（英语语言文学专业论文）都柏林人的孤独——关于乔伊斯《都柏林人》的新精神分析解读.pdf

重庆大学硕士学位论文 中文摘要 i 摘 要 詹姆斯乔伊斯的作品晦涩难懂充满象征隐喻历来备受国内外学者的关注 他的早期短篇小说集都柏林人是按照传统现实主义手法写成虽然不像后期作 品那般引人注目但都柏林人仍是乔伊斯研究者绝不可越过的近几十年国内 外关于都柏林人的研究也不少主要集中在探讨都柏林人中的叙述手法 精神顿悟人物塑造文化传统象征神话原型与后期作品的关联等方面虽 然 都柏林人 没有采用乔伊斯后期惯用的意识流手法来直接揭示人物的内心世界 但他已经开始初步探讨都柏林人的存在及其精神世界特别是在十九世纪末二十 世纪初爱尔兰面临重大的社会动荡英国政府的殖民统治爱尔兰独立运动的失 败脱离实际的文艺复兴以及天主教的伺机入侵这一切都使爱尔兰似乎走入了死 胡同使整个社会弥漫着一种悲观无力的气氛整个爱尔兰陷入了瘫痪而都柏林 则是瘫痪的中心 社会的瘫痪造成了都柏林人的悲观空虚和迷茫孤独感成为 了都柏林人中成年人的精神通症从伊芙琳开始我们便可以看到都柏林的 成年人普遍都生存在一种孤独缺爱的环境中本文将用美国心理学家弗洛姆的关 于人类孤独研究的新精神分析理论对乔伊斯短篇小说集都柏林人中成年人 的孤独心理状态进行剖析 根据弗洛姆的理论人类存在中都有一种固有的孤独感这种孤独感无法绝对 消除但人能通过各种方式转移孤独通过都柏林人乔伊斯展现了由于社 会的瘫痪都柏林人所表现出的孤独感和异化感以及他们的排遣方式然而消极逃避 的方法并没有使他们的精神世界得到解救反而扩大了这种感觉让他们在更痛苦 的深渊中挣扎找不到出路如何解救爱尔兰民族如何摆脱精神危机乔伊斯通 过都柏林人最后一篇压轴之作死者为都柏林人在孤独中的自救提供了暗示 正如死者中男主人公加佰烈最后所领悟的那样虽然他们这些人还苟且活着 但是精神早已迈入的死者的行列而真正活着的却是那些有着爱尔兰民族质朴本色 的充满激情的死者在死者中乔伊斯有意将读者的注意引向了爱尔兰西部 在他心里那些看似老土的西部人才具有爱尔兰民族质朴自然的真性情而他们这 种宽容无私敢爱敢恨勇于献身的传统品质才充满着生命的活力乔伊斯在都 柏林人的结尾没有给读者一个明确的答案但他让我们看到了一丝爱尔兰人的希 望要在孤独的精神世界中得到解救就必须释放民族的真实性情 关键词关键词都柏林人孤独弗洛姆纵欲禁欲宽容爱 重庆大学硕士学位论文 英文摘要 ii abstract james joyces works, which are dense, obscure and full of symbols and metaphors, always attract the attentions of scholars at home and abroad. his early work dubliners follows the traditional realistic writing style; though it is not so much disputable as his later writings, it still cannot be ignored by joyce researchers. in the past few years, the studies about dubliners mainly focused on its narrative skills, epiphany, characterization, culture, symbols, mythic prototype or the relation with his later works. although joyce doesnt adopt stream of consciousness in dubliners to show the characters inner world directly, he has already made his preliminary research on dubliners existence and their spiritual world. especially at the turn of the century, ireland faced grand social unrest: the colonial domination of british government, the failure of irish independence, the ivory-towered irish renaissance and the invasion of roman catholicism, all of them made ireland go into a dead end. the whole society was permeated with a kind of pessimistic mood. ireland went into paralysis and dublin was the center of it, which caused the pessimism, emptiness and perplexities of the dubliners. hence, solitude became a common disease of the adults. beginning with the story of “eveline”, all the dublin adults are living in isolation and without love. this thesis will use american psychologist erich fromms neo-psychoanalytic theory on “solitude” to analyze the dublin adults isolated psychological and mental state. according to fromms theories, the mood of solitude is inherent in human existence. this solitude cannot be eliminated completely but man could transfer it by many ways. through dubliners, joyce displays the dubliners solitude and alienation that are caused by social paralysis and their negative methods to transfer it, such as orgie and abstinence. however, these methods to escape from solitude dont rescue them from it but drive them into anguish and anxiety. so how to save the irish nation and how to cast off their mental crisis, joyce suggests the way to rescue themselves from the isolation in the last story of dubliners. just like the hero gabriels final epiphany: though their bodies are alive, their spirit has already stepped into the procession of the dead; and the men who are still alive are those dead that have the passions and unpretending characteristics of the irish nation. in “the dead”, joyce intentionally brings his readers to west ireland. in his eyes, only these westerners have the irish nations unsophisticated pure characteristics; their generosity and selflessness, 重庆大学硕士学位论文 英文摘要 iii their love and humanity, and their courage to sacrifice, these traditional virtues are full of life force. joyce doesnt give his readers a direct answer at the end of the story, but he lets us see the hope of his nation: if they want to be rescued from solitude, they must cling to their traditions and be true irish men. key words: dubliners, solitude, fromm, orgie, abstinence, generosity, love. 重庆大学硕士学位论文 abbreviations v abbreviations cw the critical writings of james joyce. eds. ellsworth mason and richards ellamann. new york: viking press, 1959. dub dubliners. james joyce. hertfordshire: wordsworth, 1993. letter i, ii the letters of james joyce, 2 vols. eds. stuart gillert and richards ellmann. new york: viking press, 1957-66. portraits of the artist in exile portraits of the artist in exile: recollections of james joyce by europeans. ed. willard potts. seattle and london: university of washington press, 1979. 