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四级写作,主要内容,1.大学英语四级考试写作要求2.四级考试的总体改动(计分体制的变动,考试内容的变动)3.四级写作评分原则及标准4.四级作文命题规律历年四级作文题目命题形式命题规律四级作文可能会出现的题目,.,5四级作文中的常见错误词层面句子层面语篇层面语法方面标点用法拼写错误6怎样写好四级作文如何开头如何结尾行文中间7四级作文范例8如何提高写作能力,1.大学英语四级考试写作要求,目前指导大学英语教学的大学英语教学要求中规定,一般要求(一般要求是高等院校非英语专业本科毕业生应达到的基本要求,也就是四级要达到的水平)的英语书面表达能力为:能用常见的应用文体完成一般的写作任务,能描述个人经历、事件、观感、情感等,能就一般性话题或提纲在半小时内写出120词的短文,内容基本完整、用词恰当,语篇连贯。能在一般或应用写作中使用恰当的写作技能。,2.四级考试的总体改动,3.四级写作评分原则及标准,3.1.评分原则:CET作文题采用总体评分方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分,而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括0分,一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,3.2.评分标准,本题满分为15分.共分五等:2-4分、5-7分、8-10分、11-13分及14-15分。2-4分条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或在部分句子均有错误,且多数严重错误。5-7分基本切题。表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8-10分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。11-13分切题。表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。14-15分切题。表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好。基本上无语言错误,仅有个别小错误。注:白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。注:1.如题目中给出主题句,起始句,结束句,均不得计入所写字数2.只写一段者:04分;只写两段者:09分(指规定三段的作文),4.四级作文命题规律,4.1.历年四级作文题目,1995.1CanMoneyBuyHappiness?1995.6AdvantagesofaJobInterview1996.1TheTwoDayWeekend1996.6GlobalShortageofFreshWater1997.1PracticeMakesPerfect1997.6GettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsideCampus1998.1HarmfulnessofFakeCommodities1998.6Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?,.,1999.1DontHesitatetoSay“No”1999.6ReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?2000.1HowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation2000.6IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?2001.1HowtoSucceedinaJobInterview2001.6ALettertoaSchoolmate2002.1ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampus2002.6StudentsUseofComputers2003.1ItPaystoBeHonest2003.6AnEye-WitnessAccountofaTrafficAccident,.,2003.9TheDayMyClassmateFellIll(orGotInjured)2003.12ALetterinReplytoaFriend2004.6AnIntroductionforTourists2005.1Acampaignspeech2005.6InhonorofTeachersOntheOccasionofTeachersDay2005.12ShouldtheUniversityCampusBeOpentoTourists?2006.6AnAnnouncementforaVoluntaryProgram,4.2.命题形式,4.2.1.提纲作文提纲作文实质上是议论文,其下可分为四种类型:现象阐释型:2003年1月四级作文考题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicItPaystoBeHonest.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.1.当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象;2.诚实利人利已,做人应该诚实。,.,问题对策型:分析问题,找出成因,提出解决办法,题目实例如下:1997年6月四级英语作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicGettingtoKnowtheWorldOutsidetheCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.大学生了解社会的必要性;2.了解社会的途径(大众媒介、社会服务等);3.我打算怎么做。,.,观点对比型:辨析两种对立观点,题目实例如下:1995年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicCanMoneyBuyHappiness?Youshouldwritenolessthan100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有人认为金钱是幸福之本(sourceofhappiness)2.也有人认为金钱是万恶之源(rootofallevil)3.