主语从句与同位语从句.ppt

主语从句与同位语从句,Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsagowhenthedustsettledintoasolidglobe.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurfaceWhatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresenceofwaterallowedtheearthtodissolveharmfulgasesandacidsintotheoceansandseas.itwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.Itwasnotimmediatelyobviousthatwaterwastobefundamentaltothedevelopmentoflife.Whydisappearedstillremainsamystery.Sowhetherlifewillcontinueontheearthformillionsofyearstocomewilldependonwhetherthisproblemcanbesolved.,Subjectclausesinthereadingpassage,同位语,Idontknowabouttheman,Mr.White.,Idontknowaboutthefactthatheisateacher.,主语,Hisjobisimportant.,Whathedoesisimportant.,主语从句,同位语从句,在功能上相当于名词在主句中担任主语、同位语的名词性从句分别叫做主语从句和同位语从句。,SubjectClauses主语从句,ConjunctionsofNounClauses（引导主语从句的关联词）：,what(ever),which(ever);who(ever),whom(ever),whose,that,whether,when(ever),where(ver),how(ever),why,不用if,that不可省略,_iscertain.（我们将迟到了）2._isknowntoall.(地球是圆的)3._isapity.(你错过了这次机会),Thattheearthisround,Thatyoumissedthechance,引导词,Thatweshallbelate,_hurtshimsomuch.（她离开他）,一.that只起引导作用，不充当主语从句中成分，没有意义，但不能省略。,Thatshelefthim,二.whether“是否”，不做主语从句中成分，源于一般疑问句；“if”不能引导主语从句。,引导词,_isnoteasytosay(他是否会来这儿）.,Whetherhewillcomehere,(Ifhewillcomehere.),_ismorepractice.（我们所需要的）,_isunderdiscussion.,四.连接副词when等在从句中作状语。,Whatweneed,Whenwewillbeginthemeeting,三.连接代词what等在从句中作主语、宾语等。,注意一:主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.1.Thattheearthisroundisknowntoall.2.Thatyoumissedthechanceisapity.,Itisapitythatyoumissedthechance.,Itsknowntoallthattheearthisround.,这样就构成了下面一些常用句型:Itis+adj./n.(strange/apity/)+thatItis+v.-ed(said/reported)+that,连词whether,连接代词what,who,which和连接副词when,where,why,how等引导主语从句,也常后置:,Itisstillapuzzlewhoitwasthattoldhimthesecretyesterday.,Whowilldoit_beendecided(have/has).Whatheneeds_thatbook.Whatheneeds_somebooks.,is,are,注意三:what与that引导主语从句的区别:,what引导名词性从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语,宾语,表语等，有疑问含义；而that在从句中只起连接作用，只有陈述含义。,(1)_yousaidyesterdayisright.(2)_sheisstillaliveisafact.,What,That,注意二:主语从句对应的主句谓语动词一般用单数。但what/who等引导主语从句时，主句谓语单复数要根据语境决定。,1.Itworriedherabit_herhairwasturninggray.A.whetherB.thatC.whatD.when2.WhatIsayandthink_noneofyourbusiness.A.isB.areC.hasDhave3._heneeds_morepeopletohelphim.A.That,areB.That,isC.What,isD.What,are,ExerciseMultiplechoices,4._hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How,5._wellgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.A.IfB.WhetherC.ThatD.Where,6._isknowntousallisthattheUSAisadevelopedcountry_theFirstWorld.A.Which;belongstoB.As,belongedtoC.What;belongingtoD.It;belongingto,主语从句改错,1.Whoevermakessuchamistakeheisfoolish.2.Whattheboydidnttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.3.Ifwellgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.,),That,Whether,Correctornot?,(,(,(,),),_,_,Correctornot?,Payattention:此主语从句缺少成分-宾语，故用可作宾语成分的what（指事物，无选择对象范围含义）来引导，而不用that（只起引导从句的作用，不做成分）。,Whatshewantstoknowis.,*Thatshewantstoknowiswhenthepartywillbeheld.,Correctornot?,Payattention:由that引导的主语从句中引导词that不能省略。,ThatTomwillgiveup,*Tomwillgiveuphisjobsurprisesusall.,Correctornot?,*Whenthemeetingwillbeheldhaventbeenknownyet.,.hasntbeenknownyet.,Payattention:主语从句对应的主句的谓语动词一般用单数形式，特殊情况分析语境。,*Thisisapitythatwewonthaveyouwithusinthetrip.,Correctornot?,Itisapitythat.,Payattention:形式主语必须为it，而不能是this或that等。,Correctornot?,Payattention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！demand,order,require,insist,suggest,advise等动词后的宾语从句，或demand,order,suggestion等对应的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，谓语要用(should)+do/bedone的形式。,Itissuggestedthatweshouldputoff.,*Itissuggestedthatwewouldputoffthesportsmeetingbecauseofthebadweather.,Correctornot?,Payattention:注意虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用！在Itisnecessary/important/natural/.that句型中，主语从句的谓语要用should+do的形式。