LCA没美国钢产品的生命周期评价.ppt

,Draft,LifeCycleAssessmentAproduct-orientedmethodforsustainabilityanalysisUNEPLCATrainingKitModulebOverviewofLCA,WhatisLCA?WhyLCA?TheISO14040frameworkGoalandscopedefinitionInventoryanalysisImpactassessmentInterpretation,Contents,Draft,WhatisLCA?(1),Officially:LifeCycleAssessmentHereconfinedto:quantitativeenvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentofproductsenvironmentalLifeCycleAssessmentquantitativeproducts,WhatisLCA?(2),Atleastthreedifferentmeanings:LCAasafieldofstudyLCAasatechniqueLCAasaspecificstudy,WhatisLCA?(3),Basically:toolfordecision-supportcomputationalaspectswhichdatawhichmodelswhichformulasproceduralaspectswhotoinvolvehowtoreporthowtouse,WhatisLCA?(4),ISO-standardisedprocedure(ISO14040,createdin1997-2000;revisedin2006)Structuredframework:fourphasesRules,requirementsandconsiderationsspecifiedSpecificdataandcalculationstepsnotspecifiedMuchattentionfortransparencyinreporting,ISO14040framework(1),Source:ISO14040,Draft,ISO14040framework(2),ISO:Compilationandevaluationoftheinputs,outputsandthepotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycleInternationalStandardISO14040complementaryInternationalStandardsISO14041,14042,14043noTechnicalReportto14040,butTechnicalReportsto14041and1404214044mergestherevised14040-14043(2006),WhyLCA?(1),Whyaproduct-orientedinformationtool?IncreasedattentionforproductpolicyseveralnationalpolicyplansEUsIntegratedProductPolicyUNEPsInternationalDeclarationonCleanerProductionetc.Influenceconsumptionandproductionpatternsclean(er)productionecolabelproductstewardshipetc.,WhyLCA?(2),Whyanintegratedinformationtool?Preventproblemshiftingtootherlifecyclestagestoothersubstancestootherenvironmentalproblemstoothercountriestothefuture,WhyLCA?(3),Whyamethod?TostructurethelargeamountofcomplexdataTofacilitatecomparisonsacrossproductalternativesToenablebenchmarking,WhyLCA?(4),Whycomplexdata?,Draft,ISO14040framework(3),Source:ISO14040,Draft,Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(1),Phaseoflifecycleassessmentinwhichtheaimofthestudy,andinrelationtothat,thebreadthanddepthofthestudyisestablishedgoaldefinitionscopedefinition,Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(2),Goaldefinition:intendedapplicationproductdevelopmentandimprovementstrategicplanningpublicdecisionmakingmarketingotherreasonsforcarryingoutthestudyintendedaudience,Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(3),Scopedefinition:function,functionalunitandreferenceflowinitialchoicessystemboundariesdataqualitycriticalreviewandotherproceduralaspects,Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(4),Functionalunit:comparisononthebasisofanequivalentfunctionexample:1000litersofmilkpackedinglassbottlesorpackedincarton,insteadof1glassbottleversus1carton,Phase1:Goalandscopedefinition(5),Criticalreviewandotherproceduralaspectscriticalreviewtoensuretheconsistency,scientificvalidity,transparencyofthereport,ernalreview,externalreview,reviewbyinterestedpartiesproceduralembeddingofLCA:LCAasa(participatory)process,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(1),Phaseoflifecycleassessmentinvolvingthecompilationandquantificationofinputsandoutputs,foragivenproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycleSteps:preparingfordatacollectiondatacollectioncalculationproceduresallocationandrecycling,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(2),CentralpositionforunitprocesssmallestportionofaproductsystemforwhichdataarecollectedTypicalexamples:electricityproductionbycoalcombustionPVCproductionuseofapassengercarrecyclingofaluminumscrap,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(3),Datacollectionforunitprocesses:flowsofintermediateproductsorwastefortreatmentelementaryflowsfromortotheenvironment,electricityproduction,electricity,coal,generator,flyash,Draft,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(4),CombinationofunitprocessesintoaproductsystemGraphicalrepresentationinaflowdiagram,electricityproduction,electricity,coal,generator,flyash,coalmining,equipment,generatorproduction,steel,flyashtreatment,gypsum,systemboundary,referenceflow,productsystem,Draft,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(5),Draft,Source:,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(6),electricityproductionwithcogenerationofheat(CHP),electricity,coal,generator,flyash,heat,Draft,Calculationproceduresrelateprocessdatatothefunctionalunit(matrixalgebra)allocationofmultipleprocesses(multipleoutputs,multipleinputs,re-useandrecycling)aggregationoverallunitprocessesintheinventorytable,Phase2:Inventoryanalysis(7),Inventorytable,Phase3:Impactassessment(1),AssessmentoftheimportanceofthepotentialenvironmentaleffectswiththeaidoftheresultsoftheinventoryanalysisSteps:selectionanddefinitionofimpactcategories,indicatorsandmodelsclassificationcharacterisationnormalisationaggregationand/orweighing,42,Phase3:Impactassessment(2),Draft,Phase3:Impactassessment(3),ExampleofacategoryindicatorGlobalWarming:GlobalWarmingPotential(GWP):measureforGlobalWarmingintermsofradiativeforcingofamass-unitExamplecalculation:5kgCO2(GWP=1)+3kgCH4(GWP=21)=1x5+21x3kgCO2-equivalents(=68kgCO2equivalents),Phase3:Impactassessment(4),Characterisation:SimpleconversionandaggregationofGHGs:,CO2,CH4,climatechange,GWP(1and21),5and3kg,68kgCO2-eq,infraredradiativeforcing,IPCCclimatemodel,Phase3:Impactassessment(5),Impactcategories,characterisationmethodsandcharacterisationmodels:somebaselineexamples,Phase3:Impactassessment(8),Phase3:Impactassessment(7),Impactcategoryresultsstilldifficulttounderstand:differenceinunitsdifferenceinscaleNormalisationsteptorelatetheresultstoareferencevaluee.g.,totalworldimpactsin2002resultoftenreferredtoasthenormalisedenvironmentalprofile,Phase3:Impactassessment(8),Phase3:Impactassessment(9),Evenafternormalisationnoclearansweraggregationof(normalized)impactcategoryresultsintoasingleindexsubjectiveweightingfactorsneeded,Phase3:Impactassessment(10),Exampleofaweightedenvironmentalindex,Phase4:Inter