国外论文格式

1 / 14 国外论文格式 Application paper The purpose of the application paper is to give you an opportunity to apply the concepts of psychology to your everyday life. The application paper requires you to integrate a theory from the information weve studied with an event or events from your personal experience. In other words, you are to use a theory to analyze and to explain something that has taken place in your life. This is not a theoretical review paper nor is it a simple report of a personal experience. An in-depth review of the theoretical material that you are going to discuss is not necessary. This is simply repeating what I can find in our text or in class notes. It would be unnecessary work for you to use space to provide an in-depth review of material already available. Instead, your task becomes one of using this knowledge to consider viable explanations for your and/or others behavior. You want to use your example as an illustration of the theory youve chosen, with your goal being to convince me that you actually do understand what the theory and concepts are all about. 2 / 14 *Technical presentation covers : * Paper Title * The Abstract * The Introduction * Related Work * The Body * Performance Experiments * The Conclusions * Future Work * The Acknowledgements * Citations * Appendices * Grammar and Small-Scale Presentation Issues * Mechanics * Versions and Distribution Tips for Writing Technical Papers , January XX ? Here are the notes from a presentation I gave at the Friday lunch, 1/27/06, with a few revisions when I reprised the talk on 12/4/09. The presentation covered: ? ? ? ? ? ? 3 / 14 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Running Example As a running example, suppose youve designed and run experiments with a new algorithm for external multipass merge-sort. Your algorithm reduces the complexity from O to O, under the premise that its acceptable to have some bounded unsortedness in the result. You plan to write up the results for submission to a major conference. Note: This example was used throughout the live presentation but I havent followed through much in these notes. Thus, the notes include several exercises for the reader. Paper Title Titles can be long and descriptive:Linear-Time External Multipass Sorting ? with Approximation Guarantees 4 / 14 or short and sweet: ? Approximate External Sort Heres a middle-of-the-road length, plus a cute name that sticks in peoples minds: ? Floosh: A Linear-Time Algorithm for Approximate External Sort The Abstract State the problem, your approach and solution, and the main contributions of the paper. Include little if any background and motivation. Be factual but comprehensive. The material in the abstract should not be repeated later word for word in the paper. The Introduction The Introduction is crucially important. By the time a referee has finished the Introduction, hes probably made an initial decision about whether to accept or reject the paper - hell read the rest of the paper looking for evidence to support his decision. A casual reader will continue on if the Introduction captivated him, and will set the paper aside otherwise. Again, the Introduction is crucially is the s 5 / 14 patented five-point structure for Introductions. Unless theres a good argument against it, the Introduction should consist of five paragraphs answering the following five questions: ? What is the problem? ? Why is it interesting and important? ? Why is it hard? ? Why hasnt it been solved before? ? What are the key components of my approach and results? Also include any specific limitations. Then have a final paragraph or subsection: Summary of Contributions. It should list the major contributions in bullet form, mentioning in which sections they can be found. This material doubles as an outline of the rest of the paper, saving space and eliminating redundancy. Related Work The perennial question: Should related work be covered near the ? beginning of the paper or near the end?Beginning, if it can be short yet detailed enough, or if its 6 / 14 critical to take a strong defensive stance about previous work right away. In this case Related Work can be either a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2. ? End, if it can be summarized quickly early on , or if sufficient comparisons require the technical content of the paper. In this case Related Work should appear just before the Conclusions, possibly in a more general section Discussion and Related Work. The Body Guideline #1: A clear new