汽车差速器的发展史外文文献翻译@中英文翻译@外文翻译

科技译文 题 目 汽车差速器的发展史 学院名称 专业名称 年 级 学生姓名 学 号 - 1 - 汽车差速器的发展史 在火车和汽车出现之前，马车一直都是人们出行十分重要交通工具。人们喜欢乘坐马车从容地穿过乡村的大道或古旧的城区街巷去拜访朋友。追溯以往，我们已经没有办法知道是谁第一个发明了车轮子，谁又造出了第一辆带轮子的车辆。虽然车轮技术在初期并不太理想，但是它的出现还是提高了人类搬运物品的速度，促进了人类的发展。公元前 2000 年，有的部落开始 用马来拉有轮子的车，这种车轮已经开始像圆形，而不是早期车轮那样以整个木头块做成的。约公元前1世纪，罗马制车匠发明了四轮马车并逐渐加以改进，使得四轮马车可以以前轮为导向前进。为了让四轮马车的性能更高，他们在车轮上镶嵌金边用来减少车轮与车体的摩擦。此后这种用作长途运输的马拉车成为各国主要的运输车辆。它的优点是运输量大和运行平稳，缺点是需要较为平坦的路面才能行驶。随着用于四轮马车行驶的道路年久失修，人们又改用实用的两轮车，因为它可以在崎岖的地形条件能够行驶。后来经过再次改进，但人们对四轮马车的速度始终不能满意，希 望发明一种比马更有耐力和更强壮的动力机器，以使车轮能够转得更快。 几千年后，在英国和美国的一些地方，少数人开始试验用蒸汽做动力，以钢铁做道路。蒸汽火车便这样出现了，它的使用大大缩短了人们远程旅行的时间。不过由于铁轨铺设的限制，人们去大多数地方还只有依靠马车。为了解决这个问题，寻找一种能够完全替代马车的物品，发明家们又开始忙碌了起来。后来经过不懈努力，卡尔本茨研发出了一种能够代替马车的，就是由钢铁制成的三轮汽车。本茨发明的三轮汽车装载量只相当于两轮马车，并没有舒适的车箱可供乘客遮风挡雨，不能获得大家认可。 可金子早晚都会发光的，不久有人对三轮汽车进行了改造，将它变为了四个轮子，并且具有像马车一样的带窗箱子，还让它有了一个好听的名字“无马马车”。 在这种四轮汽车出现后，它与四轮马车最大不同的地方在于转弯的时候。四轮马车在转弯的时候是控制马拖动改变前面两个轮子的前进方向，再由与两个前轮相连接的车箱拖动后轮进行转向运动。由于马是动力的来源，前轮只是被马拖着完成转向的，后轮通过车体带动完成的，所以不存在转向困难的问题。而汽车 - 2 - 的结构则完全不同，它将发动机安装在车身上，但是驱动汽车前进的力却必须直接传送到轮子上。动力传递 要经过离合器、变速器、万向节、传动轴等装置。这样汽车的前轮与后轮之间就多出来了一根杠杆，而杠杆只能以一种速度传给后面的两个轮，这样的直接后果就是后轮不能以不同速度转动，就会造成转弯困难。 若汽车顺利转弯，两个后轮就不能以相同的速度转动。汽车在转弯的时候，车轮的行驶轨迹是一个圆弧，如果向左转弯，圆弧的中心点就在左侧，同一时间，右侧轮子走的弧线就比左侧轮子长。汽车转弯时要平衡左右轮的差异，右侧的轮子转的快一点，左侧的轮子转的慢一点，用转速的不同来弥补距离上的差异。 汽车工程师为了解决这个问题。他们先是试着让两个 后轮不再使用一根杠杆进行连接而是断开，让两个后轮独自拥有一根杠杆，也就是两个独立的轴，就是半轴。只要对两个半轴上的杠杆分别施以不同的力量，就能使得左右两个车轮具有不同的转速。断开后麻烦就来了，汽车只有一根传动轴，怎么能分别给两个半轴合理传输动力呢 ?这就需要一个装置来做中间“人”。先用两根杠杆在垂直角度与两个连接后轮的杠杆相连，然后再通过一个杠杆在水平的位置与垂直的位置两个杠杆相交，从而带动两个后轮的转动。这样的连接方式虽然可以使得两个后轮进行转动，但不能实现两个车轮以不同的速度转动，因为它们实际的意义上还是一个整体。经过不断的实验发现，在连接两个后轮的杠杆上各安装一个十字杠杆，并且与它们的垂直角度也安装一个相同的十字杠杆，并用这个十字杠杆来带动两个轮上的十字杠杆。随着垂直角度的十字杠杆的转动，中间的这个十字杠杆并不会在同一时间内带动连接两个后轮的十字杠杆，从而实现了两个车轮处于有不同的转速。 这样虽然能解决了两后轮不同转速的问题，但是十字杠杆的空间过大，三个十字杠杆就容易出现带动困难的情况。后又在十字杠杆的基础上增加更多的杠杆，总共增加到了十二根，就形成了三个有十二根杠杆的风车轮，这样三个风车轮都能够很好 的转动。解决方案的模型已经造出，总不可能在汽车上直接就安装吧。在机械上与风车轮具有相同功能的就是齿轮，而且齿轮可以根据需要打造更多的齿进行咬合，使用寿命还比较长，出现脱落的机率微乎其微，完全是实现这个模型的最佳选择。 - 3 - 当时这样的设计只是简单的完成了原始的方案，并没有实际上应用到汽车上。就像任何一幅大作都需要画龙点睛的一笔，完成这一笔的人就是法国 雷诺 汽车的创始人路易斯 雷诺。雷诺在看到了这个原始的设计后，要想若将它应用到汽车上还需要改进才行。不光需要齿轮紧紧咬合，还需要使齿轮可以随着其他齿轮一起转动，但齿轮还不能太多，六个就足够。东西是有了，还是应该给它取个好听的名字，“差速器”就不错，形象而且生动。 就这样，解决汽车转弯问题的差速器诞生了。在此后的一百多年里，汽车外观和其他部件换了一代又一代，但这个关键部件还是没有多大的改变，因为它的组成原理注定了它就是那个样子。什么样子呢 ?简单一点的说就是由六个齿轮所组成。复杂一点，就是由一组行星齿轮组成，核心是两个行星齿轮和两个与 左右后轮传动轴相连接的半轴齿轮。什么是行星齿轮 ?在浩瀚的宇宙中，有这样一种星球，它不仅围绕着自己的轴线进行转动，而且还围绕着其他的星球进行转动。如地球，地球就是一个行星。不仅要自转，还要围绕着太阳进行不停地公转。明白了什么是行星后，就容易理解行星齿轮了。行星齿轮是指那些不仅自身要转动，而且还要围绕着其他齿轮转动的齿轮。差速器是由六个齿轮组成的，两个行星齿轮 +两个半轴齿轮 =四个齿轮，还有两个。剩下的这两个齿轮就是负责与传动杆连接的，将发动机输出的动力，在经过了变速箱和传动轴顺利的交接给差速器，再由差速器根据实 际的情况将动力分配到左右两个后轮。只有将差速器安装在传动杆与两个后轮半轴之间才可以实现合理的控制车轮的转速，从而实现两个车轮具有不同速度的目的。在将这六个齿轮安装到相应位置后，总不能让它们裸露在外吧，还需要安一个遮风挡雨的保护壳，以保护齿轮不受到其他位置零部件的干扰。为了节省空间， 现代 的差速器很少再使用经典的平面齿轮了，更多的是使用曲齿圆锥齿轮、交错轴斜齿轮、准双曲 面齿轮甚至蜗杆，但基本的六个齿轮的结构一直延续了下来。 - 4 - History of automotive differential Before the advent of the train and bus, coach has been very important for people to travel transportation. People like to take a leisurely carriage road through the village streets of the city or to visit old friends. Trace the past, we have no way of knowing who invented the wheel first child, who has created the first one wheeled vehicles. Although the wheel technology in the early and less than ideal, but its there or to improve the human handling of goods, promoting human development. 2000 BC, some tribes began to Malays pull a wheeled vehicle, the wheels have started like this round, rather than early, as the whole wheel made of wood blocks. 