我的看法,.,论说反驳型:支持或驳斥一种观点,题目实例如下:1998年6月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?Youshouldwriteatleast100wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运;2.我认为数字和运气无关,,4.2.2.图表作文,近十年来图表作文只考过一次柱状图4.2.3.情景作文的实质是记叙文,主要考过这几种类型:A.书信(1)告知信/建议信:2004年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowritealetterinreplytoafriendsinquiryaboutapplyingforadmissiontoyourcollegeoruniversity.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsaccordingtotheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:1.建议报考的专业及理由;2.报考该专业的基本条件;3.应当如何备考。,.,(2)综合信2002年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopic:ALettertotheUniversityPresidentabouttheCanteenServiceonCampusYoushouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutlinegiveninChinesebelow:假设你是李明,请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信,内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等,可以是表扬,可以是批评建议,也可以兼而有之。,.,B.演讲致辞2005年1月四级作文真题Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacampaignspeechinsupportofyourelectiontothepostofchairmanofthestudentunion.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese.ACampaignSpeech1.你认为自己具备是什么条件(能力,性格,爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作,2.如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么?,.,议论文(共14题)现象阐释型:1995年6月,1996年1月,1997年1月,1998年1月,1999年1月,2003年1月问题对策型:1996年6月,1997年6月,2000年1月,2001年1月,观点对比型:1995年1月,1999年6月,2000年6月论证反驳型:1998年6月图表作文(共1题)柱状图:2002年6月记叙文(共7题)告知信/建议信:2001年6月,2004年1月综合信:2002年1月综合叙事:2003年6月,2003年9月演讲致辞:2004年6月,2005年1月,2005年6月,4.3.命题规律,1)新:对传统的三段论式作文提出挑战,新的题型层出不穷。特别是2003年以来,先后考过交通事故目击证词、导游词等首次出现的题目,所以仅仅依靠背诵套句变得越来越行不通。需要同学们重视提高自己的真正写作水平,以不变应万变。2)综合能力考核:纯粹的记叙、说明或议论文的考核被同时考核三种能力的综合性题目所代替,如2003年9月份的考题,就要求考生在第一段叙述你的classmate生病或受伤的过程,第二段要求说明一下各方面对他的关心,第三段要求你对这个事件展开讨论。这要求我们要全面发展自己的写作能力,不可偏废。3)实用:实用文体的写作出现得越来越多,书信作文屡次出现,2004年6月还考了一篇导游词。这体现了四级作文对学生实际运用英语能力的关注,也是四级作文备考训练的重点之一。,4.4.四级作文可能会出现的题目,1)考试的命题作文大都是议论文结构,一般来说题目内容应该是考生所熟悉的,能够有话可说的,如那些社会热点问题就是经常出的题目。2)但不是所有的热点问题都会成为考试题目。考试题目还要和考试对象的文化背景,年龄特点相一致,所以有关大学生生活,学习,理想等的题目经常出现。3)作文题目会考虑到考生的语言水平,也就是说学生要求掌握的词汇和结构能否足够表达所考的题目。,.,总的来说,根据学生要求掌握的词汇,根据学生的知识结构,年龄特点和文化背景,出题的范围可大致如下:科学技术:计算机,克隆,电视,小汽车等对社会和生活的影响社会问题:如住房,交通,就业,犯罪,婚姻,环境,能源和广告等校园生活:如学习方式,考试,课余活动,体育锻炼,人际交往和兴趣爱好等青少年问题:如父子代沟,抽烟吸毒,个人思想,职业选择,文化教育和成功失败等文化教育:阅读,道德修养,出国留学,学生减负,教育与成长等,5.四级作文中的常见错误,5.1.词层面5.1.1.用词搭配不恰当However,thespeedofacarismuchfasterthanthatofabicycle.However,thespeedofacarismuchhigherthanthatofabicycle.Inthepastthepriceofmilkwassoexpensivethatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.Inthepastthepriceofmilkwassohighthatmostfamiliescouldnotaffordit.TheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbesmallerifonecannotspeakEnglish.TheopportunitytobepromotedinajointventurewillbepoorerifonecannotspeakEnglish.,.,Inrecentoneandtwoyears,peoplewhotakeTOEFLhavedecreased.Inrecentoneandtwoyears,thenumberofpeoplewhotakeTOEFLtesthasdecreased.Inthepastfewyears,grainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.Inthepastfewyears,theconsumptionofgrainhasdecreasedbynearly20%.Nowadays,thetrafficinbigcityisgettingmoreandmorecrowded.Nowadays,thetrafficinbigcityisgettingheavierandheavier.,.,5.1.2.