重庆大学硕士学位论文 chapter one introduction 1 chapter one introduction 1.1 biographical account james augustine aloysius joyce was born on february 2, 1882, in southern suburb called rathgar of dublin. his father john stanuslaus joyce, who was a clerk in tax office, had tried all kinds of professions in his life, including distillery business, singer, dilettante, secretary; his mother, mary jane murray, who was a pianist and whose life was dominated by the roman catholic church and her husband, was an ordinary mild irish woman who had given birth to 15 children, and james was the eldest. at the age of six, james joyce was sent to the renowned clongowes school, which was a jesuit institution at clane. because of the financial crisis in joyces family, they moved their house frequently to worse residences. later, joyce and his brother stanislaus were sent to a charity school-christian brothers school in north richmond street. there, the educative condition was bad. just as the boy in “an encounter” from dubliners, little joyce longed for freedom and adventures. in 1898, he entered university college, dublin. there, he became interested in the works of henrik ibsen, st. thomas aquinas and william butler yeats. he had written an essay on ibsens play when we dead awaken, and ibsen replied to young joyce and gave him high praise. in his school time, joyce showed his writing talent. joyces father, who was an enthusiastic irish catholic patriot, wished his eldest son to be a priest. but young james hated the doctrine of catholicism and was not willing to be a priest at his parents wishes. he knew that his parochial motherland could not provide good environment and conditions for his development on art and ideal. so gradually, he wanted to betray from his family, religion and country. in 1902, joyce left ireland to pursue a medical education in paris. the next year because of his mothers serious illness, joyce returned to ireland. after his mothers death, he decided to leave again. during this time, he got acquaintance with nora barnacle, a chambermaid, who was from the west of ireland, just like gabriels wife gretta in the story of “the dead”. she was an intelligent and emotional woman though she didnt receive much education. through joyces lifetime, she gave him many writing resources and inspirations. in 1904, joyce left dublin again with nora and began their nomadic and hard life. in 1905, joyce completed a collection of eight stories, and he entitled it dubliners. he insists, “the expression dubliners seems to me to have some meaning and i doubt that 重庆大学硕士学位论文 chapter one introduction 2 the same can be said for such words as londoner and parisian”. (letters ii: 122) he wanted to represent dublin to the world. until 1914, after so many rejections, dubliners finally got published by grant richards. in this book, he described the common life of dubliners from children to adults. there are no exciting or interesting plots or climaxes in these stories. they are just like some black and white sketches that coldly depict the everyday life of irish people. all their lives are in paralysis, which are dull, incapable and paralytic. though joyce had spent most of his time abroad, he still had deep love for his homeland. as his friend philippe soupault noted of joyce that “each day, and each hour of the day, he thought of ireland; he lived and relived his memories; thousands of times he mentally traversed the streets and squares of the city.”(seidel, 2002: 22) his leaving of ireland was not because he hated his country but because of his hatred to the british government and catholicism that made it degenerate. in the university of trieste, joyce had made a public lecture called “ireland: island of saints and sages”, where he indicated: the soul of the country is weakened by centuries of useless struggle and broken treaties, and individual initiative is paralysed by the influence and admonitions of the church, while its body is manacled by the police, the tax office, and the garrison. no one who has any self-respect stays in ireland, but flees afar as though from a country that has undergone the visitation of an angered jove. (cw: 171) so in joyces works, he is always writing about his dublin and his countrymen. his homeland always gives him sustaining artistic resources. “he needs his land, its people, its families, its institutions, its speech rhythms, its music, its sentiments, its wit, and its memories to write.”