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皮带运输机总体及传动设计

84页 31000字数+说明书+中英文翻译+开题报告+10张CAD图纸

DTⅡN1滚柱逆止器A2.DWG

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中英文翻译--带式输送机及其牵引系统.doc

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大轴承座 A2.dwg

弹性圈柱销联轴器A2.dwg

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摘要.doc

改向滚筒A1.dwg

新传动滚筒轴A2.dwg

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皮带运输机总体及传动设计开题报告.doc

皮带运输机总体及传动设计论文.doc

摘    要

   带式输送机是广泛应用于煤炭、港口、建设、电厂等工业领域的连续输送设备,它具有运输效率高、运营成本低等优点。随着国民经济的发展,带式输送机的应用越来越广泛。近年来,随着工业技术的发展,带式输送机也不断朝着大运量、长距离、大倾角、高带速、投资费用少、运营费用低、工作可靠、维护方便等方向发展,对其设计技术的要求也越来越高。 为适应地形的要求,用输送带输送一定高度的带式输送机在很多方面有应用。本文着重讨论了带式输送机的结构原理、传动原理、设计计算法则、运行阻力的计算、各点张力的计算等内容,以及各种计算参数的设计计算和校核,尤其对输送带的选用、托辊的选用进行了详细的分析,使设计更加贴切接近实际问题。本文还分析了国内外带式输送机的现状及发展趋势,说明在现代高科技发展的情况下,带式输送机的发展潜力还是很大的。

   本文研究了一般固定式带式输送机的设计理论,并根据所设计的要求再结合目前国内的目前的技术要求组装了一套倾角为0度的固定式带式输送机,说明了这套设计符合设计参数的要求 

关键字:输送机  发展   结构原理   计算和校核  

Abstract

   Taking style to transport machine is broad apply to industry field continuation such as coal , port construction, electric power plant transports equipment , that it has transportation is efficient , is in motion and do business cost low grade merit. The application with the development of national economy, taking style to transport machine is more and more broad. In recent years , with the development of industrial technology,the cost direction such as low , working reliably , defending to go to the lavatory taking style to transport machine bringing speed along also unceasingly to grand fortune amounts , long distance , big dip angle , height , investing in cost stopping being in motion and doing business, develops , designs that the technology request is also more and more high to the person. For the request adapting to landform's, use conveyer belt to transport certain altitude's taking style to transport machine having in many aspects applying. Content such as the main body of a book being emphasized having discussed structure principle , drive principle taking style to transport machine , being designing the calculation calculating a law , running resistance's , every tension calculation, calculating and proofreading the parametric design secretly scheming against as well as various, has carried out detailed analysis on the conveyer belt selecting and using , selecting and using supporting a roller especially , has used the problem designing especially appropriate approximation reality. The main body of a book has been analysed taking style to transport machine current situation and developing trend at home and abroad, the potential taking style to transport is still very big under explanation condition developing in modern high technology.

   The general stationary type the main body of a book has been studied takes style to transport the machine design theory , in the light of designed that together request still be tied in wedlock is at present domestic at present the technology has demanded assembling to copy a dip angle once for 14 degree of stationary type takes style to transport machine , the cover having explained this has designed that according with the request designing a parameter's.  

