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CA6140车床后托架831001工艺-钻2-φ13螺钉孔夹具设计【5张CAD图工序卡片说明书】

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关键词：: 托架 13 螺钉夹具

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摘要

　　　在生产过程中，使生产对象（原材料，毛坯，零件或总成等）的质和量的状态发生直接变化的过程叫工艺过程，如毛坯制造，机械加工，热处理，装配等都称之为工艺过程。在制定工艺过程中，要确定各工序的安装工位和该工序需要的工步，加工该工序的机车及机床的进给量，切削深度，主轴转速和切削速度，该工序的夹具，刀具及量具，还有走刀次数和走刀长度，最后计算该工序的基本时间，辅助时间和工作地服务时间。

关键词工序，工艺，工步，加工余量，定位方案，夹紧力

ABSTRACT

　　　　Enable producing the target in process of production (raw materials, the blank , state of quality and quantity on part become always ) take place direct course of change ask craft course, if the blank is made, machining, heat treatment , assemble etc. and call it the craft course. In the course of making the craft , is it confirm every erector location and worker step that process need this of process to want, the locomotive of processing , this process , and the entering the giving amount of the lathe, cut depth , the rotational speed of the main shaft and speed of cutting, the jig of this process, the cutter and measuring tool, a one hundred sheets of number of times still leaves and a one hundred sheets of length leaves, calculate basic time of this process , auxiliary time and service time of place of working finally.

Keywords： The process, worker one, worker's step , the surplus of processing, orient the scheme , clamp strength

摘要I

ABSTRACTII

1 CA6140机床后托架加工工艺3

1.1 CA6140机床后托架的工艺分析3

1.2 CA6140机床后托架的工艺要求及工艺分析3

1.2.1 CA6140机床`后托架的技术要求4

1.3 加工工艺过程4

1.4 确定各表面加工方案4

1.4.1 在选择各表面及孔的加工方法时，要综合考虑以下因素5

1.4.2 平面的加工5

1.4.3孔的加工方案5

1.5 确定定位基准6

1.5.1 粗基准的选择6

1.5.2 精基准选择的原则7

1.6 工艺路线的拟订7

1.6.1工序的合理组合7

1.6.2 工序的集中与分散8

1.6.3 加工阶段的划分9

1.6.4 加工工艺路线方案的比较10

1.7 CA6140机床后托架的偏差，加工余量，工序尺寸及毛坯尺寸的确定13

1.7.1 毛坯的结构工艺要求13

1.7.2 CA6140机床后托架的偏差计算13

1.8 确定切削用量及基本工时（机动时间）17

1.8.1 工序1：粗、精铣底面17

1.8.2 工序2 粗、半精、精镗CA6140侧面三杠孔18

1.8.3 工序3：钻顶面四孔25

1.8.4 工序4：钻侧面两孔29

1.9 时间定额计算及生产安排31

1.9.1 粗、精铣底面31

1.9.2 镗侧面三杠孔32

1.9.3 钻顶面四孔33

2 专用夹具设计35

2.1 铣平面夹具设计35

2.1.1 研究原始质料35

2.1.2 定位基准的选择35

2.1.3 切削力及夹紧分析计算35

2.1.4 误差分析与计算36

2.1.5 夹具设计及操作的简要说明37

2.2 镗孔夹具设计37

2.2.1 研究原始质料37

2.2.2 定位基准的选择37

2.2.3 切削力及夹紧力的计算38

2.2.4 误差分析与计算40

2.3钻顶面四孔夹具设计40

2.3.1 研究原始质料40

2.3.2 定位基准的选择41

2.3.3 切削力及夹紧力的计算41

2.3.4 误差分析与计算42

2.3.5 夹具设计及操作的简要说明42

结论43

参考文献44

致谢45

机床后托架加工工艺

1.1 CA6140机床后托架的工艺分析

　　　CA6140机床后托架的是CA6140机床的一个重要零件，因为其零件尺寸较小，结构形状也不是很复杂，但侧面三杠孔和底面的精度要求较高，此外还有顶面的四孔要求加工，但是对精度要求不是很高。后托架上的底面和侧面三杠孔的粗糙度要求都是，所以都要求精加工。其三杠孔的中心线和底平面有平面度的公差要求等。因为其尺寸精度、几何形状精度和相互位置精度，以及各表面的表面质量均影响机器或部件的装配质量，进而影响其性能与工作寿命，因此它的加工是非常关键和重要的。

1.2 CA6140机床后托架的工艺要求及工艺分析

图1.1 CA6140机床后托架零件图

　　　一个好的结构不但要应该达到设计要求，而且要有好的机械加工工艺性，也就是要有加工的可能性，要便于加工，要能够保证加工质量，同时使加工的劳动量最小。而设计和工艺是密切相关的，又是相辅相成的。设计者要考虑加工工艺问题。工艺师要考虑如何从工艺上保证设计的要求。

