课件（书面表达）.ppt

,EnglishExpositoryWriting,说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。,Expositorywritinginforms,explains,clarifies,ordefines.Thewritingteaches,reveals,informs,oramplifiesthereadersunderstandingthroughamixofkeypointsandcriticalsupport.,2002上海春季,某城市近年每百人中手机用户增长示意图,人数,根据所给图表，简要描述某城市近年每百人中手机用户增长情况，并试分析其增长原因。,某学校对中学生课余活动进行了调查，结果如下。请根据图表1提供的信息描述学生每天的课余活动，并针对图表2中任何一个数据所反映的情况写出你的一个看法。词数不少于60。生词：图表chart_2004北京高考,按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型:,1.例证法2.定义法3.分类法4.因果关系法5.比较对照法6.过程分析法,Ourlifetodaydependsverymuchonenergy.Forexample,machineshavemadeourlifeeasierthanitusedtobe.Themachinesuseenergy,andenergyisneededforheating,lighting,communications,carryinggoodseverything.Factoriesuseagreatdealofenergytomakethethingsthatweuseandbuyandsell.,1.例证法(Examples),这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用Forexample或Forinstance等短语引导出具体的例子。,这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。,Examples,forexampleforinstancesuchasthustoillustrateasanillustration,2.定义法(Definition),Anidealteachermusthavethefollowingcharacteristics.Heshouldknowhissubject,buthecanmakemistakesifheislearning.Hispersonalityisasimportantashisscholarship.Anidealteachermustbeenthusiastic.Heshouldbeabitofanactorandheshouldntbeafraidtoshowhisfeelingsandexpresshislikesanddislikes.Anidealteacherisonewhogrows,learns,andimproveshimselfalongwithhisstudents.,下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。,本段的展开是通过对一个模范教师下定义的方法,关键词idealteacher在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。,Definition,Inotherwords,AsIsaidearlier,AsIpointedoutearlier,Asmentionedpreviously,3.分类法(Classification),Asfaraspoliticalviewsareconcerned,peoplefallintothreecategories.Firstaretheconservativepeople.Conservativesareopposedtosuddenorgreatchanges.Secondaretheliberalpeople.Thesepeopleareinfavorofprogressandreform.Buttheiropinionsoftenseemtooidealistic.Thirdarethemoderatepeople.Themoderateskeepeverythingwithinreasonablelimits.Theyaremorepracticalinthishardworld.Inmyopinion,mostpeopleseemtobelongtothisgroup.,分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。,本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservativepeople)、自由派(liberalpeople)和温和派(moderatepeople),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。,4.因果关系法(Cause指出其不同点,叫作对照。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。,这段采用先A后B的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比较平淡单调。,Comparison因果关系研究的对象是Whyithappens,而过程分析研究的对象是Howithappens。,这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first,second,third,finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。,ProcessAnalysis,first,second,thirdfirstly,secondly,thirdlyfinallyafterwardseventuallynextthenlast,someexercises,请根据以下提示及图示，写一篇活动安排乘渡轮上岛植物园寺院遗址用午餐鸟鸣馆旅游商店乘缆车返回,例1,Ladiesandgentlemen,MayIhaveyourattention,please?WelcometotheGreenIslandNationalPark.WeregoingtovisittheIslandontheLaketoday.Itsreallyattractive.Welltakeaferryboattotheislandat9:00a.m._placewearetovisitistheBotanicalGardens._wellvisitthesiteofanoldtemplewhichhasahistoryofover600years.Lunchwillbeat11:30._thetrip,youllseevarietiesofbirdsattheBirdsHouse.Bytheway,youcanvisitthegiftshopforsouvenirsbeforeweleavetheisland.Wewillgetbackbycablecarat3:30p.m.Ihopeyouwillenjoyyourstayontheisland.Thankyou.,家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机；为将来寻找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数百倍；我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文字数120左右,例2,AFamilyComputerAfamilycomputerissmall.Itspriceisnothigh,andithasagoodlook.Itcanbeusedeasily.Youcancalculate,makenotes,callothersandtypeletters,etc.Also,childrencanlearnEnglishorplaygameswithit.Besides,youcanuseafamilycomputerasatrainingcomputer.Youcanlearnhowtouseanofficecomputer,