数控机床的组成部分外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

英文原文 N/C Machine Tool Element N/C machine tool elements consist of dimensioning systems, control systems,servomechanisms and open-orclosed-loop systems. It is important to understand each elementprior to actual programming of a numerically controlled port. The term measuring system in N/C refers to the method a machine tool uses to move a partfrom a reference point to a target point. A target point may be a certain locating for drilling a hole,milling a slot, or other machine operation. The two measuring systems used on N/C machines arethe absolute and incremental. The absolute measuring system uses a fixed reference point. It ison this point that all positional information is based. In other words, all the locations to which apart will be moved must be given dimensions relating to that original fixed reference point.Figure16.1 shows an absolute measuring system with X and Y dimensions, each based on the origin.The incremental measuring system has a floating coordinating system. With the incrementalsystem, the time the part is moved. Figure 16.2 show X and Y values using an incrementalmeasuring system. Notice that with this system, each new location bases its values in X and Yfrom the preceding location. One disadvantage to this system is that any errors made will berepeated throughout the entire program, if not detected and corrected. There are two types of control systems commonly used on N/C equipment: point-to-point andcontinuous path. A point-to-point controlled N/C machine tool, sometimes referred to as apositioning control type, has the capability of moving only along a straight line. However, whentwo axes are programmed simultaneously with equal values a 45 angle will be generated.Point-to-point systems are generally found on drilling and simple milling machine where holelocation and straight milling jobs are performed. Point-to-point systems can be utilized togenetate arcs and angles by programming the machine to move in a series of small steps. Usingthis technique, however, the actual path machined is slightly different from the cutting pathspecified. Machine tools that have the capability of moving simultaneously in two or more axes areclassified as continuous-path or contouring. These machines are used for machining arcs, radii,circles, and angles of any size in two or there dimensions. Continuous-path machines are moreexpensive than point-to-point systems and generally require a computer to aid programming when machining complex contours. N/C servomechanisms are devices used for producing accurate movement of a table or slid along an axis. Two types of servos are commonly used on N/C equipment: electric stepping motors and hydraulic motors. Stepping motor servos are frequently used on less expensive N/C equipment. These motors are generally high-torque power servos and mounted directly to a lead screw of a table or tool slide. Most stepping motors are actuated by magnetic pulses from the stator and rotor assemblies. The net result of this action is that one rotation of the motor shaft produces 200 steps. Connection the motor shaft to a 10-pitch lead screw allows 0.0005-in. movements to be made. Hydraulic servos produce a fluid pressure that flows through gears or pistons to effect shaft rotation. Mechanical motion of lead screws and slides is accomplished through various values and controls from these hydraulic motors. However, they are more expensive and noisy. Most larger N/C machines use hydraulic servos. N/C machines that use an open-loop system contain no-feedback signal to ensure that a machine axis has traveled the required distance. That is, if the input received was to move a particular table axis 1.000 in, the servo unit generally moves the table 1.000 in. There is no means for comparing the actual table movement with the input signal, however, The only assurance that the table has actually moved 1.000 in. is the reliability of the servo system used.Open-loop systems are, of course, less expensive than closed-loop systems. A closed-loop system compares the actual output with the input signal and compensates for any errors. A feedback unit actually compares the amount the table has been moved with the input signal. Some feedback units used on closed-loop systems are transducers, electrical or magnetic scales, and synchros. Closed-loop systems greatly increase the reliability of N/C machines. Machining Centers Many of todays more sophisticated lathes are called machining centers since they are capable of performing, in addition to the normal turning operations, certain milling and drilling operations. Basically, a machining center can be thought of as being a combination turret lathe and milling machine. Additional features are sometimes included by manufacturers to increase the versatility of their machines. Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC). Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manually operated and controlled .Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator. Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools. Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool. For a machine tool to be numerically controlled, it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions, known as a reader. Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators, and it has done so. Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines, they can produce parts more uniformly, they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower. The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: 1. Electrical discharge machining. 2. Laser cutting. 3. Electron beam welding. Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of parts, each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes. Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes. Like so many advanced technologies, NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U. S. Air force. In its earliest stages, NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively. However, curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the steps, the smoother is the curve. Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated. This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language. This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC systems were vastly different from those used today. The machines had hardwired logic circuits. The instructional programs were written on punched paper, which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape. A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine. Together, all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools. However, there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development. A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium. It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process. This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader. If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part, it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate times. Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use. This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape. Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape, the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots. The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper taps, which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage. However, it still left two other problems. The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape. To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape .It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced. Fortunately, computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape. The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions. In direct numerical control .machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer. Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However, it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the lost computer goes down, the machine tools also experience downtime. This problem led to the development of computer numerical control. The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and microcomputers. These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC, each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. It also allows programs to be developed off-line and downloaded at the individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated with downtime of the host computer, but it introduced another known as data management. The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connect microcomputers for better data management. Cutting Tool Geometry Shape of cutting tools, particularly the angles, and tool material are very important factors. Angles determine greatly not only tool life but finish quality as well. General principles upon which cutting tool angles are based do not depend on the particular tool, Basically, the same considerations hold true whether a lathe tool, a milling cutter, a drill, or even a grinding wheel are being designed. Since, however the lathe tool, depicted in Fig. 18.1, might be easiest to visualize, its geometry is discussed. Tool features have been identified by many names. The technical literature is full of confusing terminology. Thus in the attempt to cleat up existing disorganized conceptions and nomenclature, this American Society of Mechanical Engineers published ASA Standard B5-22-1950. What follows is based on it. A single-point tool is a cutting tool having one face and one continuous cutting edge, Tool angles