Key words: Transport machine    Develop     Structure principle  

Secretly scheme against and school core

目录

前 言1

1 绪 论3

1.1 皮带运输机的概况3

1.1.1 皮带运输机的发展史3

1.1.2皮带运输机基本结构4

1.1.3  矿用皮带运输机各机型介绍5

1.2 皮带运输机的发展趋势10

1.2.1国外皮带运输机技术的现状10

1.2.2国内皮带运输机技术的现状11

1.2.3 国内外皮带运输机技术的差距12

1.2.4  煤矿皮带运输机技术的发展趋势16

2 皮带运输机的设计计算18

2.1已知原始数据及工作条件18

2.2输送带宽度的确定及核算19

2.2.1带速的确定19

2.2.2带宽的确定20

2.2.3输送带宽度的核算22

2.3圆周驱动力23

2.3.1计算公式23

2.3.2主要阻力计算24

2.3.3特种主要阻力计算26

2.3.4特种附加阻力计算27

2.3.5倾斜阻力计算28

2.4传动功率计算29

2.4.1 传动滚筒轴功率()计算29

2.4.2 电动机功率计算29

2.5输送带张力计算30

2.5.1阻力计算31

2.5.2 输送带不打滑条件校核34

2.5.3 输送带下垂度校核35

2.5.4输送带强度校核计算36

2.6拉紧力计算36

2.7传动滚筒,改向滚筒合张力计算37

2.7.1改向滚筒合张力计算37

2.7.2 传动滚筒合张力计算37

2.8 传动滚筒最大扭矩计算37

3 皮带运输机的传动原理38

3.1胶带的摩擦传动原理38

3.2传动装置的牵引力41

4 传动装置的选用与设计43

4.1 电机的选用43

4.2 减速器的选用44

4.2.1 传动装置的总传动比44

4.3 液力偶合器47

4.4 联轴器48

5皮带运输机部件的选用52

5.1 输送带52

5.1.1 输送带的分类:54

5.1.2 输送带的连接56

5.2 传动滚筒57

5.2.1 传动滚筒的作用及类型57

5.2.2 传动滚筒的选型及设计58

5.2.3 传动滚筒结构64

5.2.4传动滚筒的直径验算65

5.3 拉紧装置66

5.4 制动装置69

5.5装载装置71

5.6 清扫装置72

5.7机架73

5.8改向滚筒74

5.9驱动装置架76

总  结78

致  谢79

参考文献80

1.1 皮带运输机的概况

   1.1.1 皮带运输机的发展史

  皮带运输机是由承载的输送带兼作牵引机构的连续运输设备,可输送矿石、煤炭等散装物料和包装好的成件物品。由于它具有运输能力大、运输阻力小、耗电量低、运行平稳、运输过程中对物料的损伤小、运营成本低等优点,被广泛应用于国民经济各部门。

  皮带运输机对建设现代化矿井有重要作用。皮带运输机是煤矿最理想的高效连续运输设备,与其他运输设备(如机车类)相比,具有输送距离长、运量大、连续输送等优点,而且运行可靠,易于实现自动化和集中化控制,尤其对高产高效矿井,皮带运输机已成为煤炭开采机电一体化技术与装备的关键设备。随着我国高产高效矿井的出现,原有的皮带运输机无论是主参数还是运行性能都已不能满足要求,必须向长距离、高带速、大运量、大功率的大型化方向发展,并要改善和提高运行性能,确保安全可靠。

  中国古代的高转筒车和提水的翻车,是现代斗式提升机和刮板输送机的雏形;17世纪中,开始应用架空索道输送散状物料;19世纪中叶,各种现代结构的输送机相继出现。1868年,在英国出现了皮带运输机;1887年,在美国出现了螺旋输送机;1905年,在瑞士出现了钢皮带运输机;1906年,在英国和德国出现了惯性输送机。此后,输送机受到机械制造、电机、化工和冶金工业技术进步的影响,不断完善,逐步由完成车间内部的输送,发展到完成在企业内部、企业之间甚至城市之间的物料搬运,成为物料搬运系统机械化和自动化不可缺少的组成部分。   1.1.3  矿用皮带运输机各机型介绍

   (一)  固定高强度皮带运输机

    这是目前煤矿井下用量最多的一种机型,主要用于水平或倾角小于18゜的场合。由于受到输送带强度及零部件的限制,单机长度不宜过长,国内现在钢绳芯带最高为ST4000,整芯带为PVG3150S,高强度机械接头要靠进口,为了降低胶带强度,减小驱动装置尺寸,国内外通常采用中间直线摩擦驱动和中间卸载式驱动,并采用软起动技术。国内现有近10种软起动方式,较好地解决了大型输送机的起动问题。目前国内井下使用的输送机的最大主参数为:运量Q=1000~3000t/h,运距L=1000~5000m,带速V=2.5~4.5m/s,驱动总功率N=750~2000kW,倾角已达30゜,国外皮带运输机的主参数为:运距L=30.4 km,运量Q=37500 t/h,带速V=6~15 m/s,带宽B=4 m。

   (二)  可伸缩皮带运输机

    该机型主要用于煤矿采煤工作面顺槽输送原煤,当输送能力和运距较大时,可配中间驱动装置来满足要求。美国、德国、英国等国家的一些厂商公司都可为各种生产规模的高产高效工作面提供配  套的顺槽用可伸缩皮带运输机,其主参数为:运量Q=2 000t/h,运距L=5 000m,带速v=3.5~4 m/s,驱动总功率N=2400 kW。1998年的 “九五”行业重点攻关课题《高产高效工作面顺槽配套可伸缩皮带运输机》,可满足国内年产200万t级高产高效工作面配套,其主参数为:运量Q=1600~2000 t/h,运距L=2500m,带速B=3.5~4 m/s,装机总功率N=1200kW,带宽B=1.2 m,输送倾角β≤1゜。在2001年完成了工业性试验,同年10月份通过了中国煤炭工业协会的技术鉴定。今年又有一条年产800万t的高产高效工作面用可伸缩皮带运输机研制成功,其主参数为:运量Q=2500 t/h,运距L=3 000 m,带速V=3.5 m/s,  带宽B=l400m,输送倾角β ≤3゜,功率N=3×375 kW,整芯带PVGl800S,设有储带仓,机尾可随采煤工作面的推进伸长或缩短,结构紧凑,可不设基础,直接在巷道底板上铺设,也可悬吊在巷道的顶板上,机架轻巧,拆装十分方便。输送带一般采用整芯带,用机械接头联结,与山西晋城矿务局从ACE公司引进的一台可伸缩皮带运输机的主参数基本一致。