1.2.1 CA6140机床后托架的技术要求

　　　其加工有三组加工。底面、侧面三孔、顶面的四个孔、以及左视图上的两个孔。

　　　⑴．以底面为主要加工的表面，有底面的铣加工，其底面的粗糙度要求是，平面度公差要求是0.03。

　　　⑵．另一组加工是侧面的三孔，分别为，，，其表面粗糙度要求要求的精度等级分别是，，。

　　　⑶．以顶面为住加工面的四个孔，分别是以和为一组的阶梯空，这组孔的表面粗糙度要求是，，以及以和的阶梯孔，其中是装配铰孔，其中孔的表面粗糙度要求是，，是装配铰孔的表面粗糙度的要求是。

　　　⑷．CA6140机床后托架毛坯的选择金属行浇铸，因为生产率很高，所以可以免去每次造型。

　　　单边余量一般在，结构细密，能承受较大的压力，占用生产的面积较小。因为CA6140机床后托架的重量只有3.05kg,而年产量是5000件，由[7]《机械加工工艺手册》表2.1-3可知是中批量生产。

1.3 加工工艺过程

　　　由以上分析可知。该箱体零件的主要加工表面是平面及孔系。一般来说，保证平面的加工精度要比保证孔系的加工精度容易。因此，对于CA6140机床后托架来说，加工过程中的主要问题是保证孔的尺寸精度及位置精度，处理好孔和平面之间的相互关系。

　　　由上面的一些技术条件分析得知：CA6140后托架的尺寸精度，形状机关度以及位置机精度要求都很高，就给加工带来了困难，必须重视。

1.4 确定各表面加工方案

　　　一个好的结构不但应该达到设计要求，而且要有好的机械加工工艺性，也就是要有加工的可能性，要便于加工，要能保证加工的质量，同时是加工的劳动量最小。设计和工艺是密切相关的，又是相辅相成的。对于我们设计CA6140机床后托架的加工工艺来说，应选择能够满足孔系加工精度要求的加工方法及设备。除了从加工精度和加工效率两方面考虑以外，也要适当考虑经济因素。在满足精度要求及生产率的条件下，应选择价格较底的机床。