1st century BC, the Roman system, Cartwright invented the chariot and gradually be improved, making the four-wheel carriage can be driven forward. In order for carriage of higher performance, they are embedded in Phnom Penh on wheels used to reduce the friction wheel and body. After such a long-distance transport of horse-drawn vehicles for a major national transport vehicles. The advantage is that transport large and smooth operation, drawback is the need to travel relatively flat road. With the road for carriage driving dilapidated, two-wheelers people and use practical, because it can travel over rough terrain can be. Later, after once again improved, but it is the speed of the carriage is not always satisfactory, hoping to invent a more - 5 - endurance than the horse power and more robust machines to make the wheels to turn faster. Thousands of years later, in some parts of the United Kingdom and the United States, few people began to experiment with steam-powered, with a steel-made road. This steam train will be there, its use greatly reduces the distance people travel time. However, because of restrictions on the laying of tracks, most places only people to rely on the carriage. To solve this problem, to find a way to completely replace the carriage of goods, inventors began to busy again. Later, through unremitting efforts, Carl Benz developed a way to replace the carriage, is made of three cars of steel. Benz invented the three-wheeled vehicles loading only the equivalent of two carriages, the carriages are not comfortable shelter for passengers, can not get you recognized. Sooner or later gold will be shining, and soon was on the three vehicles has been transformed, it becomes four wheels, and has the same belt as the carriage window boxes, it also has a nice name, No Mama car. In this four-wheeled vehicles appears, with the biggest wagon is a different place when cornering. When the carriage is in turn control the horse drag to change the forward direction of the front two wheels, then connected with the two front wheels for steering the rear trunk drag movement. As the horse is a source of power, front wheel only to be dragged to complete turn of the horse, rear-wheel drive through the body - 6 - done, so there is no turning difficult problems. The cars structure is completely different, it will be the engine installed in the car body, but the forces driving the car forward, but must be sent directly to the wheels. Power transfer to go through the clutch, transmission, universal joints, drive shafts and other devices. This cars front and rear wheels out more between a lever, while the lever can only be passed back to a speed of two wheels, so a direct consequence of the rear wheels can rotate at different speeds, will result in turning difficult. If the car turns smoothly, the two rear wheels can not turn the same speed. When the car turns, the wheel travel path is an arc, if turning left, the center of the arc on the left, at the same time, the right wheels to go a long arc than the left wheel. When the car turns left and right wheels to balance the difference the right wheels turn a little faster, turn the wheel left a little slower, with different speed to compensate for the distance differences. Automotive engineers to solve this problem. First they try to make the two rear wheels are