important technical contribution should have been articulated by the time the reader finishes page 3 . Guideline #2: Every section of the paper should tell a story. The story should be linear, keeping the reader engaged at every step and looking forward to the next step. There should be no significant interruptions - those can go in the Appendix; see below. Aside from these guidelines, which apply to every paper, the structure of the body varies a lot depending on content. Important components are: 7 / 14 ? Running Example: When possible, use a running example throughout the paper. It can be introduced either as a subsection at the end of the Introduction, or its own Section 2 or 3 . ? Preliminaries: This section, which follows the Introduction and possibly Related Work and/or Running Example, sets up notation and terminology that is not part of the technical contribution. One important function of this section is to delineate material thats not original but is needed for the paper. Be concise - remember the critical rule of thumb. ? Content: The meat of the paper includes algorithms, system descriptions, new language constructs, analyses, etc. Whenever possible use a top-down description: readers should be able to see where the material is going, and they should be able to skip ahead and still get the idea. Performance Experiments We could have an entire treatise on this topic alone and I am surely not the expert. Here are some random thoughts: ? 8 / 14 ? ? ? Many conferences expect experiments. Its easy to do hokey or meaningless experiments, and many papers do. Its easy to craft experiments to show your work in its best light, and most papers do. What should performance experiments measure? Possiblities: o . Pure running time o . Sensitivity to important parameters o . Scalability in various aspects: data size, problem complexity, . o . Others? ? What should performance experiments show? Possibilities: o . Absolute performance o . Relative performance to naive approaches o . Relative performance to previous approaches o . Relative performance among different proposed approaches o . Others? The Conclusions 9 / 14 In general a short summarizing paragraph will do, and under no circumstances should the paragraph simply repeat material from the Abstract or Introduction. In some cases its possible to now make the original claims more concrete, , by referring to quantitative performance results. Future Work 同学： 你好！ 感谢你对我们公司英文撰稿人岗位的关注，以下是国外论文写法的一个概述以及写论文时需要注意的问题，相信在你仔细阅读都对国外论文的写作会有一个大致的了解，希望能给你在测试或者以后合作得过程中有所帮助，谢谢！ 1. 老师一般的任务有 report和 essay之分， report与 essay 相比，主要多了 executive summary 和 table of the content之分， report 与 essay中一般要求有 introduction 和 conclusion。 essay 中主要有三大块 introduction， main body 和 conclusion，其中 main body尽量少用标题。 2. introduction 的写法。 Introduction 的四个主要部分，文章的写作背景，作者的目的，对 10 / 14 读者的作用和文章的结构。 3. executive summary 的写法。写的几个方面和introduction 差不多，而 executive summary 注重阐明文章的结论，而 introduction 注重阐述文章的结构。 4. 老师主要从三个方面对文章进行审查，一是格式，二是语言，三是内容。格式主要是指 reference 以及文章的大致安排符合要求，具体见附件部分，语言主要是看是否符合学术性语言，不要出现口语化的词语或句子。例如：文章中不要出现 I等指代不明的词语。可以换成 the author 来代替。不要出现 we， us， their的词语，可用 it can be concluded that 来替代。尽量不要用太绝对的语言，用的话请引用 reference证明。内容主要是看文章是否跑题，只要按老师给的作业要求来写就成，当然如果有拿不准的地方，可以询问老师或者先做一份提纲发给老师看看。 5. reference 的写法。见附件部分。 请注意出现在文章最好 reference 的部分一定要在文章中标识出来。例如文章出现句子： That is to say, the rise of the competitive industries is not alone, and it usually is associated with a strong rise of the relevant domestic industry . Reference 中就会出现 11 / 14 Porter, M. the competitive advantage of nations. New york: free press. 两个作者中间用 &连接，三个作者时，第一二个中间用逗号，第二三个作者中间用 &连接。 其他具体的可以看附件部分关于 reference的写法。 6. 全 文都要求用 Times New Romen, 小四，正文部分两端对齐，倍行距。 7. 英国引用数据分定性数据和定量数据，对于这些数据作者要用 reference 标识出来。 Reference的引用标准是 1000词最少 5个 Reference。 8. 文章的字数是从 introduction算到 conclusion，字数要控制在不多余或少于文章要求字数的 50字。 9. 最重要的是不要抄袭，国外有很厉害的反抄袭软件，一般只要是抄袭的都查得出来，即使是抄以前自己写过的文章也会被认为是抄袭 ，所以作者需要对看过的东西进行加工，比如同义词替代，改变句式。有时候作者没改词语只是对句子进行变换也是抄袭，文章有 10%以上的内容是抄袭就会被认为是废品。所以请大家注意千万不要抄袭。 Reference 的哈佛格式 参考文献的重要性： 1、老师拿到文章，首先就是看文章最后的参考文献格式，如果格式错误，文章会直接判不过，希望引起足够重12 / 14 视！ 2、参考文献的个数一般是每 1000 字 5 个，坚决不要中国的参考文献，包括华裔的，所以，请注意！ References 写法 , E. D. & Roth, B2B seller competence: Construct development and measurement using a supply chain strategy lens , Journal of Operations Management, 25, 杂志的写法 该文献在文中的表示方法为： Cairncross, F. The death of distance: how the communication revolution will change our lives. 2nd edn. Boston: Harvard Business School Press. 书的文献 该文献在文中的表示方法为： Leiner, B. M et al. A brief history of the Internet . Internet Society Online