identified in Fig. 18.2 are as follows: Tool angle 1, on front view, is the back-rank angle. It is the angle between the tool face and a line parallel to the tool base of the shank in a longitudinal plane perpendicular to the tool base. When this angle is downward from front to rear of the cutting edge, the rake is positive； when upward from front to black, the rake is negative. This angle is most significant in the machining process, because it directly affects the cutting force, finish, and tool life. The side-rake angle, numbered 2, measures the slope of the face on a cross plane perpendicular to the tool base. It, also, is an important angle, because it directs chip flow to the side of the tool post and permits the tool to feed more easily into the work. The end-relief angle is measured between a line perpendicular to the base and the end flank immediately below the end cutting edge； it is numbered 3 in the figure. It provides clearance between work and tool so that its cut surface can flow by with minimum rubbing against the tool. To save time, a portion of the end flank of the tool may sometimes be lest unground, having been previously forged to size. In such case, this end-clearance angle, numbered 4, measured to the end flank surface below the ground portion, would be larger than the relief angle. Often the end cutting edge is oblique to the flank. The relief angle is then best measured in a plane normal to the end cutting edge angle. Relief is also expressed as viewed from side and end of the tool. The side-relief angle, indicated as 5, is measured between the side flank, just below the cutting edge, and a line through the cutting edge perpendicular to the base of the tool. This clearance permits the tool to advance more smoothly into the work. Angle 6 is the end-cutting-edge angle measured between the end cutting edge and a line perpendicular to the side of the tool shank. This angle prevents rubbing of the cut surface and permits longer tool file. The side-cutting-edge angle, numbered 7, is the angle between the side cutting edge and the side of the tool shank. The true length of cut is along this edge. Thus the angel determines the distribution of the cutting forces. The greater the angle, the longer the tool life； but the possibility of charter increases. A compromise must, as usual, be reached. The nose angle, number 8, is the angle between the two component cutting edges. If the corner is rounded off, the arc size is defined by the nose radius 9. The radius size influences finish and chatter. Sand Casting The first stage in the production of sand castings must be the design and manufacture of a suitable pattern. Casting patterns are generally made from hard word and the pattern has to be made larger than the finished casting size to allow for the shrinkage that takes place during solidification and cooling. The extent of this shrinkage varies with the type of metal or alloy to be cast. For all but the simplest shapes the pattern will be made in two or more pieces to facilitate moulding. If a hollow casting is to be made the pattern design will include extension pieces so that spaces to accept the sand core are moulded into sand. These additional spaces in the mould are termed core prints.Sand moulds for the production of small and medium-sized castings are made in a moulding box. The mould is made in two or more parts in order that the pattern may be removed. The drag half of the mould box is placed on a flat firm board and the drag half of the pattern placed in position. Facing sand is sprinkled over the pattern and then the mould box is filled with moulding sand. The sand is rammed firmly around the pattern. This process of filling and ramming may be done by hand but mould production is automated in a large foundry with the mould boxes moving along a conveyor, firstly to be filled with sand from hoppers and then to pass under mechanical hammers for ramming. When ramming of the sand is complete, excess sand is removed to leave a smooth surface flush with the edges of the moulding box. The completed drag is now turned over and the upper, or cope, portion of the moulding box positioned over it. The cope half of the pattern is placed in position, correct alignment being ensured by means of small dowel pins. Patterns for the necessary feeder, runner and risers are also placed so as to give an even distribution of metal into the mould cavity. The risers should coincide with the highest readily escape from the mould. The sizes of risers should be such that the metal in them does not freeze too rapidly. An important function of a riser is to act as reservoir of liquid metal to feed solidification within the mould. A thin coating of dry parting sand is sprinkled into mould at this stage. This is to prevent the cope and drag