   (三)  大倾角上、下运皮带运输机

   该机型是国家“七五”攻关项目,其关键技术“双排交错深槽V型托辊组”已申请专利。到目前为止,已投入使用50多台,其中倾角为25゜的有11台,26゜~28゜的有5台,30゜的有2台,基本上形成了定型产品,在国内处于领先水平。近年来,根据国内煤矿皮带运输机现状,许多煤矿纷纷要求推广使用大倾角上运皮带运输机。在大倾角上运皮带运输机研制成功的基础上,进行大倾角上运皮带运输机系列化设计,扩大使用范围,以满足不同带宽、功率、运量、运距的需要,改进和研制不同带宽的双排V形深槽托辊组,最大限度地提高导来摩擦系数,从而扩大了输送机输送倾角范围,使输送倾角提高到了30゜,下运输送机倾角也可达-25゜,并使大倾角上运皮带运输机系列既能实现软起动和均载,又能改善逆止性能。

在原有基础上,又对大倾角上运皮带运输机进行系列化设计,使输送机带宽由800mm增加到1 200mm,功率从160 kW增加到1 500 kW,运距达到1 500m以上,带速从2 m/s提高到3.15 m/s,运量从300t/h提高到630t/h,原煤允许含水量从10%放宽到20%。

   (四)  水平转弯输送机

   法国、前苏联、奥地利、德国、美国等国家都很重视水平转弯皮带运输机的理论研究和试验,并已在各行各业得到了广泛应用。1963年法国在地铁工程中首次设计安装了一台水平转弯皮带运输机,其主参数为:运距L=700m,带速V=1.7 m/s,带宽B=800 mm,转弯半径R=700m,提升高度H=3 m,运量Q=300 t/h。1980年法国为某矿铺设了一条水平转弯皮带运输机,其主参数为:机长L=11.12 km,高差H=5.77m,最大坡度为30%,运量Q=560 t/h,用以运送镍矿石。据统计,法国制造使用的水平转弯皮带运输机长度占全世界总长度的20%。

我国对水平转弯皮带运输机的研究较早,但发展并不快,主要原因是用户对该机型认识不够,当时国内也没有成熟的应用实例。到了20世纪90年代,国内试制成功了水平转弯的转角装置,输送机通过转角装置的转载来改变运行方向,该机型在煤矿井下已成功应用。我国的陶庄、协庄和良庄等煤矿,也都先后使用了多台水平转弯皮带运输机,并取得了良好的经济效益。

2001年,水平转弯皮带运输机被应用在地铁工程施工中,隧道长度2 000m,多处转弯,最小水平弯曲半径为360 m。其主参数为:机长L=2000m,运量B=180~200 t/h,带速V=1.6 m/s,带宽B=650mm,多处转弯,目前该机运行正常。

   (五)  下运皮带运输机

长距离、大运量、较大倾角的下运皮带运输机的使用,可较大幅度地减少开采区的巷道工程量,降低基建费用和缩短施工周期,发电运行时还可向电网输电,具有较大的经济效益,是一种极具发展前途的节能设备。但由于带速高,移动部分和转动部分的惯性很大,其下滑的惯性力矩也很大,生产中经常出现打滑、滚料、飞车等事故,因此制动是关键问题。目前国内外煤矿常用的制动方式有液力制动装置、液压制动装置和盘式制动装置等3种。带液力制动系统的下运机是国家“六五”重点科技攻关项目,主要是通过在输送机的驱动装置中安装液力制动系统,分2步实现制动,即先由该系统将输送机运行速度减慢(加速度保持在0.1~0.3 m/s2的范围内),降至额定速度的1/3,然后由机械抱闸最终制动,当井下发生突然停电事故时,仍可实现二级制动。目前能够达到的主参数为:倾角β=-25   法国、前苏联、奥地利、德国、美国等国家都很重视水平转弯皮带运输机的理论研究和试验,并已在各行各业得到了广泛应用。1963年法国在地铁工程中首次设计安装了一台水平转弯皮带运输机,其主参数为:运距L=700m,带速V=1.7 m/s,带宽B=800 mm,转弯半径R=700m,提升高度H=3 m,运量Q=300 t/h。1980年法国为某矿铺设了一条水平转弯皮带运输机,其主参数为:机长L=11.12 km,高差H=5.77m,最大坡度为30%,运量Q=560 t/h,用以运送镍矿石。据统计,法国制造使用的水平转弯皮带运输机长度占全世界总长度的20%。

我国对水平转弯皮带运输机的研究较早,但发展并不快,主要原因是用户对该机型认识不够,当时国内也没有成熟的应用实例。到了20世纪90年代,国内试制成功了水平转弯的转角装置,输送机通过转角装置的转载来改变运行方向,该机型在煤矿井下已成功应用。我国的陶庄、协庄和良庄等煤矿,也都先后使用了多台水平转弯皮带运输机,并取得了良好的经济效益。

2001年,水平转弯皮带运输机被应用在地铁工程施工中,隧道长度2 000m,多处转弯,最小水平弯曲半径为360 m。其主参数为:机长L=2000m,运量B=180~200 t/h,带速V=1.6 m/s,带宽B=650mm,多处转弯,目前该机运行正常。

