科学研究方法与论文写作技巧(ppt 68页)

,TheDepartmentofEcologythereforeatitleoughttobewellstudied,andtogive,sofarasitslimits,adefinite&conciseindicationofwhatistocome.-T.C.Allbutt,Importanceofthetitle,Mostimportantfact:thetitlewillbereadbythousandsofpeopleAllwordsinthetitleshouldbechosenwithgreatcareThegoodtitle:thefewestpossiblewordsthatadequatelydescribethecontentofthepaperAnimproperlytitledpapermaybelost&neverreachitsintendedaudience,Lengthofthetitle,Occasionally,titlesaretooshort:“Studiesonrice”Oftentitlesaretoolong.Removethewastewordsintitles,particularlyatstartsuchas:Studieson,Observationson,Investigationson,A,An,orThe,Needforspecifictitle,TitleofscientificpapersshouldincludespecificwordsOnlyusegeneralwordsmakestitlemeaningless“Actionofantibioticonbacteria”.Isthisagoodtitle?Usuallystudiedorganisms,method&findingsshouldbeincludedinthetitle,Componentoftitle,文章题目撰写的其他注意事项,Correctwordorder(syntax)isimportantinthetitleThetitleisalabel,therefore,trytoavoidtowritetitlesasasentenceAbbreviation&jargon(太偏的专业术语)shouldnotappearinthetitleNo“fun&jokes”Questionedtitle:usuallynotgood,文章题目撰写的其他注意事项,Seriestitlestitle,sub-title.Editorbelievesthatitisimportanttopresenttheresultsofanindependentstudy,numberedtitlesnotpreferredBeprecise,simple&short“Thingsshouldbemadeassimpleasnecessarybutnotmoreso”-Einstein,文章题目撰写的其他注意事项,Runningtitle/shorttitle:Ashortenedtitlemarkedonthepage-headings,Titlepage:,2.Authorship&address科学论文的作者署名和排序,Authorship-scientificmoralEachauthorshouldcontributetothescientificresearchworkEachauthorshouldberesponsibleforthepublicationofthescientificresearchworkThefirstauthor&otherauthorsThecorrespondingauthor,Proper&consistentnamesMostjournalsdonotpublishyourtitle(Prof.Dr.orMr)ListingcorrectmailingaddressesGivingcontactdetailsofcorresponding(orall)author(s):Tel,Fax&E-mailnumber,更多需注意的问题,Questions?,Badtitles,Goodtitles,Moreabouttitles,TitleisthefirstthingareaderreadsCanbeaNounPhrase(NP)asentence,oraquestionShouldprovideasmuchinformationaspossiblebutbeconciseImportanttoavoidambiguityifusinglong&complexnounphrases,NewPhytologistAuthorGuidelines,Instructionforatitle:Aconcise&informativetitle(forresearchpapers,ideallystatingthekeyfindingorframingaquestion),Example1:differenttitlesdescribingthesamework,EffectsofaddedcalciumonsalinitytoleranceoftomatoCalciumadditionimprovessalinitytoleranceoftomatoCalciumadditionhasdifferentialeffectsonsalinitytoleranceofthreevarietiesoftomatoCalciumadditionhasdifferentialeffectsonsalinitytoleranceofthreevarietiesoftomatogrowninsolutioncultureCalciumadditionimprovessalinitytoleranceoftomatobyincreasingtheK/Naratioinplanttissues,Example2:,EffectsofnematodesongrowthofmycorrhizalredcloverFungivorousnematodeshavedifferentialeffectsonthesymbioses(共生)formedbytwospeciesofmycorrhizalfungiwithredcloverFungivorousnematodescausemoredamagetoGlomuscoronatumthantoGigasporamargaritaFungivorousnematodescanbecontrolledbyfenamiphos(克线磷)Fenamiphosimprovesgrowthofmycorrhizalredcloverbydecreasingnematodeattackonmycorrhizalfungi,3.科学论文摘要的撰写Abstract&summary,Ihavethestrongimpressionthatscientificcommunicationisbeingseriouslyhinderedbypoorqualityabstractwritteninjargon-riddenmumbo-jumbo-SheilaM.Mcnab,(术语横行),(晦涩难懂的话),WhyareAbstractsimportant?,AbstractisthemostsignificantpartOftentheonlythingbusyreadersreadMaybeallthatisavailabletosomereadersAbstractingservicesmayuseitasasourceofinformationfordatabases,ManypeoplewillreadtheAbstractseitherinthe:OriginaljournalorBiologicalAbstractsorAgriculturalAbstractsorinoneoftheothersecondarypublications,Wheretoreadabstracts?,Abstracts:(BPMRC)Typicalinformationelements,B=somebackgroundinformationP=theprincipalactivity(orpurpose)ofthestudy&itsscopeM=someinformationaboutthemethodologyusedinthestudyR=themostimportantresultsofthestudyC=astatementofconclusionorrecommendation,Abstracts:(PMRC)Minimuminformationelements,Thislist(BPMRC)cansometimesbecompressed(inaso-calledreducedabstract)to:P+M=purpose&methodofthestudyR=resultsC=conclusion(&recommendations),Abstractswillbepublishedbyitself&shouldbeself-explanatoryNobibliographic,figure,ortablereferencesUsingeasytermsforpotentialreaders,omitobscureabbrev.Writepaperbeforeyouwriteanabstract,CharactersofAbstracts,Anabstractshould:,Beviewedasamini-version/reviewofthepaper:Questions/problemsMaterials&methodsusedBriefresultsMainconclusion,Anabstractshould:,ProvideabriefsummaryofeachmainsectionofthepaperNotexceed250wordsandbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaperBetypedasasingleparagraphBut,somejournalspublishstructuredabstract,Anabstractshould:,Statetheprincipalobjectives&scopeoftheinvestigationDescribethemethodsemployedSummarizetheresultsStatetheprincipalconclusions*,TypesofAbstracts,Primaryjournals(informative)Indicative(descriptive)ReviewpaperConferencereportsGovernmentreports(Forlibrarians),Whentowrite:,Attheveryend!Writeinpasttenseyourownresults,HowtowriteKeywords,Willbeusedbyabstracting/sortingsystemsConsiderusethemcarefullyBetterchoosethewordsnotusedintitleObservewheretoputthem,Questions,AninvestigationongeneticdiversityoftraditionallyusedricevarietiescollectedfromfiveprovincesinChinausinggeneticmethodwithmolecularmarkers,E.g.Toolongtitle:,AninvestigationongeneticdiversityoftraditionallyusedricevarietiescollectedfromfiveprovincesinChinausinggeneticmethodwithmolecularmarkers,DifferentiationofChinesetraditionalricerevealedbyRAPDmarkers,DifferentiationofChinesetraditionalricerevealedbyRAPDmarkers,Examplesofseriestitle:,“Studiesonwildrice:IV.Chromosomepairinginintersp