修饰语不当HeneitherspeaksEnglishnorChinese.HespeaksneitherEnglishnorChinese.Withouttelevision,peoplecannotgetinformationwhichcomesfromotherpartsoftheworldimmediately.Withouttelevision,peoplecannotimmediatelygetinformationwhichcomesfromotherpartsoftheworld.,.,Attheageofsix,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.WhenIwassixyearsold,myfatherbegantogivemeEnglishlessons.Havingcarriedouteconomicreformsinourcountry,peopleslivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Sinceeconomicreformshavebeencarriedoutinourcountry,peopleslivingstandardhasgreatlyimproved.Toimproveoneswritingskill,regularpracticeisessential.Toimproveoneswritingskill,onemustmakearegular.,5.1.3.把形容词和介词误作动词,Thistermwellverybusy.Thistermwellbeverybusy.Thecavelikearoomverymuch.Thecavelookedverymuchlikearoom.Iverylikethisnovel.Ilikethisnovelverymuch.,5.1.4.少用连词,Istartedtoplaytable-tennisinmiddleschool,stillplayitnow.Istartedtoplaytable-tennisinmiddleschool,andIstillplayitnow.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife.Becausewecannotlivewithoutit.TVbecomesanimportantpartinoutdailylife,becausewecannotlivewithoutit.,.,5.1.5.指代不当PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butitoftenprovesuseless.PeoplehavebeenfightingagainsttheinfluencesofTVcommercials,butthiseffortoftenprovesuseless.Televisionprovidesuswithavivid,colorfulworld,whichenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.Byprovidinguswithavivid,colorfulworld,televisionenablesustoenjoylifethoroughly.,.,5.1.6.一致方面的错误Studyhardnowsothatwecancopewiththechangeandchallengeofthetwenty-firstcentury.Studyhardnowsothatyoucancopewiththechangeandchallengeofthetwenty-firstcentury.Oneseriousproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwitharehowtouseournaturalresourceseconomically.Oneseriousproblemhumanbeingsarefacedwithishowtouseournaturalresourceseconomically.Nowfruitandvegetablescanbeseeneverywherewhenitisinseason.Nowfruitandvegetablescanbeseeneverywherewhentheyareinseason.,.,5.1.7.词的误用Withtheindustriousdevelopment,thereisagreatneedfordifferentkindsofenergy.Withtheindustrialdevelopment,thereisagreatneedfordifferentkindsofenergy.TVcommercialshaveaprofoundinfluenceonoureverydaylife.TVcommercialshaveaprofoundinfluenceonoureverydaylife.Firstweshoulduseournaturalresourcesinaneconomicway.Firstweshoulduseournaturalresourcesinaneconomicalway.,5.2.句子层面5.2.1.中国式英语,Havemoneycandomanythings.有钱可以做好多事情。Therearemanypeopledomorningexerciseinthepark.有很多人在公园里面晨练。Hisjokemademelaughtodeath.Iwasquiteamusedbythejokehejusttold.Chinesepeoplearedevotingthemselvestothephysicalexercise.Why?Becausetheythinkitisveryimportanttotheirhealth.Moreandmorepeoplearespendingpartoftheirfreetimeonphysicalexercisebecausetheyrealizetheimportanceofregularphysicalexercise.,.,Thepriceofthedictionaryistooexpensive.Thepriceofthedictionaryistoohigh.Smokingcigarswilldoharmtoourbody.Smokingcigarswilldoharmtoourhealth.Readingbookscanacquireknowledge.Throughreadingonecanacquireknowledge.Nowpeoplegoabroadisnoteasy.Itisnoteasyforpeopletogoabroadnow.Nowadaysyoungpeoplewhoseektogoabroadarebecomingmoreandmore.Nowadaysmoreandmoreyoungpeoplewhoseektogoabroad.Thechiefreasonsforthechangehavefivepoints.Therearefivemainreasonsforthechange.,.,5.2.2.