外文翻译--混合动力驱动.doc

HD6120混合动力城市客车总体设计【汽车类】【3张CAD图纸】

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HD6120混合动力城市客车总体设计

38页 18000字数+说明书+外文翻译+3张CAD图纸【详情如下】

HD6120混合动力城市客车总体设计说明书.doc

动力混合器装配图.dwg

外文翻译--混合动力驱动.doc

总布置图.dwg

驾驶区.dwg

摘    要

城市客车是市民出行的首选,在各个城市中承担着人口流动的任务,应用广泛,数量众多。同时城市客车的运行工况特殊,城市中信号灯多,站点之间距离短,运行路线固定,城市客车频繁的起步,加速,制动,怠速时间长,平均运行速度低。由于汽车设计时需要满足最高行驶车速和最大爬坡度等动力性要求,需要装备大功率发动机,使得城市客车经常处于功率过剩状态,造成了严重的能源浪费和环境污染。

  油电混合动力汽车融合了传统燃油汽车和纯电动汽车的优点,具有传统内燃机车动力性好和电动汽车清洁环保的特点,能够有效的降低能源消耗,减少污染排放,具有重要的研究意义。

关键词:混合动力;并联;城市客车;人机工程学


目    录


摘要……………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………Ⅱ

第1章 绪论…………………………………………………………………………1

   1.1选题的背景和意义…………………………………………………………1

   1.2国内外研究动态………………………………………………………………2

   1.3 研究内容与方法……………………………………………………………3

第2章 混合动力城市客车驱动系统选型…………………………………4

   2.1 混合动力客车的分类 ………………………………………………………4

       2.1.1 串联式混合动力城市客车 …………………………………………4

       2.1.2 并联式混合动力城市客车 ………………………………………5

     2.1.3 混联式混合动力城市客车 …………………………………………6

   2.2混合动力城市客车驱动系统的选择…………………………………………7

       2.2.1混合动力城市客车动力系统对比……………………………………7

       2.2.2混合动力系统结构选型依据…………………………………………9

   2.3本章小结……………………………………………………………………10

第3章 混合动力城市客车动力系统设计……………………………………11

   3.1动力系统参数计算…………………………………………………………11

       3.1.1驱动电机的选择……………………………………………………11

       3.1.2动力电池的选择……………………………………………………13

   3.2发动机的选择………………………………………………………………15

   3.3本章小结……………………………………………………………………16

第4章 混合动力城市客车动力混合器的设计………………………………17

   4.1动力混合器的作用 …………………………………………………………17

   4.2动力混合器的设计…………………………………………………………17

       4.1.1齿轮几何参数的计算……………………………………………18

       4.1.2齿轮的校核……………………………………………………20

   4.3本章小结……………………………………………………………………21

第5章 基于人机工程学的驾驶区布置………………………………………22

   5.1人机工程学………………………………………………………………22

   5.2二维人体模板的结构…………………………………………………22

   5.3人体尺寸………………………………………………………………23

     5.3.1人体主要尺寸………………………………………………………23

     5.3.2人体水平尺寸………………………………………………………23

   5.4本章小结……………………………………………………………………25

第6章 整车经济性计算…………………………………………………………26

   6.1燃油经济性的评价指标……………………………………………………26

   6.2燃油经济性的计算…………………………………………………………27

   6.3本章小结……………………………………………………………………29

结论………………………………………………………………………………30

参考文献 …………………………………………………………………………31

致谢……………………………………………………………………………………33

附录………………………………………………………………………………34


第1章 绪    论


1.1 选题的背景和意义

  汽车自诞生以来,其发展速度不断加快,与人们生活的联系越来越紧密。汽车已经不再是一个简单的代步和运输工具,它已成为许多人的生活必需品和文化生活的一部分。汽车的普及程度和技术水平甚至已经成为一个国家或地区现代化程度的标志。随着汽车工业的发展,汽车的产销量和保有量逐年增加,同时也带来了能源消耗、环境污染等许多负面影响。传统汽车对石油资源的需求越来越大,对生态环境的影响也越来越大。更糟糕的是,汽车排放的尾气中二氧化碳对气候变暖有着很大的影响;汽车尾气中氮氧化合物、一氧化碳、未燃碳氢化合物和颗粒排放物等有害物质,对人类的生态环境都产生了不利的影响。每年全球汽车排放有害气体约2亿吨以上,约占大气污染总量的60%,是大气污染的“头号杀手"。为此,各国制定了一系列十分严格的排放法规,要求汽车生产厂家设法减少汽车排放,开发无污染和超低污染汽车。面对世界能源匮乏,油价高居不下,环境污染严重的现实,节油环保便成为社会关注的焦点,新能源车的开发和应用也就成了世界范围内的新课题和大趋势。

