人人文库网 > 图纸下载 > 毕业设计 > 汽车变速箱轴承专用压装装置设计【16张图纸】【优秀】

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汽车变速箱轴承专用压装装置设计【16张图纸】【优秀】

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汽车变速箱轴承专用压装装置设计【16张图纸】【优秀】.rar

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摘要

　　　轴承作为汽车的变速器的核心部分，随着汽车工业的发展，其可靠性越发被人们所关注。轴与轴承、轴套的配合为过盈配合，需要较大的压入力，并且随着压入长度的增大而增大，若不能很好的保证轴承的可靠性，很可能会引发交通事故。然而压装过程对轴承的可靠性起着决定性的作用，要将两个轴套均匀地压入无缝钢管两端，并且要保证两轴套间的相对位置，轴套压到底部后，在相应的位置还要钻攻螺纹孔，传统的人为手工压装，其弊端明显，不仅劳动强度大，效率低下，还无法满足精度要求。

　　　本次设计的装置采用液压传动，通过电动机带动皮带轮将动力传递至丝杠支承，使丝杠转动，从而带动装有螺母的压头移动，将轴套压入至指定位置，同时保证轴套与钻孔之间的相对位置，并通过安全离合器的作用，断开电机完成压装。此装置不仅可以解决在人为进行装配时的大强度、低精度等问题，还能大大地提高了效率。

关键词：汽车变速器；过盈配合；轴、轴承和轴套；轴承压装装置

摘要III

AbstractIV

1 绪论1

1.1 汽车变速器轴承的专用压机的研究内容和意义1

1.1.1 设计轴承专用压机的目的和意义1

1.1.2 轴承专用压机的研究范围1

1.1.3 轴承专用压机需达到的技术要求1

1.2 轴承及其压装在国内外的发展概况2

　　　1.2.1 轴承及其产业在国内外的发展概况2

　　　1.2.2 轴承压装在国内外的发展概况3

1.3 本课题应达到的要求4

　　　1.3.1 液压机的工作原理4

　　　1.3.2 液压机的组成部分4

　　　1.3.3 液压机的特点5

2 汽车变速器的介绍8

2.1 汽车变速器的工作原理8

2.2 汽车变速器的分类8

2.3 汽车变速器的作用9

2.4 汽车变速器的主要组成部分9

2.5 轴承的介绍10

3 设计方案的确定与选择14

3.1 机械设计步骤14

3.2 设计思路14

3.3 设计方案19

3.3.1 电动机类型的选择19

3.3.2 传动方式的选择20

3.3.3 液压机的选择22

3.3.4 液压缸的设计与选择22

3.3.5 压板的设计22

3.3.6 压头的设计23

3.3.7 离合器的选择23

3.4 总体方案的拟定24

3.5 方案可行性分析及改进24

4 系统原理及设计计算26

4.1 系统原理及硬件框图26

4.2 工作原理26

4.3 设计计算26

4.3.1 压入力计算26

4.3.2 螺杆计算28

4.3.3 电动机的功率计算29

4.4 皮带轮的选择31

4.5 轴承的选择32

4.6 螺栓强度计算32

5 结论与展望33

致谢34

参考文献35

1 绪论

1.1 汽车变速器轴承的专用压机的研究内容和意义

1.1.1 设计轴承专用压机的目的和意义

　　　本课题来源于仪佳设备维修有限公司。本次设计的汽车变速器轴承的专用压机主要用于汽车4S店维修汽车变速器轴承拆卸后的重新压装。

　　　轴承是变速箱的重要部件之一，为了使轴套与轴之间严格定位，滚动轴承与轴及轴承座孔需要采用过盈配合，而过盈需设计一变速箱轴承的专用压装装置安装及其预紧力，不仅对轴承的定位、旋转精度及轴承的游隙有影响，还对滚动轴承的接触角、轴承刚度、轴承内部的载荷分布及摩擦力等会产生影响，所以轴承压装过程直接影响变速箱的使用寿命。为了达到使轴承在变速箱内发挥到极佳的状态的目的，，即设计一能在无缝钢管两端均匀压入二轴套，且要保证二轴套的相对位置的压装装置，轴套压到底后，还需要在相应位置钻攻螺孔。