句子结构不完整,不平衡TVbecomesanimportantpartinourdailylife.Becausewecannotlivewithoutit.TVbecomesanimportantpartinourdailylifebecausewecannotlivewithoutit.Aparkisaplacewhereeveryonecanhaveagoodtimeorjusttobesittingarounddoingnothing.Aparkisaplacewhereeveryonecanhaveagoodtimeorjustsitarounddoingnothing.5.2.3.悬垂修饰语Whilereadingthepaperlastnight,anarticleonsolarenergyattractedmyattention.Whilereadingthepaper,Ibecameinterestedinanarticleonsolarenergy.,.,5.2.4.主谓不一致集合名词(army,audience,cabinet,class,company,committee,crew,crowd,family,government,group,party,population,public,staff,team等)作主语,如果指整体,则谓语动词用单数;如果指具体成员,则谓语动词用复数。表示时间、距离、价格等的复数名词或短语,如果强调整体,谓语动词用单数;如果强调具体数量,则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着alongwith,aswellas,besides,but,combinedwith,except,inadditionto,ratherthan等时,谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror,neithernor,notonlybutalso,or等连接的名词作主语时,谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。Tomisoneofthestudentswhodoesnottakeappliedmathematics.Tomisoneofthestudentswhodonottakeappliedmathematics.,.,5.2.5.赘言问题Inmyopinion,Ibelievethefreemedicalsystemusunneedofreform.Inmyopinion,thefreemedicalsystemusunneedofreform.Ingeneral,youngpeopleinthesedaystendtoremainsingle.Youngpeopleinthesedaystendtoremainsingle.Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountryisbecausethereisnopollutionnornoisethere.Thereasonwhypeoplechoosetoliveinthecountryisthatthereisnopollutionnornoisethere.Wemustcooperatetogethertomakeourcitiesgreenerandcleaner.Wemustworktogethertomakeourcitiesgreenerandcleaner.,.,5.3语篇层面偏离主题段落缺乏统一性缺少连贯性5.4.语法方面语态,比较级,非谓语形式,冠词用法,可数不可数名词,不定代词单复数,时态5.5.标点用法,5.6.拼写错误,environment(环境,容易写成enviroment)government(政府,容易误拼成goverment)modern(现代的,容易拼成morden)respectable(受人尊敬的),respectful(尊敬别人的),respective(各自的)economic(有关经济的),economical(节俭的)delighted(感到高兴的),delightful(使人高兴的),.,historic(有历史意义的),historical(关于历史的)considerate(关心别人的),considerable(相当大的,相当多的)sensible(合理的,可感知的),sensitive(敏感的)credible(可信的),credulous(容易轻信的)continual(持续的,中间有间隔),continuous(持续的,中间没有间隔)satisfied(满意的),satisfactory(令人满意的)farther(更远,表示距离),further(更进一步,表示程度)imaginary(虚构的,想象中的),imaginative(想象力丰富的),imaginable(可以想象的),6怎样写好四级作文,6.1.如何开头,(1)主题句法Theappealofadvertisingtobuyingmotivescanhavebothnegativeandpositiveeffects.(2)问题法Doyouknowhowmanypeoplediefromtrafficaccidentsevery23minutes?Whydoescreamgobadfasterthanbutter?(3)对比法Whenasked.,mostofcollegestudentssaythat.ButIthinkquitedifferently.Iwouldpreferacareerthatwillhelprealizemypotentials.,.,(4)数据法Accordingtoarecentsurvey,about78.9%ofthecollegestudentswantedtofurthertheirstudyaftertheirgraduation.(5)故事法Sixoclockyesterday(June20th,Friday)afternoonwhenIwaswalkingalongtheriverbankofourschool,anunbelievablescenecaughtmyeyes.(6)引语法Astheproverbgoes,“Youareonlyyoungonce.”