   (五)  下运皮带运输机

长距离、大运量、较大倾角的下运皮带运输机的使用,可较大幅度地减少开采区的巷道工程量,降低基建费用和缩短施工周期,发电运行时还可向电网输电,具有较大的经济效益,是一种极具发展前途的节能设备。但由于带速高,移动部分和转动部分的惯性很大,其下滑的惯性力矩也很大,生产中经常出现打滑、滚料、飞车等事故,因此制动是关键问题。目前国内外煤矿常用的制动方式有液力制动装置、液压制动装置和盘式制动装置等3种。带液力制动系统的下运机是国家“六五”重点科技攻关项目,主要是通过在输送机的驱动装置中安装液力制动系统,分2步实现制动,即先由该系统将输送机运行速度减慢(加速度保持在0.1~0.3 m/s2的范围内),降至额定速度的1/3,然后由机械抱闸最终制动,当井下发生突然停电事故时,仍可实现二级制动。目前能够达到的主参数为:倾角β=-25゜,运量Q=1 500 t/h,带速V=3.15 m/s,运距L=2000m。

阻尼式下运皮带运输机也具有较为广阔的应用前景,它在输送带底面施加阻尼力来抵消载荷下运时产生的下滑力,其驱动装置可以布置在输送机的下端,使电动机在驱动中始终保持电动状态,改善了输送带受力情况,同时可解决下运可伸缩皮带运输机不易伸缩的难题。在倾角不大于16゜的下运工况均可应用,其防下滑的阻尼力可随时任意调整,十分灵活方便。这种皮带运输机不仅具有胶带张力小,结构简单,可实现长距离运输等优点,而且具有软起动和功率平衡功能,安全保护设施完善,微机控制、传感器监测,能满足煤矿防爆要求。目前该机已有多台在井下使用,运行情况良好。

   (六)  管状皮带运输机

20世纪70年代末,日本管状皮带运输机进入实际应用阶段,并逐步形成了一套设计理论和系列产品,在32个国家获得专利,向12个国家和地区转让了此项技术,形成了国际性的管状皮带运输机学术团体,每年由Bridge Stone公司主办一次管状皮带运输机技术研讨会。

据不完全统计,自20世纪70年代以来,日本国内共生产皮带运输机1 000多台,最大运量Q=3 000 t/h,最大机长L=3 414 m,最大输送倾角α=35゜42’。90年代初,我国首台管状皮带运输机在淮南矿务局新庄孜矿地面使用,用于输送原煤,运量Q=600 t/h,运输长度L=227.65 m,总提升高度H=6.52 m,带速V=175 m/min,绕过了精煤仓,有一个圆心角为40.15゜、曲率半径R=115 m的垂直弯曲段。该机的优点是:封闭输送物料;可弯曲和大倾角输送;可分别利用胶带的上、下分支同时输送物料;断面积小;整机移动方便,重量轻,环保;可以减少转载环节,便于实现控制等。其缺点为:对输送物料的块度有一定要求;不适于多点受、卸料;不适于给料不均匀的场合。这3点,正是井下皮带运输机的特点,因此,管状皮带运输机不适于井下输送。在经济性方面,如果采用进口胶带,就输送机本身而言:当机长L<200 m时,为普通带的2.5倍;当机长L>200m时,为普通带的2倍。胶带国产化后,费用会有所下降。目前沈阳胶带股份有限公司可生产配套的胶带。如果将含走廊及转载点的整个运输系统进行比较,则费用基本相同。

   (七)  压皮带运输机

   压皮带运输机也是为增大输送倾角而设计的,1979年美国大陆输送机设备公司开始研制压皮带运输机,并于1983年研制出压带式大倾角皮带运输机HAC,这台样机的输送倾角为30゜~60゜,最大输送能力为2 900 t/h,其压带是通过旋转的托辊组加载的。此后,大陆公司已生产40多台HAC。1991~1994年德国的MAN TAKPR FODERTECHNIK公司研制了3台用于卸船机的压皮带运输机。前苏联和日本等国也研制了这种皮带运输机。国内生产的压皮带运输机倾角可达90゜,物料最大块度可达300 mm。这种输送机由于本身结构的缺陷和经济上的原因,目前还没有在煤矿井下应用。

   (八)  垂直提升输送机

国外从20世纪60年代末开始发展垂直提升技术,德国Trellex Flexowell公司一直从事这种机型的研制,其产品已有5万余台,分布于90多个国家和地区,应用于各行各业。1996年5月,该公司成功地将料袋式垂直提升技术应用于美国纽约北部一个水库开发的隧道竖井开采中,该料袋式输送机的连续垂直提升高度为208m,带速2.42 m/s。

我国由于垂直提升技术起步晚,该技术在煤矿井下应用尚属空白。根据我国大型煤矿的情况,若要满足主井提升需要,主参数必须满足运量Q≥1200 t/h,高度H≥400m。垂直提升输送机目前存在输送带的阻燃性、安全性、冷粘技术、国产化、清扫以及整机凸弧段的抛料等问题。

