专业四级语法冲刺.ppt

专业级四语法冲刺,V.非谓语动词,i.不定式和动名词的区别,动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。Climbingmountainsisinteresting爬山很有趣。(经验)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(经验)Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情),如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。Hiswishistobuyaluxuriouscarinthenearfuture他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。,ii.谓语动词还是非谓语动词,对谓语动词与非谓语动词区别的考查主要集中在独立主格结构，如：Allthings_becauseofthesnowstorm，manypassengerscoulddonothingbuttakethetrain.A.hadbeencanceledB.havebeencanceledC.werecanceledD.havingbeencanceled,Atlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_downtoeatourpicniclunch.A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.satIsendyou100dollarstoday,therest_inayear.A.followsB.willfollowC.tofollowD.beingfollowedIfthebuildingproject_bytheendofthismonthisdelayed,theconstructioncompanywillbefined.A.beingcompletedB.iscompletedC.tobecompletedD.completedNoonehadtoldSmithabout_alecturethefollowingday.A.therebeingB.therebeC.therewouldbeD.therewasJack_fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.A.hasbeenmissingB.hasbeenmissedC.hadbeenmissingD.wasmissed,独立结构,分词独立结构：一般分词作状语时，它的逻辑主语应是句子的主语，但有时分词的逻辑主语是其它的名/代词，n./pron.+分词的结构就是独立(主格)结构。Anewtechnique_,theyieldsasawholeincreasedby20%.Answer:havingbeenworkedout.独立结构：(不定式的逻辑主语与句子主语不同)该结构在句中一般作说明情况的状语。Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.,1.结构：(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)Withyoustandingthere,wecantwork.Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat.with/without引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being.Shelefttheroomwiththecandleburningonthetable.Hewanderedinwithoutshoesorsockson.,2.结构：S1,S2.(S1和S2的主语不一致)Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),wellplaybasketballtomorrow.Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.Theywalkedinthegarden,littlebirdssinginghappilyinthetree.Theoldmanwassittingatthetable,thenewspaperspreadbeforehim.Itbeingrainy,theyhadtocallofftheirtrip.,3.省去being或分词后，由n./pron.+adj./adv./介词短语构成。Heenteredtheroom,hisnose(being)redwithcold.Themeal(being)over,hewenttohisofficeagain.Hestoodindoorway,ahat(held)inhishand.Club(held/being)inhand,thepolicemanranafterthethief.,iii.非谓语动词常考的其它结构,1.不定式的特殊结构构成：疑问代词、副词及whether/if+todo常跟疑问代词、副词及whether/if+todo作宾语的v.有ask,consider,decide,discover,discuss,explain,findout,inquire,forget,know,learn,remember,show(演示),tell,think,understand,wonder.Istilldontknowwhomtoturntoforhelp.Theyaretryingtofindouthowtosolvetheproblem.Showmewheretoputthebooks.Theyhaventdecidedyet(asto)whethertoacceptourofferofhelp.,2.Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名词+(in)doingsth.Itisagreatfunplayingfootball.Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.3.go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪),4.Thereisno+doing.(Thereisno表示”不可能”)Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的.Thereisnodenying(thefact)thatwomenareplayinganimportantroleintheworldtoday.Thereisnojokingaboutthismatter.这事开不得玩笑(1)Thereisnopointindoingsth.做某事没有意义Thereisntmuchpoint(in)repairingthatoldcaragain.(2)Thereisnogainindoingsth.做某事没有好处Thereisnogaininbeingcruel/rudetopeople.,iv.非谓语动词的时态,1.不定式的时态如不定式动作发生在谓语动作之后(或与之同时发生或将要发生)，用一般时Heisdeterminedtoworkhardernextterm.如不定式(动态动词)表示的动作与谓语动作发生在同一时间，用进行时Theyseemtobehavingameeting.不定式动作先于谓语动作,用完成式HeissaidtohavetranslatedmanyarticlesintoEnglish.,2.动名词的时态,完成式:表明动名词动作在谓语动作前发生,使用havingdoneHewaspraisedforhavingmadeagreatcontributiontohiscountry.Hishavingbeenelectedchairmanoftheclubsurprisedusgreatly.Thepictureremindedusofhavingbeentakentothezoo.,3.现在分词的时态,(1)现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。WorkingtogetherwithDr.White,welearntalotfromhim.(2)现在分词的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。Nothavingdoneitright,Itriedagain.,A、有些现在分词由不及物动词变来，只表示一个动作已完成；无被动意义.fallenleaves,theexplodedbomb,aretiredminer,escapedprisoners,therisensun.B.时间关系不同。现在分词表示的动作正在进行，而过去分词表示的往往已完成。thechangingworld-thechangedworldboilingwater-boiledwaterdevelopingcountries-developedcountries,4.过去分词与现在分词的时间,Havingatripabroadacertaingoodfortheoldcouple,butitremains_whethertheywillenjoyit.A.toseeB.tobeseenC.seeingD.seenWalterofferedusaliftwhenhewasleavingtheofficebutourwork_,werefusedtheoffer.A.notfinishingB.hadnotbeenfinishedC.nothavingfinishedD.notbeingfinished,v.