　　　设计汽车变速器轴承的专用压机的意义在于，通过此装置，对4S维修部拆卸下来的轴承进行重新压装，其达到了人为手动操作无法达到的高强度、高精度的要求，还可以大大提高一次服务所耗费的时间，达到效率最高。

1.1.2 轴承专用压机的研究范围

　　　本次设计主要涉及汽车变速器轴承的专用压装装置的设计，主要需要解决的问题是该装置中一系列部件的设计，包括：电动机及减速器的选型、液压机、轴承的选型、液压缸的选择、传动机构的设计等，并画出相应的设备图。

1.1.3 轴承专用压机需达到的技术要求

　　　压力机是一种结构精巧的通用性压力机。其用途广泛，生产效率高，特点显著，它可被广泛应用于切断、冲孔、铆合、下料、弯曲和成形等工艺。其主要包括气动压力机，螺旋压力机，曲柄压力机，多工位压力机。

　　　压力机由电机经过传动机构带动执行机构，对工件施加压力。其通常分为螺旋压力机、曲柄压力机和液压机三大类。实质上，它由框架、工作区域和作往复活动的滑动块组成，滑动块和工作台上安装的模具对零部件施加压力。

　　　压力机的主要组成部分有：

　　　（1）工作台：它是框架上的矩形部件，中间部分一般是作开口设计的，用于放置垫板。

　　　（2）垫板：它是一块用于安装模具和附件的钢板。

　　　（3）滑块：压力机上的一个活动部件，其行程取决于压力机的尺寸和设计。

　　　（4）脱模装置：它是一个在压力机回程过程中打出工件或废料的机构。

　　　（5）顶出件：它是一个置于中间部位垫板下方或者，由空气、够向上运动和施加顶橡胶、弹簧、油或组合机构驱动的能出力的机床附件。2 汽车变速器的介绍

2.1 汽车变速器的工作原理

　　　变速器是通齿轮传动装过固定或分档来改变输出轴和输入轴传动比的一\装置，又被称为变速箱。其通过更变传动比，改变发动机曲轴承受的转拒，满足在起步、加速、行驶及克服各种道路阻碍等不同行驶条件下对驱动车轮牵引力及车速的不同要求。变速器是汽车传动系中最主要的部件之一。图2.1为汽车变速器。2.2 汽车变速器的分类

（1）按传动比变化方式来分：

有级式变速器：所谓变速器档数即指其前进档位数，采用齿轮传动，具有若干个定值传动比。按所以轮系形式不同，可分为轴线固定式变速器和轴线旋转式变速器。。

　　　无级变速器的传动比自由变换的值的一定范围内，可以有无限多级的通用电气和液压式两种。变速电动无级变速器部件为直流串激电机，除了一般应用在小车在外面，在超重型卡车驱动系统也被广泛使用。移动液压元件的CVT变速器的液体力变器。