(适用于记住的名言),.,Thereisanincreasingawareness/popularityamongpeoplethat.,如何结尾,1重复中心思想回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上,达到再次肯定和强调的效果。Withallthesebenefits,itisnowonderthatsportsandgameshavenowbecomemorepopularwithpeoplethanever.2作出结论文章最后用几句话概括全文内容,并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。Inconclusion/tosumup,inconclusion,inbrief,agoodteacher-studentrelationshipcanbemutualbeneficial.Thestudentsgainknowledgeeagerlyandenjoyably,andtheteachergainssatisfactionfromhisjob.,.,3应用引语用格言、谚语或习语总结全文!,既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。Ifyouhaveanythingtodo,trytodoityourself,forthatisthesafestwaytopermanentsuccess.Rememberthefamoussaying.“Godhelpsthosewhohelpthemselves.4用反问结尾虽然形式是问句,但意义却是肯定的,具有明显的强调作用,引起读者思考。Therefore,listeningskillsmustbeconsciouslyimproved.Sinceitissuchanimportantmeansoflearningandcommunication,whyshouldntwedevelopthisabilityasfaraspossible?,.,5提出展望或期望表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。IamsurethatChinesewillbecomeoneofthemostimportantlanguagesintheworldinthenextcentury.AsChinawillopenfurthertotheoutsideworld,thelanguageissuretobespreadworldwidely.,.,Fromthediscussionabove,wemaysafelyarriveat/cometo/reachtheconclusionthat,6.3.行文中间,6.3.1.用词多样丰富thinkvs.holdtheviewthat/maintainthatsovs.consequentlybecausevs.resultingfrom,onaccountofthefactthatandsoon,.,6.3.2.长短句交错使用Whenitcomesto,IholdtheviewthatIamfor/againsttheviewthatThereisnodenyingthefactthatThereisnodoubtthatNowonderThereasonwhyisthatOnnoaccountcanweContrarytowhatiswidelyaccepted,Imaintainthat,6.3.3.通过遣词造句使英语更加地道,遣词抽象名词的使用是现代英语的一大特点Familylifemakesmefeelhappy.Familylifeisasourceofhappinesstome.Ourparentsalwaysexpectthatweshouldmakeprogressinschool,andwillaskwhywefailtodoso.Ourparentsalwaysanticipateprogressandquestionitsabsence.Themayorsaidhewasverygratefulbecausetheconstructionworkerswerededicatedandcompetent.Themayorexpressedhisappreciationofthededicationandcompetenceoftheconstructionworkers.,.,Thenewsmadeusnolongeranxiousbutjoyful.Thenewsturnedourinitialanxietyintojoy.Ifwedontrecognizetheseriousproblemofgrowingpopulation,wewillmakeabigmistake.Failuretorecognizetheseriousnessofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigproblem.,造句,汉语句子信息密度高,而英语句子冗余度高汉语句子按照时间和因果顺序进行线性排列,重心落在最后,而英语句子却可以运用各种虚词着眼于空间的立体组合,把重心放在句首,不拘泥于时间发生的时间和因果次序,也不必担心其逻辑关系上的混乱WhenIfirstvisitedShanghai,Icouldnotfindanytreesandflowersinthestreets.Iwasreallysurprised.IwasreallysurprisedattheabsenceofanytreesandflowersinthestreetswhenIfirstvisitedShanghai.,.,Someshowswillhavebadeffectonchildren.Butourparentsfailtonoticeit,sotheyallowchildrentowatchwhateverprogramison.Childrenareallowedtowatchwhateverprogramison,withlittlethoughtonparentspartofthebadeffectthatsomeshowswillhaveonchildren.Insummervacation,Ivisitedseveralplacesandmetdifferentkindsofpeople.Icantellyoumanywonderfulstoriesaboutthem.TherearemanywonderfulstoriestotellaboutplacesIvisitedanddifferentkindsofpeopleImetduri

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