2001年在上海地铁施工设计了一条垂直提升输送机,其主参数为:额定连续输送量Q=180~200t/h,输送水平距离L=8.96 m,垂直提升高度H≥25 m,带速V=1.25 m/s,带宽B=1 000 mm,驱动功率N=45 kW,目前该机正在使用中。

1.2 皮带运输机的发展趋势

   1.2.1国外皮带运输机技术的现状

国外皮带运输机技术的发展很快,其主要表现在2个方面:一方面是皮带运输机的功能多元化、应用范围扩大化,如高倾角带输送机、管状皮带运输机、空间转弯皮带运输机等各种机型;另一方面是皮带运输机本身的技术与装备有了巨大的发展,尤其是长距离、大运量、高带速等大型皮带运输机已成为发展的主要方向,其核心技术是开发应用于了皮带运输机动态分析与监控技术,提高了皮带运输机的运行性能和可靠性。目前,在煤矿井下使用的皮带运输机已达到表1所示的主要技术指标,其关键技术与装备有以下几个特点 

   (1)设备大型化其主要技术参数与装备均向着大型化发展,以满足年产300~500万t以上高产高效集约化生产的需要。

(2) 应用动态分析技术和机电一体化、计算机监控等高新技术,采用大功率软起动与自动张紧技术,对输送机进行动态监测与监控,大大地降低了输送带的动张力,设备运行性能好,运输效率高。

(3)采用多机驱动与中间驱动及其功率平衡、输送机变向运行等技术,使输送机单机运行长度在理论上已有受限制,并确保了输送系统设备的通用性、互换性及其单元驱动的可靠性。

(4)新型、高可靠性关键元部件技术。如包含CST等在内的各种先进的大功率驱动装置与调速装置、高寿命高速托辊、自清式滚筒装置、高效贮带装置、快速自移机尾等。如英国FSW生产的FSW1200/(2~3)×400(600)工作面顺槽皮带运输机就采用了液粘差速或变频调速装置,运输能力达3000 t/h以上,它的机尾与新型转载机(如美国久益公司生产的S500E)配套,可随工作面推移而自动快速自移、人工作业少、生产效率高。