,Itisimportantthatweshouldfinish,*Itisimportantthatwewillfinishtheworkontime.,AppositiveClauses同位语从句,TheQueenofEnglandwasonathree-dayvisitinChina./Weheardthenewslastnight.,_,WeheardthenewslastnightthattheQueenofEnglandwasonathree-dayvisitinChina.,_,_,组句练习：,同指/同一关系,同位语从句,ThesuggestionthatChinesestudentsshouldbegivenmorefreetimeiswelcomedbymanypeople,especiallykidsinschool.,Chinesestudentsshouldbegivenmorefreetime.Thesuggestioniswelcomedbymanypeople,especiallykidsinschool.,_,_,_,_,组句练习：,同指/同一关系,同位语从句,同位语从句跟在某些抽象名词后面，对该名词作进一步解释说明。常用名词有belief,fact,idea,hope,news,doubt,result,thought,information,opinion等。特别关注suggestion,order,demand,advice等抽象名词对应的同位语从句中常使用虚拟语气。,同位语定义：同位语从句一般放在某些名词后面，用以说明名词所表示的具体内容，作主句中的同位语。,ConjunctionsofNounClauses（引导同位语从句的关联词）：,what(ever),which(ever);who(ever),whom(ever),whose,that,whether,when(ever),where(ver),how(ever),why,不用if,that不可省略,1.Thenews_wewonthecompetitionisveryencouraging.2.Ihavenoidea_hashappenedtohim.,Fillintheblanks:,what,that,1.Weexpressedthehopethathadbeenexistinginourhearts.2.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.,定语从句,同位语从句,区别that引导的同位语从句和定语从句,A:ThenewsthathetoldmeisthatTomwouldgoabroadnextyear.B:ThenewsthatTomwouldgoabroadistoldbyhim.,A:Heputforwardthesuggestionthatthesecondquestionshouldbediscussedfirst.B:Thesuggestionthathehadputforwardwasturndown.,仔细看，找区别,定语从句,同位语从句,同位语从句,定语从句,A:Wedontunderstandtheproblemwhythisisthebestchoice.B:Thereasonwhyhedidntcometothemeetingisthatheisill.,A:Ihavenoideawhentheywillcome.B:IllneverforgetthedayswhenIlivedthere.,仔细看，找区别,thedays,idea,(同位语从句),（定语从句）,theproblem,thereason,(同位语从句),（定语从句）,TheDifferencesBetweenAppositiveclausesandAttributiveClauses,怎样区别同位语从句与定语从句,一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,1、两种从句都可以译成“.的”eg.,Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,一、同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,2、两种从句都可以用that引导eg.,Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。Thesuggestionthatisworthconsideringisthatthestudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,1、从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。,eg.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知。）,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,2、引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,eg.1)DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）2)Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语。）,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,3、that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，故不能用which替换；而that引导定于从句时是代词，常可以和另一关系代词which替换。,eg.ThefactthatheisfromCanadaisnewtome.（that不可换为which）ThefactthatsurprisedmeisthatheisnotChinese.（第一个that可换为which，第二个不行，因为它引导的是表语从句。）,二、同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,4、引导同位语从句关连词，除that外，还可以根据句义使用任何其它疑问代词或副词；而定语从句不可用what,how,whether等引导。,eg.IhadnoideaatallwhatIshoulddonext.Thereisnoproofwhetherhewaskilledbyothers.,判断:定语从句or同位语从句,1.Theorderthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroupswasreceivedyesterday.2.Theorderthatwereceivedyesterdaywasthatweshouldsendafewpeopletohelptheothergroups.3.ThenewsthathewillleaveforShanghaiistrue.4.Thequestionthatwediscussedyesterdayisadifficultone.,(定语从句),(同位语从句),(同位语从句),(定语从句),1.Someresearchersbelievethatthereisnodoubt_acureforAIDSwillbefound.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether2.Awarmthoughtsuddenlycametome_ImightusethepocketmoneytobuysomeflowersformymothersbirthdayA.ifB.whenC.thatD.which3.Nobodybelievedhisreasonforbeingabsentfromtheclass_hehadtomeethisuncleattheairport.A.whyB.thatC.whereD.because,典例题解,Tips:1.观察从句前的名词为同位语从句常用抽象名词。2.抓出从句主干，成分优先。3.兼顾语境和从句的来源。,4.Alongwiththeletterwashispromise_hewouldvisitmethiscomingChristmas.A.whichB.thatC.whatD.whether5.Danbyleftawordwithmysecretary_hewouldcallagainintheafternoon.A.whoB.thatC.asD.which6.Wordhascome_someAmericanguestswillcomeforavisittoourcollegenextweek.A.whatB.whichC.whenD.that,1.Heresanannouncement_thewinneratchessca