非谓语动词的语态,1.分词的语态(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom.Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)fortomorrow?Notknowingwhattodo,hewenttohisparentsforhelp.Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.,2.现在分词的被动语态,beingdone表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。havingbeendone表示动作发生在谓语之前。Whoisthepatientbeingoperatedon?Youwillfindthematterbeingtalkedaboutalloverthetown.Havingbeentoldthatsomeguestswerecoming,theygottheroomsready.,主动语态thelastpersontoleave被动语态thepersontobereliedon当不定式的逻辑主语是不定式动作的承受者，用被动语态Heisbelievedtobeelectedmonitor.Thehousetobebuiltisourdiningroom.Itisanhonorformetobeaskedtospeakhere.,3.不定式的主动与被动,6.动名词的语态,被动式:表明动名词的逻辑主语是该动作的承受者Hediditwithoutbeingasked.Theyinsistedonbeinggiventhetask.Beingtakenadvantageofisnotagoodthing.,Herewefoundlittlesnow,asmostofitseemed_blownoffthemountain.A.tohavebeenB.thatitwasC.tobeD.thatithadbeenThelab_nextyearwillbemoreadvancedthantheoldone.A.builtB.beingbuiltC.tobebuiltD.tobebuildingThedecision_,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.A.havingbeenmadeB.havingmadeC.havingbeenmakingD.beenmade,vi.非谓语动词的句子成分考点,1.不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去Ineedapentowritewith.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.,2.非谓语作状语,(1)so+形容词(或副词)+astoThehouseissohighandnarrowastoresembleatower.(2)such+名词短语+astoHisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.(3)onlyto竟然(表示与预料相反的结果)Hestudiedhardonlytofailintheexam.(4)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to够,足以Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.(5)not/nevertooto,toonotto,but/onlytooto,tooready/eager/apt/inclinedto表示肯定意义Iamonlytoopleasedtohearfromyoufurther.能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。,1.决定but(except)是否带”to”，关键在于看句子的谓语动词是否是动词”do”(1)donothinganythingeverythingbut(except)结构中不带toLastnightIdidnothingbutwatchT.V.Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.,v.带to与不带to,(2)以下情况but(except)后必须带”to”如果谓语动词不是”donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”。Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking.Idonothaveanyalternativebuttogowithhim.,2.在hadbetter,wouldrather.(than).,would.ratherthan,wouldsooner.(than),cannotbut.,canthelpbut.,may(might)aswell.(不妨.)等习惯用法中Sincesheisangry,wehadbetterletheralone.Ratherthanbeginthestreet,hewouldprefertodieofhunger.(Hewouldratherdieofhungerthanbeginthestreet.)Icouldnthelpbutwaitforthenextbustocome.Marycannotbutsing.(=Shecouldnthelpbutsing.)Icannothelpsinging.,vi.V+to”to”是介词的词组,1.下列词组中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词：beaccustomedto=beusedto习惯于,adaptto适应adjustto适应于,agreeto同意,amountto合计；等于confessto承认,attendto出席;照料devoteto献身于taketo养成习惯;喜欢,turnto着手工作,lookforwardto盼望,objectto(=beopposedto=oppose)反对,payattentionto关注,contributeto贡献,deny(to)否认,cometo提到Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain.Ipreferreadingbookstodoinghousework.Mostpeopleobjecttosmoking.注意：比较Whenitcomestodoingsth.(说到)Wetodosth.(逐渐地),2.一些固定结构中不定式的用法(1)too.to表否定含义,而enough.to.表肯定a.Itwastoocoldforustogoshopping.(=Itwassocoldthatwecouldnt.)b.Itwascoldenoughtofreezeourfingers.但enoughto之前如有否定词，不定式也表否定含义Thewaterisntwarmenoughforustogoswimming.(=Thewaterisntwarmenoughsowecant.),(2)(alltoo),onlytoo等与不定式连用表示肯定意义Hesonlytoopleasedtohelpus.非常愿意/高兴帮助我们。Ishallbeonlytoopleasedtocome.(3)tooreadyto结构表肯定意义Hestooreadytopromise.他太易于许诺。Hestooreadytocriticizeothers.,1._isnotaseriousdisadvantageinlife.A.TobenottallB.NottobetallC.BeingnottallD.Notbeingtall2.Thismayhavepreservedtheelephantfrombeingwipedoutaswellasotheranimals_inAfrica.A.huntedB.huntingC.thathuntedD.arehunted3.TheClarkshaventdecidedyetwhichhotel_.A.tostayB.istostayC.tostayatD.isforstaying,4.Ininternationalmatches,prestigeissoimportantthattheonlythingthatmattersistoavoid_.A.frombeingbeatenB.beingbeatenC.beatingD.tobebeaten5.Henoticedthehelicopterhoveringoverthefield.Thentohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder_outandthreemenclimbingdownit.A.throwingB.beingthrownC.havingthrownD.havingbeenthrown6.AIDSissaid_thenumber-onekillerofbothmenandwomenoverthepastfewyearsinthatregion.A.beingB.tobeC.tohavebeenD.havingbeen,7.TheMinisterofFinanceisbelieved_ofimposingnewtaxestoraiseextrarevenue.A.thatheisthinkingB.tobethinkingC.thatheistothinkD.tothink