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内容简介:
第13页外文翻译英文原文Belt Conveying Systems Development of driving system Among the methods of material conveying employed,belt conveyors play a very important part in the reliable carrying of material over long distances at competitive costConveyor systems have become larger and more complex and drive systems have also been going through a process of evolution and will continue to do soNowadays,bigger belts require more power and have brought the need for larger individual drives as well as multiple drives such as 3 drives of 750 kW for one belt(this is the case for the conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine)The ability to control drive acceleration torque is critical to belt conveyors performanceAn efficient drive system should be able to provide smooth,soft starts while maintaining belt tensions within the specified safe limitsFor load sharing on multiple drivestorque and speed control are also important considerations in the drive systems design. Due to the advances in conveyor drive control technology,at present many more reliableCost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive systems covering a wide range of power are available for customers choices1.1 Analysis on conveyor drive technologies11 Direct drivesFull-voltage startersWith a full-voltage starter design,the conveyor head shaft is direct-coupled to the motor through the gear driveDirect full-voltage starters are adequate for relatively low-power, simple-profile conveyorsWith direct fu11-voltage startersno control is provided for various conveyor loads anddepending on the ratio between fu11- and no-1oad power requirements,empty starting times can be three or four times faster than full loadThe maintenance-free starting system is simple,low-cost and very reliableHowever, they cannot control starting torque and maximum stall torque;thereforethey are limited to the low-power, simple-profile conveyor belt drivesReduced-voltage startersAs conveyor power requirements increase,controlling the applied motor torque during the acceleration period becomes increasingly importantBecause motor torque 1s a function of voltage,motor voltage must be controlledThis can be achieved through reduced-voltage starters by employing a silicon controlled rectifier(SCR)A common starting method with SCR reduced-voltage starters is to apply low voltage initially to take up conveyor belt slackand then to apply a timed linear ramp up to full voltage and belt speedHowever, this starting method will not produce constant conveyor belt accelerationWhen acceleration is completethe SCRs, which control the applied voltage to the electric motor are locked in full conduction, providing fu11-line voltage to the motorMotors with higher torque and pullup torque,can provide better starting torque when combined with the SCR starters, which are available in sizes up to 750 KWWound rotor induction motorsWound rotor induction motors are connected directly to the drive system reducer and are a modified configuration of a standard AC induction motorBy inserting resistance in series with the motors rotor windingsthe modified motor control system controls motor torqueFor conveyor starting,resistance is placed in series with the rotor for low initial torqueAs the conveyor accelerates,the resistance is reduced slowly to maintain a constant acceleration torqueOn multiple-drive systemsan external slip resistor may be left in series with the rotor windings to aid in load sharingThe motor systems have a relatively simple designHowever, the control systems for these can be highly complex,because they are based on computer control of the resistance switchingToday,the majority of control systems are custom designed to meet a conveyor systems particular specificationsWound rotor motors are appropriate for systems requiring more than 400 kW DC motorDC motorsavailable from a fraction of thousands of kW ,are designed to deliver constant torque below base speed and constant kW above base speed to the maximum allowable revolutions per minute(r/min)with the majority of conveyor drives, a DC shunt wound motor is usedWherein the motors rotating armature is connected externallyThe most common technology for controlling DC drives is a SCR device which allows for continual variable-speed operationThe DC drive system is mechanically simple, but can include complex custom-designed electronics to monitor and control the complete systemThis system option is expensive in comparison to other soft-start systemsbut it is a reliable, cost-effective drive in applications in which torque,1oad sharing and variable speed are primary considerationsDC motors generally are used with higher-power conveyors,including complex profile conveyors with multiple-drive systems,booster tripper systems needing belt tension control and conveyors requiring a wide variable-speed range12 Hydrokinetic couplingHydrokinetic couplings,commonly referred to as fluid couplingsare composed of three basic elements; the driven impeller, which acts as a centrifugal pump;the driving hydraulic turbine known as the runner and a casing that encloses the two power componentsHydraulic fluid is pumped from the driven impeller to the driving runner, producing torque at the driven shaftBecause circulating hydraulic fluid produces the torque and speed,no mechanical connection is required between the driving and driven shaftsThe power produced by this coupling is based on the circulated fluids amount and density and the torque in proportion to input speedBecause the pumping action within the fluid coupling depends on centrifugal forcesthe output speed is less than the input speedReferred to as slipthis normally is between l% and 3%Basic hydrokinetic couplings are available in configurations from fractional to several thousand kW Fixed-fill fluid couplingsFixed-fill fluid couplings are the most commonly used soft-start devices