sticking together when the cope half is moulded. The cope is now filled with moulding sand and this is rammed firmly into shape in the same manner as in the making of the drag. After the ramming of sand in the cope is completed the two halves of the moulding box are carefully separated. At this stage venting of the moulding box are carefully separated. At this stage venting of the mould can be done, if necessary, to increase the permeability of the mould. After venting the patterns are carefully removed from both cope and drag, and a gate or gates are carefully cut to connect the runner channel with the main cavity. Gates should be sited to allow or entry into mould with a minimum of turbulence. Any loose sand is gently blown away and if a core is to be used it the cope upon the drag and it is then ready for use. Liquid metal is poured smoothly into the mould via the feeder. Pouring ceases when liquid metal appears at the top of the risers and the feeder channel is also full. When the metal that has been poured into a sand mould has fully solidified the mould is broken and casting is removed. The casting still has the runner and risers attached to it and there will be sand adhering to portions of the surface. Runners and risers are cut off and returned to the melting furnace. Sand cores are broken and adherent sand is cleaned from the surface by vibration or by sand blasting with dry sand. Any fins or metal flash formed at mould parting lines are removed by grinding and the castings are then ready for inspection. The main Elements of Horizontal Milling Machines Column and base The column and base form the foundation of the complete machine. Both are made from cast iron, designed with thick sections to ensure complete rigidity and freedom form vibration. The base, upon which the column is mounted, is also the cutting-fluid reservoir and contains the pump to circulate the fluid to cutting area. The column contains the spindle, accurately located in precision bearings. The spindle id driven through a gearbox from a vee-belt drive from the electric motor housed at the base of column. The gearbox enables a range of spindle speeds to be selected. In the model shown, twelve spindle speeds from 32 to 1400rev/min are available. The front of column carries the guideways upon which the knee is located and guided in a vertical direction. Knee The knee, mounted on the column guideways, provides the vertical movement of the table. Power feed is available, through a gearbox mounted on the side, from a separate built-in motor, providing a range of twelve feed rates from 12 to 250mm/min. Drive is through a leadscrew, whose bottom end is fixed to machine base. Provision is made to raise and lower the knee by hand through a leadscrew and nut operates by a handwheel at the front. The knee has guideways on its top surface giving full-width support to the saddle and guiding it in a transverse direction. lock is provided to clamp the knee in any vertical position on the column. Saddle The saddle, mounted on the knee guideways, providers the transverse movement of the table. Power feed is provided through the gearbox on the knee. A range of twelve feeds is available, from 12 to 500mm/min. Alternative hand movement is provided through a leadscrew and nut by a hand heel at the front of the knee.Camping of saddle to the knee is achieved by two clamps on the side of the saddle.The saddle has dovetail gun its upper surface, at right angles to the knee guideways, to provide a guide to the table in a longitudinal direction. Table The table provides the surface upon which all workpieces and workholding equipment are located and clamped. A series of tee slots is provided for this purpose. The dovetail guides on undersurface locate in the guideways on the saddle, giving straight-line movement to the table in longitudinal direction at right angles to the saddle movement.Power feed is provided fro m the knee gearbox, through the saddle, to the table leadscrew. Alternative hand feed is provided by a handwheel at each end of the table. Stops at the front of the table can be set to disengage the longitudinal feed automatically in each direction. Spindle The spindle, accurately mounted in precision bearings, provides the drive for the milling cutters. Cutters can be mounted straight on the spindle nose or in curter-holding devices which in turn are mounted in the spindle, held in position by a drawbolt passing the hold spindle. Spindles of milling machines have a standard spindle nose to allow for easy interchange of cutters and cutter-holding devices. The bore of the nose is tapered to provide accurate location, the angle of taper being 1. The diameter of the taper depends on the size of the machine and may be 30,40,or 50 IST. Due to their steepness of angle, there tapers known as non-stick or self-releasing- cannot be relied upon to transmit the drive to the cutter or cutter-holding device. Two driving keys are provided to transmit the drive. Overarm and arbor support Due to the length of arbors used, support is required at the outer end to prevent deflection when cutting takes place. Support is provided by an arbor-support bracket, clamped to an overarm which is mounted on top of the column in a dovetail slide. The overarm is adjustable in or out for different lengths of arbor, or can be fully pushed in when arbor support is not required. Two clamping bolts are support is located in the overarm dovetail and is locked by which the arbor runs during splindle rotation. 