no longer using a lever connected but disconnected, so that the two rear wheels with a lever alone, that is, two independent axes, is the axle. As long as the lever on the axle of the two were subject to different forces, we can make about two wheels have different speeds. After the trouble came off, the car is only a drive shaft, how can two axle, respectively, to transmit power it reasonable? This - 7 - requires a device to do the middle of person. First with two levers and two connections in the vertical angle of the lever connected to the rear, and then by a lever in a horizontal position and vertical position of the two levers intersect, so as to drive two rear wheels turn. Although such a connection can be made for the two rear wheels rotating, but can not achieve the two wheels rotate at different speeds, because their actual sense, or as a whole. After years of experiments found that the lever connecting the two rear wheels of the installation of a cross on the lever, and with them also installed a vertical angle of the same cross levers, and use this leverage to drive two wheels cross the cross on the lever. With the vertical angle of the cross lever rotation in the middle of the cross lever and not at the same time connecting the two rear wheels driven by the cross levers, wheels in order to achieve the two different speeds. Although this can solve the problem of two different speed rear wheel, but the space is too large cross levers, three cross drive lever prone to difficult situations. Then on the basis of the cross lever to add more leverage, increased to a total of twelve, to form a three twelve leverage wind wheel, so all three can be a good wind wheels turning. Solution model has manufactured, the total can not be directly installed in the car on it. With the wind in the mechanical function of the wheel is the same gear, and gear as needed to create more teeth to bite, life is relatively long, there is minimal chance of loss is completely the best choice to achieve - 8 - this model. This design was simply to complete the original program does not actually applied to the car. Like any masterpiece needs a finishing touch to complete this amount of people is the founder of France, Louis Renault Renault. Renault saw the original design, in order to apply it to the car If we need to improve Caixing. Closely not only need to gear meshing, gear may also need to rotate together with the other gear, but gear can not be too much, six is enough. What is there, or should give it a nice name, differential pretty good, and vivid image. In this way, to solve the problem of differential turning car was born. Over the next 100 years, other components for automotive appearance and generation after generation, but the key components is not much change, because its composed of the principle that it is destined that way. Look like? Simple point that is formed by the six gears. Complex that is formed by a group of planetary gears, two core and two planetary gear shaft with the left rear wheel axle gear connected. What is a planetary gear? In the vast universe, there is such a planet, it is not only revolve around their own axis of rotation, but also around other planets to rotate. Such as the Earth, the Earth is a planet. Not only to rotation, but also around the sun to keep the revolution. Understand what is a planet, the planetary g