1.4.1 在选择各表面及孔的加工方法时，要综合考虑以下因素

　　　⑴．要考虑加工表面的精度和表面质量要求，根据各加工表面的技术要求，选择加工方法及分几次加工。

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内容简介：: 攀枝花学院本科毕业设计（论文）外文译文院（系）：机电工程学院专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：王中蔚学号： ZJD02043 指导教师评语：签名：年月日外语文献翻译摘自: 制造工程与技术（机加工）（英文版） Manufacturing Engineering and TechnologyMachining 机械工业出版社 2004年3月第1版美 s. 卡尔帕基安(Serope kalpakjian) s.r 施密德(Steven R.Schmid) 著原文：20.9 MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、 Surface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、 Tool life obtained;3、 Force and power requirements;4、 Chip control. Thus, good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting zone.Because of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example below.20.9.1 Machinability Of SteelsBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining steels.Resulfurized and Rephosphorized steels. Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized steels.Phosphorus in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving machinability.Leaded Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section 32.11) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded steels.When the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section 20.6)the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in steels.Calcium-Deoxidized Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting speeds.Stainless Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool materials.The Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean steels.Carbon and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than 0.15% C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge formation.Other alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the machinability.In selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section 1.4.3), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical properties.Sulfur can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve machinability.20.9.2 Machinability of Various Other Metals Aluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic modulus.Beryllium is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled environment.Cast gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool materials.Cobalt-based alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and speeds.Wrought copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than brass.Magnesium is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are necessary.Nickel-based alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless steels.Tantalum is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is high.Titanium and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to machine.Tungsten is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated temperatures.Zirconium has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and fire.20.9.3 Machinability of Various MaterialsGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp tools.Thermoplastics generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, and proper support of the workpiece. Tools should be sharp.External cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from to (to), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room temperature.Thermosetting plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of thermoplastics.Because of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the fibers.The machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section 8.2.5) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section 22.4.2).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, i.e., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix material.20.9.4 Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heata torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arcis forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and chatter.It may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon nitride. SUMMARYMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.译文：20.9 可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。2、刀具的寿命。3、切削力和功率的需求。4、切屑控制。以这种方式，好的可机加工性指的是好的表面光洁性和完整性，长的刀具寿命，低的切削力和功率需求。关于切屑控制，细长的卷曲切屑，如果没有被切割成小片，以在切屑区变的混乱，缠在一起的方式能够严重的介入剪切工序。因为剪切工序的复杂属性，所以很难建立定量地释义材料的可机加工性的关系。在制造厂里，刀具寿命和表面粗糙度通常被认为是可机加工性中最重要的因素。尽管已不再大量的被使用，近乎准确的机加工率在以下的例子中能够被看到。20.9.1 钢的可机加工性因为钢是最重要的工程材料之一（正如第5章所示），所以他们的可机加工性已经被广泛地研究过。通过宗教铅和硫磺，钢的可机加工性已经大大地提高了。从而得到了所谓的易切削钢。二次硫化钢和二次磷化钢硫在钢中形成硫化锰夹杂物（第二相粒子），这些夹杂物在第一剪切区引起应力。其结果是使切屑容易断开而变小，从而改善了可加工性。这些夹杂物的大小、形状、分布和集中程度显著的影响可加工性。化学元素如碲和硒，其化学性质与硫类似，在二次硫化钢中起夹杂物改性作用。钢中的磷有两个主要的影响。它加强铁素体，增加硬度。越硬的钢，形成更好的切屑形成和表面光洁性。需要注意的是软钢不适合用于有积屑瘤形成和很差的表面光洁性的机器。第二个影响是增加的硬度引起短切屑而不是不断的细长的切屑的形成，因此提高可加工性。含铅的钢钢中高含量的铅在硫化锰夹杂物尖端析出。在非二次硫化钢中，铅呈细小而分散的颗粒。铅在铁、铜、铝和它们的合金中是不能溶解的。因为它的低抗剪强度。因此，铅充当固体润滑剂并且在切削时，被涂在刀具和切屑的接口处。这一特性已经被在机加工铅钢时，在切屑的刀具面表面有高浓度的铅的存在所证实。当温度足够高时例如，在高的切削速度和进刀速度下铅在刀具前直接熔化，并且充当液体润滑剂。除了这个作用，铅降低第一剪切区中的剪应力，减小切削力和功率消耗。铅能用于各种钢号，例如10XX，11XX，12XX，41XX等等。铅钢被第二和第三数码中的字母L所识别（例如，10L45）。（需要注意的是在不锈钢中，字母L的相同用法指的是低碳，提高它们的耐蚀性的条件）。然而，因为铅是有名的毒素和污染物，因此在钢的使用中存在着严重的环境隐患（在钢产品中每年大约有4500吨的铅消耗）。结果，对于估算钢中含铅量的使用存在一个持续的趋势。铋和锡现正作为钢中的铅最可能的替代物而被人们所研究。脱氧钙钢一个重要的发展是脱氧钙钢，在脱氧钙钢中矽酸钙盐中的氧化物片的形成。这些片状，依次减小第二剪切区中的力量，降低刀具和切屑接口处的摩擦和磨损。温度也相应地降低。结果，这些钢产生更小的月牙洼磨损，特别是在高切削速度时更是如此。不锈钢奥氏体钢通常很难机加工。振动能成为一个问题，需要有高硬度的机床。然而，铁素体不锈钢有很好的可机加工性。马氏体钢易磨蚀，易于形成积屑瘤，并且要求刀具材料有高的热硬度和耐月牙洼磨损性。经沉淀硬化的不锈钢强度高、磨蚀性强，因此要求刀具材料硬而耐磨。钢中其它元素在可机加工性方面的影响钢中铝和矽的存在总是有害的，因为这些元素结合氧会生成氧化铝和矽酸盐，而氧化铝和矽酸盐硬且具有磨蚀性。这些化合物增加刀具磨损，降低可机加工性。因此生产和使用净化钢非常必要。根据它们的构成，碳和锰钢在钢的可机加工性方面有不同的影响。低碳素钢（少于0.15%的碳）通过形成一个积屑瘤能生成很差的表面光洁性。尽管铸钢的可机加工性和锻钢的大致相同，但铸钢具有更大的磨蚀性。刀具和模具钢很难用于机加工，他们通常再煅烧后再机加工。大多数钢的可机加工性在冷加工后都有所提高，冷加工能使材料变硬并且减少积屑瘤的形成。其它合金元素，例如镍、铬、钳和钒，能提高钢的特性，减小可机加工性。硼的影响可以忽视。气态元素比如氢和氮在钢的特性方面能有特别的有害影响。氧已经被证明了在硫化锰夹杂物的纵横比方面有很强的影响。越高的含氧量，就产生越低的纵横比和越高的可机加工性。选择各种元素以改善可加工性，我们应该考虑到这些元素对已加工零件在使用中的性能和强度的不利影响。例如，当温度升高时，铝会使钢变脆（液体金属脆化，热脆化，见1.4.3节），尽管其在室温下对力学性能没有影响。因为硫化铁的构成，硫能严重的减少钢的热加工性，除非有足够的锰来防止这种结构的形成。在室温下，二次磷化钢的机械性能依赖于变形的硫化锰夹杂物的定位（各向异性）。二次磷化钢具有更小的延展性，被单独生成来提高机加工性。20.9.2

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