for conveyors with simpler belt profiles and limited convex/concave sectionsThey arerelatively simple,1ow-cost,reliable,maintenance free devices that provide excellent soft starting results to the majority of belt conveyors in use todayVariable-fill drain couplingsDrainable-fluid couplings work on the same principle as fixed-fill couplingsThe couplings impellers are mounted on the AC motor and the runners on the driven reducer high-speed shaftHousing mounted to the drive base encloses the working circuitThe couplings rotating casing contains bleed-off orifices that continually allow fluid to exit the working circuit into a separate hydraulic reservoirOil from the reservoir is pumped through a heat exchanger to a solenoid-operated hydraulic valve that controls the filling of the fluid couplingTo control the starting torque of a single-drive conveyor system,the AC motor current must be monitored to provide feedback to the solenoid control valveVariable fill drain couplings are used in medium to high-kW conveyor systems and are available in sizes up to thousands of kW The drives can be mechanically complex and depending on the control parametersthe system can be electronically intricateThe drive system cost is medium to high, depending upon size specifiedHydrokinetic scoop control driveThe scoop control fluid coupling consists of the three standard fluid coupling components:a driven impeller, a driving runner and a casing that encloses the working circuitThe casing is fitted with fixed orifices that bleed a predetermined amount of fluid into a reservoirWhen the scoop tube is fully extended into the reservoir, the coupling is l00 percent filledThe scoop tube, extending outside the fluid coupling,is positioned using an electric actuator to engage the tube from the fully retracted to the fully engaged positionThis control provides reasonably smooth acceleration ratesto but the computer-based control system is very complexScoop control couplings are applied on conveyors requiring single or multiple drives from l50 kW to 750 kW.13 Variable-frequency control(VFC)Variable frequency control is also one of the direct drive methodsThe emphasizing discussion about it here is because that it has so unique characteristic and so good performance compared with other driving methods for belt conveyor VFC devices Provide variable frequency and voltage to the induction motor, resulting in an excellent starting torque and acceleration rate for belt conveyor drivesVFC drivesavailable from fractional to several thousand(kW ), are electronic controllers that rectify AC line power to DC and,through an inverter, convert DC back to AC with frequency and voltage contro1VFC drives adopt vector control or direct torque control(DTC)technology,and can adopt different operating speeds according to different loadsVFC drives can make starting or stalling according to any given S-curvesrealizing the automatic track for starting or stalling curvesVFC drives provide excellent speed and torque control for starting conveyor beltsand can also be designed to provide load sharing for multiple driveseasily VFC controllers are frequently installed on lower-powered conveyor drives,but when used at the range of medium-high voltage in the pastthe structure of VFC controllers becomes very complicated due to the limitation of voltage rating of power semiconductor devices,the combination of medium-high voltage drives and variable speed is often solved with low-voltage inverters using step-up transformer at the output,or with multiple low-voltage inverters connected in seriesThree-level voltage-fed PWM converter systems are recently showing increasing popularity for multi-megawatt industrial drive applications because of easy voltage sharing between the series devices and improved harmonic quality at the output compared to two-level converter systems With simple series connection of devicesThis kind of VFC system with three 750 kW /23kV inverters has been successfully installed in ChengZhuang Mine for one 27-km long belt conveyor driving system in following the principle of three-level inverter will be discussed in detail2 Neutral point clamped(NPC)three-level inverter using IGBTsThree-level voltage-fed inverters have recently become more and more popular for higher power drive applications because of their easy voltage sharing features1ower dv/dt per switching for each of the devices,and superior harmonic quality at the outputThe availability of HV-IGBTs has led to the design of a new range of medium-high voltage inverter using three-level NPC topologyThis kind of inverter can realize a whole range with a voltage rating from 23 kV to 41 6 kV Series connection of HV-IGBT modules is used in the 33 kV and 41 6 kV devicesThe 23 kV inverters need only one HV-IGBT per switch2,3.21 Power sectionTo meet the demands for medium voltage applicationsa three-level neutral point clamped inverter realizes the power sectionIn comparison to a two-level inverterthe NPC inverter offers the benefit that three voltage levels can be supplied to the output terminals,so for the same output current quality,only 1/4 of the switching frequency is necessaryMoreover the voltage ratings of the switches in NPC inverter topology will be reduced to 1/2and the additional transient voltage stress on the motor can also be reduced to 1/2 compared to that of a two-level inverter The switching states of a three-level inverter are summarized in Table 1UV and W denote each of the three phases respectively;P N and O are the dc bus pointsThe phase U,for example,is in state P(positive bus voltage)when the switches S1u and S2u are closed,whereas it is in state N (negative bus voltage) when the switches S3u and S4u are closedAt neutral point clamping,the phase is in O state when either S2u or S3u conducts depending on positive or negative phase current polarity,respectivelyFor neutral point voltage balancing,the average current injected at