whichcangiveyouconveniencetofindagoodjobinacompany.Computerscanworkhundredsoftimesfasterthanhumans.Wehavebeengreatlyhelpedbycomputers.,Addition,moreoverinadditionbesidesfurthermoreaswellasequallyimportant,请以TheImportanceofTrees为题写一篇说明文，说明保护森林的必要性说明树木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水灾，旱灾；净化空气，美化生活滥伐树木的危害；无计划砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水灾每年都应植树造林，使其为人类更好服务等字数：100左右,例3,_.Theyareofgreatbenefittomanasfollows.First,treesprovideuswithwoodandotherproducts.Second,theirrootscanallowtheraintosinkinandkeepthesoil,sotheyhelptopreventdroughtsandfloods.Treescanhelpcleanairandbeautifylife.Unfortunately,nowadaysinmanypartsoftheworldlotsofpeoplefailtorealizetheimportanceoftrees.Theyhavecuttreesdowninlargenumberswithoutaplan,whichmakesthesoilwashedaway.Theydontknowwheretherearenotrees,therainwashesawaythesurfaceofthesoilandthiscausesfloods.Weoughttoplanttreeseachyearandcarefullylookafternewtreesinordernottomaketheforestslowlydisappear.Onlyinthiswaycanwemaketheforestservemanforever.Asweallknow,treesareveryimportant.,引出开头,ItswellknowntousthatItiscommonlybelievedthatAlotofpeopleseemtothinkthatRecently,theproblemofhasarousedpeoplesconcern.,图表说明文表格(table),曲线图(graph),饼状图(piechart),条状图(barchart),图表说明文,第一层次的核心是“图文转换”，即将图表的主要内容和信息用语言叙述出来。第二层次是在简单要求的基础上对图表进行解读，写出图表实际要表达的内涵意义。第三层次要求在前两个层次的基础上对图表的含义进行引申与议论，有的要求给出结论，有的要求写出你自己的观点等等。,StudentUseofComputer,1.上图所示为1990年、1995年、2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可以从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；3.你认为目前中学生在计算机使用中有什么困难和问题。,图文转换,第一层次的核心是“图文转换”，即将图表的主要内容和信息用语言叙述出来asthechartaboveshowsincreasedgreatlyfromtheyear1990to2000in1990,usedacomputerforabout2hoursaweekin1995,increasedto4hoursin2000,jumpedto20hours,变化的原因第二层次是在简单要求的基础上对图表进行解读，写出图表实际要表达的内涵意义。,canhelppeopledoalotofthingsfastandaccuratelycomputersenablepeopletostorealotofinformation,whichsavespeoplemuchvaluabletimethepriceofcomputersgoesdownthedevelopmentofoursocietyrequirestheknowledgeofcomputersthefastestdevelopmentoftheInternetenlargesourdemandsforusingcomputers,困难和问题第三层次要求在前两个层次的基础上对图表的含义进行引申与议论，有的要求给出结论，有的要求写出你自己的观点等。,somepeopleusecomputertowatchvideogamestoplaygamesonthecomputerswastemuchoftheirtimetobeharmfulforeyesifstayinfrontofthescreentoolong,Fromthechartabove,wecanseeanincreaseinthenumberofhoursastudentspendsonthecomputerperweek.In1990,astudentspentonly2hoursaweekonthecomputer,whilethenumberincreasedto20hoursbyyear2000.Therewereseveralpossiblereasons.First,computerswerewidelyusedinoursociety.Second,pricesofcomputerweregoingdownveryquickly.Itiscertainlyagoodphenomenonthatmoreandmorestudentsweremakinguseofcomputerintheirstudy.However,therewerestillsomeproblemsandworriesthatneedourattention.Weshouldpaymoreattentiontothemandtrytosolvethemsothatcomputerswillserveusbetterandbetter.,图表说明文的常用句,WecanseefromthegraphthatFromthetablewecanfindoutthatAscanbeseenfromthechartthatAsisshowninthechart,theproductionlastmonthroseAsisdescribedinthechartThenumberwastentimesasmanyasin1995.Itdoubledthenumberoflastyear.,Diagram4ComparisonsonStudentsExpectationsontheTeachersRoles,Diagram4reflectsthestudentsexpectationsontheteachersroles.Inthefirstsurvey,45%studentsexpecttheteachertoexplaineverythingtothem,and47%studentsagreethattheteachershoulddecideonthecontentofthecourseinclass.Moreover,67%studentsthinkthatitistheteachersjobtocorrectalltheirmistakes.Inthesecondsurvey,thepercentageshavedroppedto17%,25%and28%respectively.,However,asregardingtests,still,overhalfofthestudents(64%)disagreethathowtheyhavelearnedaremotivatedbylotsoftestsgivenbytheteacher,and72%studentshopetobeencouragedtohavetheirowndecisionsontheEnglishcourse,whichhavereachedthesimilarpercentagesofthefirstsurvey,62%and74%respectively.,Theseresultsmaysuggestthatt