  在诸多解决方案中,目前成功实现产业化的只有混合动力汽车。混合动力汽车既具有内燃机动力性好、工作时间长的优点,又有电动机无污染和低噪声的好处,达到了发动机和电动机的最佳匹配。由于混合动力系统本身也具有充电功能,因此不需要建设配套的充电基础设施,对蓄电池的要求,与纯电动汽车相比也大大降低。混合动力汽车在技术、经济和环境等方面具有突出的综合优势。

  而城市客车,是大部分市民出行的首选交通方式,承担着巨大的人流量,由于城市客车大部分运行在市区内,具有经常起步加速,制动停车,站台之间运行距离短,平均速度低等特殊工况,内燃机大部分时间工作在最佳工作转速范围以外,造成了能源的浪费、环境的污染以及加速了车辆本身的磨损。混合动力系统则可以优化内燃机的工作区间,大大改善上述问题,因此,发展研究混合动力城市客车具有很重大的现实意义。

1.2 国内外研究动态

  融合了纯电动汽车和燃油汽车优点的混合动力汽车,由于较好地满足了汽车低排放、低油耗、高性价比的综合要求,较好地解决了汽车节能与环保问题,因而逐渐成为世界各大汽车生产企业开发的热点,其市场前景也越来越被看好。目前,丰田公司是混合动力汽车领域的佼佼者,1997年12月,日本丰田汽车公司首先在日本市场上推出了世界上第一款批量生产的混合动力汽车“普锐斯(PRIUS)”,该轿车于2000年7月开始出口北美,同年9月开始出口欧洲。普锐斯在达成高水平的燃油经济性和环保性能的前提下,实现了出色的动力性和舒适性。“PRIUS”的正式量产上市标志以混合动力汽车为代表的新一轮汽车研发竞争的开始。为保持领先地位,丰田公司加大了对混合动力车的投入,2005年,丰田投资1000万美元在美国肯塔基州工厂改造设备和训练员工。2006年,丰田汽车公司在美国市场上推出了4款从现有车型改造成的混合动力汽车,这些混合动力汽车的外形、操控以及车内的设备和普通车完全一样。丰田的目标是最终将推出旗下几乎所有车型的混合动力版,并在2012年把混合动力汽车的产量提高到100万辆。本田公司推出了“insight”、“CIVIC”等混合动力汽车.福特公司紧随其后,推出了“ESCAPE”混合动力汽车,戴克、通用、雪铁龙、日产等公司也纷纷加快了混合动力技术的产业化开发。通用、戴克、宝马三家公司在混合动力技术发展方面结成了技术联盟,携手发展双模混合动力技术,并在2005年的北美车展上引入了一款结合了V8柴油发动机和最新一代混合动力驱动系统的S级轿车。3.1动力系统参数计算

3.1.1驱动电机的选择

  电动机是混合动力汽车的驱动单元之一,电动机驱动系统包括电动机、功率电子电路及控制部分。混合动力汽车对电机驱动系统的基本要求为:

  1、电机驱动系统具有宽广的调速范围,有着与汽车行驶一致的动力特性。简言之,低转速时恒转矩,高转速时恒功率。最高转速越高,在同样的额定输出功率下,转速越高,电动机尺寸、重量越小;

  2、动态性能好——电动机应具有较大的启动转矩和较大范围的调速性能,使HEV具有良好的起动性能和加速性能,以获得所需要的起动、加速、行驶、减速、制动所需的功率和转矩。电动机具有自动调速功能,因此,可以减轻驾驶员的操纵强度,提高家是舒适性,并且能够达到与内燃机汽车加速踏板同样的控制响应;

  3、为了减少汽车的非有效载荷,要求电机驱动系统体积小、重量轻,功率密度大,在短时间内具有较高的过载能力;

  4、高效率—这对于电动汽车意义尤其重大;

  5、电气系统安全性和控制系统安全性——抗振动、耐腐蚀、低噪音;抗干扰,具有较好的电磁兼容性;各种动力电池组和电动机的工作电压,可以达到300V以上,对电气系统安全性和控制系统的安全性,都必须符合国家或国际有关车辆电气控制的安全性能的标准和规定;

  6、能够四象限运行,实现正反转和再生制动,进能量回收,再生制动回收的能量一般可达到总能量的10%-15%,这点在内燃机汽车上是不能实现的;