　　　综合式变速器：是一座有水力变器和齿轮式有级变速器组成的液压力机械式变速器，其传动比可在最上限与最下限之间的几个规定范围内作大范围变动，目前的应用比较广阔。

　　　（2）按操作方式来分：

　　　强制操纵式变速器：是由司机直接操作进行换档的变速器。

汽车变速箱轴承专用压装装置设计.gif

内容简介：: 英文原文Hydraulic SystemHydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved.Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industr- ial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu- stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flo- od control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measu- rement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military-industrial control devices used in artillery, ship anti- rolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devi- ces.A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of co- mponents, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydra- ulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories.The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice.In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equi - pment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence - Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed . For the implementation of components and control components, presentations are based on the corresponding circuit diagram symbols, it also introduced ready made circuit diagram symbols.Working principle of the system, you can turn on all circuits to code. If the first implementation of components numbered 0, the control components associated with the identifier is 1. Out with the implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the even components, then retracting and implementation of components corresponding to the identifier for the odd components. Hydraulic circuit carried out not only to deal with numbers, but also to deal with the actual device ID, in order to detect system failures.DIN ISO1219-2 standard definition of the number of component composition, which includes the following four parts: device ID, circuit ID, component ID and component ID. The entire system if only one device, device number may be omitted. Practice, another way is to code all of the hydraulic system components for numbers at this time, components and component code should be consistent with the list of numbers. This method is particularly applicable to complex hydraulic control system, each control loop are the corresponding number with the systemWith mechanical transmission, electrical transmission compared to the hydraulic drive has the following advantages: 1, a variety of hydraulic components, can easily and flexibly to layout. 2, light weight, small size, small inertia, fast response. 3, to facilitate manipulation of control, enabling a wide range of stepless speed regulation (speed range of 2000:1). 4, to achieve overload protection automatically. 5, the general use of mineral oil as a working medium, the relative motion can be self-lubricating surface, long service life; 6, it is easy to achieve linear motion / 7, it is easy to achieve the automation of machines, when the joint control of the use of electro-hydraulic, not only can achieve a higher degree of process automation, and remote control can be achieved.The shortcomings of the hydraulic system: 1, as a result of the resistance to fluid flow and leakage of the larger, so less efficient. If not handled properly, leakage is not only contaminated sites, but also may cause fire and explosion. 2, vulnerable performance as a result of the impact of temperature change, it would be inappropriate in the high or low temperature conditions. 3, the manufacture of precision hydraulic components require a higher, more expensive and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology.In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Micro-invasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage.Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two.The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the sam- e time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil tempera- ture. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased com- pression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc.2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system.3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydra- ulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the enviro- nment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment.Another: the hydraulic system for the three diseases, it was summed up: fever, with a father拉稀 (This is the summary of the northeast people). Hydraulic system for the lifts, excavators, pumping station, dynamic, crane, and so on large-scale industry, construction, factories, enterprises, as well as elevators, lifting platforms, Deng Axle industry and so on. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water-based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech.Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equ- ipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process tech -nology to improve reliability, promote computer-aided technology, the development of hydraulic torque con- verter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry:Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temp- erature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1)used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) Application of Hydraulic Cartridge Valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spillWater-based hydraulic systems Water-based hydraulic systems traditionally have been used in hot-metal areas of steel mills. The obvious advantage of water systems in these industries is their fire resistance. Water-based hydraulic systems also have obvious cost advantages over oil-based fluid. First, non-toxic, biodegradable synthetic additives for water cost $5 to $6 per gallon. One gallon of concentrate can make 20 gallons of a 5% solution, so the cost of water-based hydraulic fluid actually can be less than 30 cents per gallon. Considering the costs associated with preventing and cleaning up environmental contamination, water-based hydraulic systems hold the potential for tremendous cost savings at the plant level. Oil that has leaked already becomes a very important problem. It must be collected, properly contained. Water containing synthetic additives, however, can by dumped into plant effluent systems. Cost savings at the plant level dont stop at the lower cost of the fluid and its disposal. Because water-based hydraulic fluid consists of 10 parts water and one part synthetic additive, 5 gallons of additive mixes with water to make 100 gallons of water-based fluid. A 50gallon container is certainly easier to handle than two 55-gallon drums, so warehousing is simpler, cleaner, and less cluttered. Transportation costs also are lower.5 o: p# a6 |% N! e! Other potential plant-wide savings include improved safety for workers because the water-based fluid is non-toxic as well as non-flammable. These attributes can reduce plant insurance rates. Spills cost less to clean up because granular absorbents or absorbent socks are unnecessary. Water is hot again# g# D4 The oil embargo in the 1970s sparked interest in water-based fluids as a less-costly alternative to oils. Even the most expensive water additives became attractive when designers learned that one gallon of concentrate would make 20 gallons of fluid. Y9 y7 q& ?* d, r As oil prices gradually dropped, so did interest in water-based hydraulics. In retrospect, interest in water-based fluids centered around their cost saving potential. Most designers lost interest when they discovered that they could not just change the fluid in their systems from oil to water without making other substantial changes. They then become reluctant to accept other disadvantages - read substantial changes - of switching over to water-based hydraulics.& 4 w: G, R) u# j7 e4 + p. _8 I What were viewed as disadvantages were really different rules that apply to water-based hydraulic systems? Designers probably resisted learning more about water-based hydraulics because they were intimated by all the work required to lean about how to design a new system or retrofit an older system. By closing their minds to this different technology, they missed the many other advantages of water-based fluid beyond initial cost. Now that environmental concerns have added disposal costs to the price of hydraulic fluids, water-based hydraulics has again become a hot topic. Fighting freeze9 W, y+ J4 j0 I8 o6 V- F9 y Water-based hydraulic systems do, of course, have limits to their applications. One limitation is the potential of freezing. This possibility is probably the most significant blockade to more widespread application of water-based systems, especially in the mobile equipment industry. Longwall mining is by far the largest sector of mobile equipment that has been able to take advantage of water-based systems. Temperatures underground do not approach the freezing point of water, and fire resistance is essential. Mobile and even marine equipment used in temperate climates could cash in one the advantages of water based systems, but there is no guarantee that such equipment always will be used in above-freezing temperatures. Nevertheless, adding an anti-freeze to a water-based fluid can depress its freezing temperature to well below 32F. Ethylene glycol - used in automotive anti-freeze - is toxic and is not biodegradable, so its use for anti-freeze in water-based hydraulic fluid would defeat the environmental advantage water-based fluid has. There is an alternative. Propylene glycol is not toxic and is biodegradable. It costs more than ethylene glycol