(seidel, 2002:20) 1.2 the backgrounds for ireland of the late 19th century 1.2.1 ireland- the isolated island as early as 5000 bc, there were inhabitants living in ireland. in 6th century bc, celtics invaded and their invasion brought great influence on this island in language and culture. about 5th century, christianism was brought to ireland; by 6th and 7th century, irish art and culture which were centering in fanes flourished as never before. in 1603, the whole ireland was governed by king of england. in fact, from then on ireland became one of the british colonies and had been never treated rightly by english 重庆大学硕士学位论文 chapter one introduction 3 government. it can be said that ireland had been an orphan all the times that was merely a land for england to exploit, especially during the period of great famine. irish people greatly depended on planting potatoes as their primary means of food and as an export. by 1800, more than ninety percent of the irish population planted potatoes. in 1845, blight struck the potato crop and half of them failed. the following year the potato crop was destroyed again. the english landlords, instead of leaving the grains, meat and oats to poor peasants, shipped the foods to the european continent to get a good profit in return. many poor peasants were dead from starvation or disease, and a great number of people fled ireland for new life. hence, today we can understand the enmity of the irish to english. the great famine nearly destroyed ireland that greatly depended on planting. about 1 million people were dead in this famine, and 1.5 million emigrated abroad. before 1845, more than eight million had lived in ireland. but in the late 19th century, because of starvation and emigration, there were only 6.5 million left. “joyce thinks that ireland is poor because english laws ruined the countrys industries, especially the wool industry, because the neglect of the english government in the years of the potato famine allowed the best of the population to die from hunger” (cw: 167) in politics, ireland had been dominated by english government rigorously. for the resistance of irish people, british government always adopted the method of cruel suppression. the hunger took the edge off political agitation against british rule. in august 1848, after the great famine, an insurrection happened in ireland but was soon suppressed by british government. at the same time, the irish republican brotherhood started off under the lead of james stephens. they were attempting to overrun the ruling of british government and establish their own republic. in the late 19th century, irish national independence movements got quick development, which were especially notable for the irish autonomy movement that was led by nationalist charles stewart parnell who was also the chairman of irish national party. parnell had put forth every effort in national independence in his life. however, in 1889, parnell was accused of having an affair with mrs. kitty oshea, which seriously shook his position in party. later, his marriage with kitty oshea had brought the attacks from the moralists of catholicism and british government. he resigned and was exiled in england. though he tried his best to continue his work there, he broke down from overwork and finally died in this foreign land. from then on, irish national autonomy movement fell apart and almost ran into the risk of civil war. under the influence of his father, joyce always had 重庆大学硕士学位论文 chapter one introduction 4 respect for parnell. joyce describes parnell as “an intellectual phenomenon,” a man of “sovereign bearing, mild and proud, silent and disconsolate” (cw: 226) he thought he was murdered. in the case of parnell, he saw his peoples evil root and once he declaimed, in his final desperate appeal to his countrymen, he begged them not to throw him as a sop to the english wolves howling around them. it redounds to their honour that they did not fail this appeal. they did not throw him to the english wolves; they tore him to pieces themselves.” (cw: 228) confronted the political situation after parnell, joyce felt