  7、高电压——在允许的范围内,尽可能采用高电压,电压越高,电动机尺寸越小、重量越低,特别是可以降低功率转换器成本;


内容简介:
附 录附录A.英文文献Conventional vehicles with IC engines provide good performance and long operating range by utilizing the high-energy-density advantages of petroleum fuels. However, conventional IC engine vehicles have the disadvantages of poor fuel economy and environmental pollution. The main reasons for their poor fuel economy are (1) mismatch of engine fuel efficiency characteristics with the real operation requirement (refer to Figures 2.34 and 2.35); (2) dissipation of vehicle kinetic energy during braking, especially while operating in urban areas; and (3) low efficiency of hydraulic transmission in current automobiles in stop-and-go driving patterns (refer to Figure 2.21). Battery-powered EVs, on the other hand, possess some advantages over conventional IC engine vehicles, such as high-energy efficiency and zero environmental pollution. However, the performance, especially the operation range per battery charge, is far less competitive than IC engine vehicles, due to the much lower energy density of the batteries than that of gasoline. HEVs, which use two power sources(a primary power source and a secondary power source), have the advantages of both IC engine vehicles and EVs and overcome their disadvantages.1,2 In this chapter, the basic concept and operation principles of HEV power trains are discussed.5.1 Concept of Hybrid Electric Drive TrainsBasically, any vehicle power train is required to (1) develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle performance, (2) carry sufficient energy onboard to support the vehicle driving a sufficient range, (3) demonstrate high efficiency, and (4) emit few environmental pollutants. Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one power train. Here, the power train is defined as the combination of the energy source and the energy converter or power source, such as the gasoline (or diesel)heat engine system, the hydrogenfuel cellelectric motor system, the chemical batteryelectric motor system, and so on. A vehicle that has two or more power trains is called a hybrid vehicle. A hybrid vehicle with an electrical power train is called an HEV. The drive train of a vehicle is defined as the aggregation of all the power trains. A hybrid vehicle drive train usually consists of no more than two power trains. More than two power trains will make the drive train very complicated. For the purpose of recapturing braking energy that is dissipated in the form of heat in conventional IC engine vehicles, a hybrid drive train usually has a power train that allows energy to flow bidirectionally. The other one is either bidirectional or unidirectional. Figure 5.1 shows the concept of a hybrid drive train and the possible different power flow routes. A hybrid drive train can supply its power to the load by a selective power train. There are many available patterns of operating two power trains to meet the load requirement:1. Power train 1 alone delivers its power to the load.2. Power train 2 alone delivers its power to the load.3. Both power train 1 and power train 2 deliver their power to the load simultaneously.4. Power train 2 obtains power from the load (regenerative braking).5. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1.6. Power train 2 obtains power from power train 1 and the load simultaneously.7. Power train 1 delivers power to the load and to power train 2 simultaneously.8. Power train 1 delivers its power to power train 2, and power train 2 delivers its power to the load.9. Power train 1 delivers its power to the load, and the load delivers the power to power train 2.In the case of hybridization with a gasoline (diesel)IC engine (power train 1) and a batteryelectric machine (power train 2), pattern (1) is the engine alone propelling mode. This may be used when the batteries are almost completely depleted and the engine has no remaining power to charge the batteries, or when the batteries have been fully charged and the engine is able to supply sufficient power to meet the power demands of the vehicle. Pattern (2) is the pure electric propelling mode, in which the engine is shut off. This pattern may be used for situations where the engine cannot operate effectively, such as very low speed, or in areas where emissions are strictly prohibited. Pattern (3) is the hybrid traction mode and may be used when large power is needed, such as during sharp accelerating or steep hill climbing. Pattern (4) is the regenerative braking mode, by which the kinetic or potential energy of the vehicle is