and is not quite as effective antifreeze, so it must be used in slightly higher concentrations. Two more techniques to reduce freezing potential are to keep fluid circulating continuously and use hose where practical. Sealing the system9 n$ i$ a. V i$ U$ u; J Two more perceived problems with water hydraulic systems are bacterial infestation and difficulty in maintain proper concentrations. Sealing the system from atmosphere can hold bacterial growth in check. Addition of an anti-bacterial agent to the fluid can have a lasting effect on preventing bacterial buildup if air is excluded from the system. t! h0 B8 P1 K: i& s A sealed reservoir eliminates another problem suffered by many hydraulic systems: water ingression. This addresses another misconception about water-based systems: water-based systems not sealed from the atmosphere must be closely monitored to ensure that the additive concentration stays within tolerance. That is because water evaporates from the reservoir more readily than the additive does. Consequently, water evaporation causes the additive concentration to increase. When new fluid is added to a system, samples of the existing fluid must be taken to determine the concentration of additive in solution. These results then reveal the ratio of additive to fluid that must be added so that fluid concentration is correct. p z- & v N: n$ With a system that seals fluid from the atmosphere, the evaporation problem is virtually eliminated. Fluid that escapes by leakage is a solution containing water and additive. Therefore, the quantity of fluid in the system changes, but concentration does not. System fluid is replenished simply by adding a pre-mixed solution of water and additive to the reservoir.3 s1 v6 Y; v* S 中文原文液压传动液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)，在伦敦用水作为工作介质，以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上，诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油，又进一步得到改善。液压传动有许多突出的优点，因此它的应用非常广泛，如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等；行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等；钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等；土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等；发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等；船舶用的甲板起重机械（绞车）、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等；特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等；军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成，即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能，指液压系统中的油泵，它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能，驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同，液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等；流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等；方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同，液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质，有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。液压系统的作用就是帮助人类做工。主要是由执行元件把压力变成转动或往复运动。液压系统由信号控制和液压动力两部分组成，信号控制部分用于驱动液压动力部分中的控制阀动作。液压动力部分采用回路图方式表示，以表明不同功能元件之间的相互关系。液压源含有液压泵、电动机和液压辅助元件；液压控制部分含有各种控制阀，其用于控制工作油液的流量、压力和方向；执行部分含有液压缸或液压马达，其可按实际要求来选择。在分析和设计实际任务时，一般采用方框图显示设备中实际运行状况。空心箭头表示信号流，而实心箭头则表示能量流。基本液压回路中的动作顺序控制元件（二位四通换向阀）的换向和弹簧复位、执行元件（双作用液压缸）的伸出和回缩以及溢流阀的开启和关闭。对于执行元件和控制元件，演示文稿都是基于相应回路图符号，这也为介绍回路图符号作了准备。根据系统工作原理，您可对所有回路依次进行编号。如果第一个执行元件编号为0，则与其相关的控制元件标识符则为1。如果与执行元件伸出相对应的元件标识符为偶数，则与执行元件回缩相对应的元件标识符则为奇数。不仅应对液压回路进行编号，也应对实际设备进行编号，以便发现系统故障。DIN ISO1219-2标准定义了元件的编号组成，其包括下面四个部分：设备编号、回路编号、元件标识符和元件编号。如果整个系统仅有一种设备，则可省略设备编号。实际中，另一种编号方式就是对液压系统中所有元件进行连续编号，此时，元件编号应该与元件列表中编号相一致。这种方法特别适用于复杂液压控制系统，每个控制回路都与其系统编号相对应与机械传动、电气传动相比，液压传动具有以下优点：1、液压传动的各种元件，可以根据需要方便、灵活地来布置。2、重量轻、体积小、运动惯性小、反应速度快。3、操纵控制方便，可实现大范围的无级调速（调速范围达2000：1）。4、可自动实现过载保护。5、一般采用矿物油作为工作介质，相对运动面可自行润滑，使用寿命长；6、很容易实现直线运动/7、很容易实现机器的自动化，当采用电液联合控制后，不仅可实现更高程度的自动控制过程，而且可以实现遥控。液压系统的缺点：1、由于流体流动的阻力和泄露较大，所以效率较低。如果处理不当，泄露不仅污染场地，而且还可能引起火灾和爆炸事故。2、由于工作性能易受到温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作。3、液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。4、由于液体介质的泄露及可压缩性影响，不能得到严格的传动比。5、液压传动出故障时不易找出原因；使用和维修要求有较高的技术水平。在液压系统及其系统中，密封装置用来防止工作介质的泄漏及外界灰尘和异物的侵入。其中起密封作用的元件，即密封件。外漏会造成工作介质的浪费，污染机器和环境，甚至引起机械操作失灵及设备人身事故。内漏会引起液压系统容积效率急剧下降，达不到所需要的工作压力，甚至不能进行工作。侵入系统中的微小灰尘颗粒，会引起或加剧液压元件摩擦副的磨损，进一步导致泄漏。因此，密封件和密封装置是液压设备的一个重要组成部分。它的工作的可靠性和使用寿命，是衡量液压系统好坏的一个重要指标。除间隙密封外，都是利用密封件，使相邻两个偶合表面间的间隙控制在需要密封的液体能通过的最小间隙以下。在接触式密封中，分为自封式压紧型密封和自封式自紧型密封（即唇形密封）两种。液压系统的三大顽疾1、发热由于传力介质（液压油）在流动过程中存在各部位流速的不同，导致液体内部存在一定的内摩擦，同时液体和管路内壁之间也存在摩擦，这些都是导致液压油温度升高的原因。温度升高将导致内外泄漏增大，降低其机械效率。同时由于较高的温度，液压油会发生膨胀，导致压缩性增大，使控制动作无法很好的传递。解决办法：发热是液压系统的固有特征，无法根除只能尽量减轻。使用质量好的液压油、液压管路的布置中应尽量避免弯头的出现、使用高质量的管路以及管接头、液压阀等。2、振动液压系统的振动也是其痼疾之一。由于液压油在管路中的高速流动而产生的冲击以及控制阀打开关闭过程中产生的冲击都是系统发生振动的原因。强的振动会导致系统控制动作发生错误，也会使系统中一些较为精密的仪器发生错误，导致系统故障。解决办法：液压管路应尽量固定，避免出现急弯。避免频繁改变液流方向，无法避免时应做好减振措施。整个液压系统应有良好的减振措施，同时还要避免外来振源对系统的影响。3、泄漏液压系统的泄漏分为内泄漏和外泄漏。内泄漏指泄漏过程发生在系统内部，例如液压缸活塞

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