dismal. in the 80s of the19th century, a cultural movement that was called irish revival began. the writers tried to translate and retell irish legend, folklore, and poetry to revive the old celtic culture. this movement, also called the celtic renaissance, was also a political movement in cultural way that focused on the self-government of ireland by exploring in the literary past that would help to struggle for independence. this cultural movement was led by a group of anglo irish writers including w. b. yeats, lady augusta gregory and george russell (a.e.). although they wrote in english, these writers showed their strong love for ireland in their writings, which were based on an awareness of irish nationalism, myth and legend. in 1898, yeats and lady gregory founded the irish literary theatre as their base. this movement aimed at developing irish language, stimulating irish nationalism, and giving ireland a place on the international stage. all the writers of the revival were appealed to have responsibilities of developing and articulating a new national consciousness. according to them, literature could lead a way to resolution of the political and social problems of irish society and cure their mental wounds. the leading poet yeats hoped that through this movement, the national culture that contains high aesthetic values could be cultivated among irish people. by this means, their countrymen could hold together under the leading of excellent national culture. hence, he insisted on finding materials from old ireland, from the ancient legends and myths. he optimistically thought that ireland is like a poor, old woman, only when his countrymen have the spirit of chivalry to fight for her, she would become a beautiful queen again. but james joyce didnt think high of this movement. though he respected yeats, he thought this cultural movement not only shows the trend of divorcing from real life, but also reflected a kind of narrow-minded and conceited national mood. in his views, the irish should not insist on old cultural concept, but follow the standards of modern european art to develop their own culture 重庆大学硕士学位论文 chapter one introduction 5 and join in european civilization as soon as possible. hence, joyce always had nothing to do with this movement. under such economy, politics and culture, ireland almost went into a dead end and could not find a way out. and all the society was permeated by a kind of desperate, vacuous and pessimistic mood. meanwhile, catholicism fast penetrated every corner of social life. the church became a mighty strength in irish political life and a spiritual comfort of most irish people. joyce thought, catholicism not only made ireland surrender to rome but also controlled irish peoples spiritual world. he thought that no form of violent or political revolution could rescue his countrymen from enslavement, because it was church not britain that ruled over the irish mind. if their submission to britain was compulsory, their loyalty to rome was voluntary. instead of her true soul, she has surrendered all to the authority of the church, a foreign institution which operates as a political system, disguised as a spiritual one. ireland has remained faithful to that faithless master only because she has been incapable of remaining faithful to her true self.” (deane, 2000: 45) and joyce said in “ireland of saints and sages” on the possibility of irish liberation: “but in anticipation of such a revival, i confess that i do not see what good it does to fulminate against the english tyranny while the roman tyranny occupies the palace of the soul” (cw: 173) the church and british governor worked in collaboration, paralyzing and enslaving the irish together. so to the church, joyce was full of hatred. “he thought it the institutional enemy of modern irish prosperity.”(seidel, 2002:11) in “clay”, joyce foretells his countrys fate by marias bad fortune in the hallow eve games. at first, maria touched the clay which is the symbol of death; later, she got the prayer book. just as joyces view on his nation: under the domination of catholicism, their only ending is death. for centuries, the isolated ireland had never enjoyed the rights as an independent country. “ireland was indeed a special country. it lived under the political domination of english and the religious domination of rome, while it espoused a rhetoric of