recovered through the electric motor functioning as a generator. The recovered energy is then stored in the batteries and reused later on. Pattern (5) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries while the vehicle is at a standstill, coasting, or descending a slight grade, in which no power goes into or comes from the load. Pattern (6) is the mode in which both regenerating braking and the IC engine charge the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (7) is the mode in which the engine propels the vehicle and charges the batteries simultaneously. Pattern (8) is the mode in which the engine charges the batteries, and the batteries supply power to the load. Pattern (9) is the mode in which the power flows into the batteries from the heat engine through the vehicle mass. The typical configuration of this mode is that the two power trains are separately mounted on the front and rear axles of the vehicle, which will be discussed in the following sections.The abundant operation modes in a hybrid vehicle create much more flexibility over a single power train vehicle.With proper configuration and control, applying a specific mode for a special operating condition can potentially optimize the overall performance, efficiency, and emissions. However, in a practical design, deciding which mode should be implemented depends on many factors, such as the physical configuration of the drive train, power train efficiency characteristics, load characteristics, and so on. Operating each power train in its optimal efficiency region is essential for the overall efficiency of the vehicle. An IC engine generally has the best efficiency operating region with a wide throttle opening. Operating away from this region will cause low operating efficiency (refer to Figures 2.30, 2.32, 2.34, 2.35, and 3.6). On the other hand, efficiency suffering in an electric motor is not as detrimental when compared to an IC engine that operates away from its optimal region (refer to Figure 4.14).The load power of a vehicle varies randomly in real operation due to frequent acceleration, deceleration, and climbing up and down grades, as shown in Figure 5.2. Actually, the load power is composed of two components: one is steady (average) power, which has a constant value, and the other is dynamic power, which has a zero average. In designing the control strategy of a hybrid vehicle, one power train that favors steady-state operation, such as an IC engine and fuel cell, may be used to supply the average power. On the other hand, another power train, such as an electric motor, may be used to supply the dynamic power. The total energy output from the dynamic power train will be zero in a whole driving cycle. This implies that the energy source of the dynamic power train does not lose energy capacity at the end of the driving cycle. It functions only as a power damper. In a hybrid vehicle, steady power may be provided by an IC engine, a Stirling engine, a fuel cell, and so on. The IC engine or the fuel cell can be much smaller than that in a single power train design because the dynamic power is taken by the dynamic power source, and then can operate steadily in its most efficient region. The dynamic power may be provided by an electric motor powered by batteries, ultracapacitors, flywheels (mechanical batteries), and their combinations.附录B.中文翻译装备有内燃机的传统汽车利用高能量密度的化石燃料,可以提供优良的性能以及行驶里程长。然而,传统内燃机车有经济性差和污染环境的缺点。燃油经济性差的主要原因是:(1)发动机燃油效率特性和实际运行工况的不匹配; (2)制动过程中的动能损失,尤其在城市区域运行的时候; (3)目前汽车停止-前进驱动模式中液力传动装置效率的低下。电池驱动的电动汽车, 在一方面,相比传统内燃机车具有一些优点,如高能量效率和零污染。然而, 性能, 尤其是每次充电的行驶里程, 远无法和传统内燃机车比,由于电池的能量密度远低于汽油。混合动力汽车, 有两个动力源(一个主要的和一个辅助的), 拥有内燃机车和电动汽车的优点而且避免了它们的缺点。在这一章里, 将讨论混合动力汽车动力传递路线的基本概念和运行规则。5.1 混合动力驱动的概念基本上,任何汽车动力系都需要(1) 提供充足的动力来满足性能需要, (2)携带足够的能量以支持行驶足够的里程, (3) 高效, (4) 排放较少的环境污染物。大体上, 一个汽车可以拥有多于一个动力系统。在这里,这个动力系统被定义成能量源和能量转换装置的结合或者动力源,比如汽油(或柴油)热机系统, 氢燃料电池电动系统,化学电池电机系统等等。一个拥有两个或以上动力系统的汽车称为混合动力车。一个具有电动动力系统的混合动力车称为电动混合动力车。车辆的传动系将所有的动力系统聚集起来。 通常混合动力车的驱动系不会多于两个动力系统。多于两个动力系统会似的驱动系非常的复杂。出于回收传统内燃机车辆制动过程中变成热消耗掉的能量,混合动力驱动系通常有一个动力系统允许能量双向流动。另外一个可能是双向的也可能不是。图5.1表示的是混合动力驱动系的概念和可能的能量流动路线。混合动力驱动系可以将动力通过可选择的路线传递给负载。两个动力系统满足负载的有效方式有很多种:1、 动力系统1单独传递动力到负载。2、 动力系统2单独传递动力到负载。3、 动力系统1和2同时传递动力到负载。4、 动力系统2从负载获得能量 (再生制动)。5、 动力系统2从动力系统1获得能量。6、 动力系统2同时从动力系统1和负载获得能量。7、动力系统1同时将动力传递给动力系统2和负载。8、动力系统1将能量传递给动力系统2,动力系统2将能量传递给负载。9、 动力系统1将动力传递给负载,负载将动力传递给动力系统2。汽油机(柴油机)内燃机(动力系统1)和电动动力系统(动力系统2)组合的情况下,方式(1)是发动机单独驱动模式。通常是电池几乎完全用尽并且发动机没有剩余动力给电池充电,或者
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本文标题:HD6120混合动力城市客车总体设计【汽车类】【3张CAD图纸】
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