O should be zero22 Line side converterFor standard applicationsa l2-pulse diode rectifier feeds the divided DC-link capacitorThis topology introduces low harmonics on the line sideFor even higher requirements a 24-pulse diode rectifier can be used as an input converterFor more advanced applications where regeneration capability is necessary, an active frontend converter can replace the diode rectifier, using the same structure as the inverter23 Inverter controlMotor Contro1Motor control of induction machines is realized by using a rotor fluxoriented vector controllerFig2 shows the block diagram of indirect vector controlled drive that incorporates both constant torque and high speed field-weakening regions where the PW M modulator was usedIn this figure,the command flux is generated as function of speedThe feedback speed is added with the feed forward slip command signal . the resulting frequency signal is integrated and then the unit vector signals(cos and sin )are generatedThe vector rotator generates the voltage and angle commands for the PW M as shownPWM ModulatorThe demanded voltage vector is generated using an elaborate PWM modulatorThe modulator extends the concepts of space-vector modulation to the three-level inverterThe operation can be explained by starting from a regularly sampled sine-triangle comparison from two-level inverterInstead of using one set of reference waveforms and one triangle defining the switching frequency, the three-level modulator uses two sets of reference waveforms Ur1 and Ur2 and just one triangleThus, each switching transition is used in an optimal way so that several objectives are reached at the same time Very low harmonics are generatedThe switching frequency is low and thus switching losses are minimizedAs in a two-level inverter, a zero-sequence component can be added to each set of reference waveform s in order to maximize the fundamental voltage componentAs an additional degree of freedom,the position of the reference waveform s within the triangle can be changedThis can be used for current balance in the two halves of the DC-1ink3 Testing resultsAfter Successful installation of three 750 kW /23 kV three-level inverters for one 27 km long belt conveyor driving system in Chengzhuang MineThe performance of the whole VFC system was testedFig3 is taken from the test,which shows the excellent characteristic of the belt conveyor driving system with VFC controllerFig3 includes four curvesThe curve 1 shows the belt tensionFrom the curve it can be find that the fluctuation range of the belt tension is very smal1Curve 2 and curve 3 indicate current and torque separatelyCurve 4 shows the velocity of the controlled beltThe belt velocity have the“s”shape characteristicA1l the results of the test show a very satisfied characteristic for belt driving system4 ConclusionsAdvances in conveyor drive control technology in recent years have resulted in many more reliableCost-effective and performance-driven conveyor drive system choices for usersAmong these choices,the Variable frequency control (VFC) method shows promising use in the future for long distance belt conveyor drives due to its excellent performancesThe NPC three-level inverter using high voltage IGBTs make the Variable frequency control in medium voltage applications become much more simple because the inverter itself can provide the medium voltage needed at the motor terminals,thus eliminating the step-up transformer in most applications in the pastThe testing results taken from the VFC control system with NPC three1evel inverters used in a 27 km long belt conveyor drives in Chengzhuang Mine indicates that the performance of NPC three-level inverter using HV-IGBTs together with the control strategy of rotor field-oriented vector control for induction motor drive is excellent for belt conveyor driving system中文译文:带式输送机及其牵引系统 在运送大量的物料时,带式输送机在长距离的运输中起到了非常重要的竞争作用。输送系统将会变得更大、更复杂,而驱动系统也已经历了一个演变过程,并将继续这样下去。如今,较大的输送带和多驱动系统需要更大的功率,比如3驱动系统需要给输送带750KW (成庄煤矿输送机驱动系统的要求)。控制驱动力和加速度扭矩是输送机的关键。一个高效的驱动系统应该能顺利的运行,同时保持输送带张紧力在指定的安全极限负荷内。为了负载分配在多个驱动上,扭矩和速度控制在驱动系统的设计中也是很重要的因素。由于输送机驱动系统控制技术的进步,目前更多可靠的低成本和高效驱动的驱动系统可供顾客选择1。1 带式输送机驱动1.1 带式输送机驱动方式全电压启动 在全电压启动设计中,带式输送机驱动轴通过齿轮传动直接连接到电机。直接全压驱动没有为变化的传送负载提供任何控制,根据满载和空载功率需求的比率,空载启动时比满载可能快34倍。此种方式的优点是:免维护,启动系统简单,低成本,可靠性高。但是,不能控制启动扭矩和最大停止扭矩。因此,这种方式只用于低功率,结构简单的传送驱动中。降压启动 随着传送驱动功率的增加,在加速期间控制使用的电机扭矩变得越来越重要。由于电机扭矩是电压的函数,电机电压必须得到控制,一般用可控硅整流器(SCR) 构成的降压启动装置,先施加低电压拉紧输送带,然后线性的增加供电电压直到全电压和最大带速。但是,这种启动方式不会产生稳定的加速度,当加速完成时,控制电机电压的SCR 锁定在全导通,为电机提供全压。此种控制方式功率可达到750kW。绕线转子感应电机 绕线转子感应电机直接连接到驱动系统减速机上,通过在电机转子绕组中串联电阻控制电机转矩。在传送装置启动时,把电阻串联进转子产生较低的转矩,当传送带加速时,电阻逐渐减少保持稳定增加转矩。在多驱动系统中,一个外加的滑差电阻可能将总是串联在转子绕组回路中以帮助均分负载。该方式的电机系统设计相对简单,但控制系统可能很复杂,因为它们是基于计算机控制的电阻切换。当今,控制系统的大多数是定制设计来满足传送系统的特殊规格。绕线转子电机适合于需要400kW以上的系统。直流(DC)电机 大多数传送驱动使用DC 并励电机,电机的电枢在外部连接。控制DC 驱动技术一般应用SCR装置,它允许连续的变速操作。DC 驱动系统在机械上是简单的,但设计的电子电路,监测和控制整个系统,相比于其他软启动系统的选择是昂贵的,但在转矩、负载均分和变速为主要考虑的场合,它又是一个可靠的,节约成本的方式。DC 电机一般使用在功率较大的输送装置上,包括需要输送带张力控制的多驱动系统和需要宽变速范围的输送装置上。1.2 液力偶合器流体动力偶合器通常被称为液力偶合器,由三个基本单元组成:充当离心泵的叶轮,推进水压的涡轮和装进两个动力部件的外壳。流体从叶轮到涡轮,在从动轴产生扭矩。由于循环流体产生扭矩和速度,在驱动轴和从动轴之间不需要任何机械连接。这种连接产生的动力决定于液力偶合器的充液量,扭矩正比于输入速度。因在流体偶合中输出速度小于输入速度,其间的差值称为滑差,一般为1 %3 %。传递功率可达几千千瓦。固定充液液力偶合器 固定充液液力偶合器是在结构较简单和仅具有有限的弯曲部分的输送装置中最常用的软启动装置,其结构相对比较简单,成本又低,对现在使用的大多数输送机能提供优良的软启动效果。可变充液液力偶合器 也称为限矩型液力偶合器。偶合器的叶轮装在AC 电机上,涡轮装在从动减速器高速轴上,包含操作部件的轴箱安装在驱动基座。偶合器的旋转外壳有溢出口,允许液体不断地从工作腔中流出进入一个分离的辅助腔,油从辅助腔通过一个热交换器泵到控制偶合器充液量的电磁阀。为了控制单机传动系统的启动转矩,必须监测AC 电机电流,给电磁阀的控制提供反馈。可变充液液力偶合器可使用在中大功率输送系统中,功率可达到数千千瓦。这种驱动无论在机械,或在电气上都是很复杂的,其驱动系统成本中等。勺管控制液力偶合器 也称为调速型液力偶合器。此种液力偶合器同样由三个标准的液力偶合单元构成,即叶轮、涡轮和一个包含工作环路的外壳。此种液力偶合器需要在工作腔以外设置导管(也称勺管) 和导管腔,依靠调节装置改变勺管开度(勺管顶端与旋转外壳间距) 人为的改变工作腔的充液量,从而实现对输出转速的调节。这种控制提供了合理的平滑加速度,但其计算机控制系统很复杂。勺管控制液力偶合器可以应用在单机或多机驱动系统, 功率范围为150kW750kW。13 变频控制(VFC)变频控制也是一种直接驱动方式,它具有非常独特的高性能。VFC 装置为感应电机提供变化的频率和电压,产生优良的启动转矩和加速度。VFC设备是一个电力电子控制器,首先把AC 整流成DC ,然后利用逆变器,再将DC 转换成频率、电压可控的AC。VFC 驱动采用矢量控制或直接转矩控制(DTC) 技术,能根据不同的负载采用不同的运
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