawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkitsannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayitsaninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.,-20-,Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecantforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldntevenexistifitwerentforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialmunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustmunicatewiththem.”,-21-,Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“Itsnotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carducc