中文译文 数控机床的组成部分 数控机床的组成部分包括测量系统、控制系统、伺服系统及开环或闭环系统，在对数控零件进行实际程序设计之前，了解各组成部分是重要的。 数控中，测量系统这一术语指的是机床的两种测量系统是绝对测量系统和增量测量系统。绝对测量系统采用固定基准点，所有的位置信息正是一这一点为基准。换句话说，必须给出一个零件运动的所有位 置相对于原始固定基准点的尺寸关系。图 16.1 表示 X 和 Y 两维绝对测量系统，每维都以原点为基准。增量测量系统有一个移动的坐标系统。运动增量系统时，零件每移动一次，机床就建立一个新的原点。图 16.2 表示使用增量测量系统时的 X 和 Y 的值。注意，使用这个系统时，每个新的位置在 X 和 Y 镯上的值都是建立在前一个位置之上的。这种系统的一个缺点是，如果产生的任何错误没有被发现与校正，则错误会在整个过程中反复存在。 用于数控设备的控制系统通常有两类，即点位控制系统和连续控制系统。点位控制数控机床只有直 线运动的能力。然儿，当沿两琢线以等值同时编程时，会形成 45 斜线。点位控制系统常用于需确定孔位的转床和需进行直线铣销加工的简单铣床上。点位控制系统可通过程序控制机床，以一系列小步运动形成弧线和斜线。然儿，用这种方法时，实际加工轨迹与规定的切削轨迹留有不同。 具有在两个或多个坐标做方向上同时运动的能力的机床，归属连续轨迹控制或轮廓控制类机床。这些机床用于加工两维或三维空间中各种不同大小的弧行、圆角、圆及斜角。连续轨迹控制的数控机床比点位控制的机床贵得多，在加工复杂轮廓时，一般需要计算机辅助程序设计。 数控伺服机 构是使工作台或滑座沿座标柞准确运动的装置。用于数控设备的伺服机构通常有两种：步进电机和液压马达。步进电机伺服机构用于不太贵重的数控设备上。这些电机通常是大转矩的伺服机构，直接安装在工作台或刀座的丝杆上。大多数步进电机是由来自定子和转子组件的磁力脉冲驱动的，这种作用的结果是电机主状一转产生 200 步矩。把电机注解接在 10 扣 /英寸的丝杆上，每步能产生 0.0004 英寸的移动。液压伺服马达使压力液体流过齿轮或拄塞，从而使周转动。丝杆和滑座的机械运动是通过各种阀和液压马达的控制来实现的。液压伺服马达产生比步 进电机更大的转矩，但比步进电机贵，且噪声很大。大多数大型数控机床使用液压伺服机构。 使用开环系统的数控机床，没有反馈信号来确保机床的坐标做是否运动了所需的距离。即，如果接受的输入信号是使一特定工作台坐标做移动 1.000 英尺的唯一保证是闭环系统便宜。闭环系统能够将实际输出与输入信号加以比较，并对任何误差进行补偿。反馈装置真实地将工作台加以比较，并对任何误差进行补偿。反馈装置真实地将工作台已运动的量与输入信号进行比较。用于闭环系统的一些反馈装置是传感器、电尺或磁尺以及同步器等。闭环系统大大增加了数控机床的准 确性。 加工中心 当前，许多技术更为先进的车床叫做加工中心。因为，它们除了完成常规的车削工作之外，还可以完成某些铣削、钻削工作。加工中心基本上可以认为是转塔车床和铣床的组合体。有时，制造厂商为了增加机床的多用性，还会增加一些其他的性能。 数字控制 先进制造技术中的一个最基本的概念是数字控制（ NC）。在数控技术出现之前，所有的机床都是由人工操纵和控制的。在与人工控制的机床有关的很多局限性中，操作者的技能大概是最突出的问题。采用人工控制时，产品的质量直接与操作者的技能有关。数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来的第 一步。 数字控制意味着采用预先录制的，存储的符号指令，控制机床和其他制造系统。一个数控技师的工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令的程序。对于一台数控机床，其上必须装有一个被称为阅读机的界面装置，用来接受和解译编程指令。 发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者的局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。数字控制的机器比人工控制的机器的精度更高、生产的零件的一致性更好、生产的速度更快、而且长期的工艺装备成本更低。数控技术的发展导致制造工艺中的其他几项新发明的产生： 电火花加工技术； 激光切削 电子束焊 接 数字控制还使得机床比它们采用人工操纵的前辈们的用途更为广泛。一台数控机床可以自动生产很多种类的零件，每个零件都可以有不同的和复杂的加工过程。数控可使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制的机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算的产品的生产任务。与许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院的实验室中。数控这个概念是 20 世纪 50 年代初在美国空军的资助下提出来的。在其最初的阶段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。 然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工的一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列的水平与竖直的台阶来生成曲线。构成台阶的每个 线段越短，曲线就越光滑。台阶中的每个线段都必须经过计算。 在这个问题促使下，与 1959 年诞生了自动编程工具（ APT）语言。这是一个专门适用于数控的编程语言，使用类似于英语的语句来定义零件的几何形状，描述切削刀具的形状和规定必要的运动。 APT 语言的研究和发展是在数控技术进一步发展过程中的一大进步。最初的数控系统与今天应用的数控系统是有很大的差别的。在那时的机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。指令程序写在穿孔纸带上（它后来被塑料磁带所取代），采用带阅读机将写在纸带或磁带上的指令给机器翻译出来。所有这些共同构成了机床 数字控制方面的巨大的进步。然而，在数控发展的这个阶段中还存在着许多问题。 一个主要问题是穿孔纸带的易损坏性。在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息的纸带断裂和被撕坏是常见的事情。在机床上每加工一个零件，都需要将载有编程指令的纸带放入阅读机中重新运行一次。因此，这个问题变的很严重。如果需要制造 100 个某种零件，则应该将纸带分别通过阅读机 100 次。易损坏的纸带显然不能承受严酷的车间环境和这种重复使用。 这就导致了一种专门的塑料磁带的研制。在纸带上通过采用一系列的小孔来载有编程指令，而在塑料带上通过采用一系列 的磁点来载有编程指令。塑料带的强度比纸带度要高很多，这就可以解决常见的撕坏和断裂问题。然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。 其中最重要的一个问题是，对输入带中的指令进行修改是非常困难的，或者是根本不可能的。即使对指令程序进行最微小的调整。也必须中断加工，制作一条新带。而且带通过阅读机的次数还必须与需要加工的零件的个数相同。幸运的是，计算机技术的实际应用很快解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带有关的问题。 在形成直接数字控制（ DNC）这个概念后，可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程指令的载体，这样就解决了与之有关的问题。在 直接数字控制中，几台机床通过数据传输线路连接到一台主计算机上。操纵这些机床所需要的程序都存储在这台主计算机中。当需要时，通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上的一大进步。然而，它也有着与其他依赖于主计算机的技术一样的局限性。当主计算机出现故障时，由其控制的所有机床都将停止工作。这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术的产生。 微处理器的发展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机的发展做好了准备。这两种技术为计算机数控（ CNC）的发展打下了基础。采用 CNC 技术后，每台机床上都有一个可编程逻辑控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台机器内部。它还可以在机床以外编制程序，并且将其下载到每台机床中。计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所带来的问题，但是它产生了另一个被称为数据管理的问题。同一个程序可能要分别装入十个相互之间没有通信联系的微机中。这个问题正在解决之中，它是通过采用局部区域网络将各个微机连接起来，以利于更好地进行数据管理。 刀具的几何参数 刀具的形状和材料是刀具的两个非常重要的因素。刀具的角度不仅在很大程度上决定了刀具的寿命，而且也在很大程度上决定了加工的表面的质量 。刀具角度设计有其一般性原则，它并不因某种特殊刀具而变。车刀、铣刀、转头甚至最砂轮的设计，所要考虑的因素基本相同。图 18.1 所四的车刀外行最易观察，我们即以此为例来讨论刀具的几何参数。 刀具特征名目繁多，技术文献中术语使用也很混乱。为了澄清混乱的概连和术