脊柱解剖.ppt

脊柱,Vertebralcolumn,基础医学院人体解剖教研室,Thevertebralcolumn脊柱consistsof24vertebrae,thesacrum,andthecoccyx.,一、Vertebrae椎骨Thereare33vertebraeinchildren,arrangedasfollows:Cervicalvertebrae颈椎C.7Thoracicvertebrae胸椎T.12Lumbarvertebrae腰椎L.5Sacralvertebrae骶椎S.5sacrum骶骨Coccygealvertebrae尾椎Co.34coccyx尾骨,Generalfeaturesofvertebrae,Vertebralbody椎体Vertebralarch椎弓pedicleofvertebralarch椎弓根:sup.andinf.Vertebralnotch椎上、下切迹laminaofvertebralarch椎弓板process(7):spinousprocess棘突transverseprocess横突sup.andinf.articularprocesses上、下关节突Vertebralforamen椎孔Vertebralcanal椎管Intervertebralforamen椎间孔,Regionalvariationsofvertebrae,CervicalvertebraeVertebraeBody:smallVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:shortandbifidinC3toC5,longinC6,andlongerinC7Transverseprocesses:shortandbifid,transverseforamen横突孔Articularprocesses:horizontal,Atypicalvertebeae,Atlas寰椎(C1)Bodyandspinousprocessabsent,consistsofanteriorandposteriorarches,andtwolateralmassesGrooveforvertebralartery椎动脉沟,Axis枢椎(C2):distinguishedbydens齿突whicharticulateswithdentalfoveaofanteriorarchofatlas,Carotidtubercle:颈动脉结节:anteriortubercleoftransverseprocessofC6Vertebraprominens隆椎(C7):containslongandnon-bifidspinousprocess,itisvisiblewithneckflexed,usedasclinicallandmarkincountingcervicalandthoracicspinousprocesses,Thoracicvertebrae,VertebraeBody：heart-shape,superiorandinferiorcostalfovea上、下肋凹Vertebralforamen：smaller,rounderSpinousprocesses：long,pointobliquelydownwardTransverseprocesses：transversecostalfovea横突肋凹Articularprocesses:coronal,Lumbarvertebrae,VertebraeBody：larger,kidney-shapeVertebralforamen:largerandtriangularSpinousprocesses:projectshorizontallyTransverseprocesses:longArticularprocesses:sagittal,Sacrum,Anteriorsurface:promontory岬,anteriorsacralforamina骶前孔(fourpairs)Posteriorsurface:mediansacralcrest骶正中嵴,posteriorsacralforamina(fourpairs),sacralhiatus骶管裂孔，sacralcornu骶角Lateralpart:auricularsurface耳状面,sacraltuberosity骶粗隆,二、ArticulationsofVertebrae椎骨的连结,Jointsofthevertebralbodies,Jointsofthevertebralarches,1.Jointsofthevertebralbodies椎体间的连结,Intervertebraldiscs椎间盘betweenbodiesofadjacentvertebrae,composedof:Nucleuspulpous髓核,aninnersoft,pulpy,highlyelasticstructure(gelatinouscore)Annulusfibrosus纤维环anouterfibrousringconsistingoffibrocartilage,Anteriorlongitudinalligament前纵韧带,StrongbandcoveringtheanteriorpartofthevertebralbodiesandintervertebraldiscsrunningfromtheanteriormarginofforamenmagnumtotheS1S2MaintainsstabilityoftheintervertebraldiscandpreventshyperextensionofthevertebralcolumnPosteriorlongitudinalligament后纵韧带AttachedtotheposterioraspectoftheintervertebraldiscsandposterioredgesofthevertebralbodiesfromC2vertebratosacrumPreventshyperflexionofthevertebralcolumnandposteriorprotrusionofthediscs,Herniaofnucleuspulpous髓核脱出,2.Jointsofthevertebralarches椎弓间的连结,Ligamentaflava黄韧带elasticligament,unitelaminaeofadjacentvertebrae,andcompletetheposteriorwallofvertebralcanal;tendtopreventhyperflexionofthevertebralcolumnInterspinalligament棘间韧带Supraspinalligament棘上韧带Ligamentumnuchae项韧带Intertansverseligament横突间韧带Zygapophysialjoint关节突关节,三、Atlantooccipitaljoint寰枕关节,BetweensuperiorarticulatingsurfacesofatlasandoccipitalcondylesSupportedbymembrancesandligamentsthatjoinoccipitalboneandatlasActionnoddingofhead,lateraltiltingofhead,四、Atlantoaxialjoint寰枢关节,ThreesynovialjointsbetweenatlasandaxisLaterally,pairedjointsbetweenarticulatingfacesMedianjointbetweendensofaxisandanteriorarchofatlas,Supportedbyligamentsapicalligamentofdens齿突尖韧带alarligament翼状韧带transverseligamentofatlas寰椎横韧带tectorialmembrane覆膜Actionallowatlas(andhead)topivotontheaxisandvertebralcolumn,五、NormalCurvesofvertebralcolumn,Cervicalcurvature颈曲convexforwardThoraciccurvatu