（外国语言学及应用语言学专业论文）网络交际中的汉英语码转换研究.pdf

on chinese-english code-switching in the internet communication iv 摘 要 摘 要 随着英语与信息技术在中国的推广,网络这个虚拟世界给人们提供了一个全 新的交际平台如今汉英语码转换已经成为网络交际中的一个普遍现象因此 研究在网络这一新的语境中出现的语码转换既有必要又具有现实意义 本文将在前人研究的基础上系统全面地研究网络语境中的汉英语码转换 现象它着眼于解决以下几个问题(1)网络语境中的汉英语码转换的特点何在 (2)何种因素导致了此类现象的出现(3) 汉英语码转换在网络交际中的作用如 何(4)人们对语码转换的态度怎样 本研究按以下几个步骤进行首先通过浏览 135 个网站收集网络交际中的 语码转换言语行为的数据一共获取了 5000 多个样本随机选取 200 个问卷调查 对象回答英语或汉语问卷 问卷中的问题与语码转换特别是调查对象对网 络交际中的汉英语码转换的态度相关随后笔者综合了结构分析法以及社会语 言学心理语言学语用学和会话分析法等五种方法对上述数据进行了定性和定 量分析 通过数据分析本研究发现语码转换通常在四类网络交际形式中出现即网 站标识网络广告网络对话和网络出版物年龄教育背景语言习得水平和 语码转换目的是影响人们对网络交际中的语码转换态度的四个主要因素 本文的研究结论如下由于语码转换所具有的特点和功能它在网络交际语 境中的使用非常普遍从语言学的角度来看由于词汇的音系和形态结构的精简 词语的删节以及词语和语法的双语混用语码转换中的语言运用更加简洁经济 从语用学的角度来看由于措辞的幽默以及为弥补语言知识空缺避免尴尬而采 取的维护面子的交际策略语码转换中的语言运用更加有效从文体学的角度来 看因为自创的网络词汇具有特定意义的符号不寻常的句法结构以及频繁使 用的修辞手法网络环境特别是网络文学中的语码转换在风格上最具独创性和 超常规性这些独有的特征使语码转换在网络交际中扮演着重要的角色它可以 促进交际节省语言处理的时间和精力营造幽默氛围丰富日常语言标明或 建立语言使用者的身份影响网络语境中语码转换的选择及特征的因素包括交际 者的年龄跨文化交际的需求和技术发展等社会因素交际者的动机性格意 图和情绪等心理因素话题和交际对象等语境因素交际目的和策略等交际因素 毫无疑问本文还存在一定的局限性比如数据的来源还不够宽泛问卷 的设计尚不够科学调查对象的数量有限等等这些不足须在未来的同类研究 中得到注意 关键词关键词汉英语码转换网络交际特征影响因素功能 on chinese-english code-switching in the internet communication ii abstract with the popularization of english and information technology in china, the internet, as an imaginary environment, provides a new space of communication for people. nowadays, chinese-english code-switching has become an indispensable part of the internet communication. therefore, it is necessary and significant to study the old topic of code-switching occurring in the new context of the internet. on the basis of the previous researches, the present research attempts to study chinese-english code-switching in the internet communication from the more systematic and comprehensive point of view. it tries to solve several problems as following: (1) what kinds of special features does the internet-based chinese-english code-switching take? (2) what factors lead to the occurrence of such a phenomenon? (3) which functions does chinese-english code-switching have in the cyberspace? (4) what about peoples attitudes towards such a relatively new phenomenon? the research has been done in several steps: first, about 135 websites were surveyed in order to collect the data about code-switching speech acts in the internet communications and more than 5000 samples were collected from the internet survey. next, 200 subjects were randomly chosen to help finish the questionnaire of either english or chinese version, answering the questions relative to code-switching, especially their own attitudes towards the internet-based chinese-english code-switching. then, the data collected from the internet survey and questionnaire investigation were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively on the basis of the five approaches, that is, structural, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, pragmatic and conversational analysis approaches. through data analysis, it was found that codes-witching is commonly used in the four types of internet communications website logos, internet advertisements, internet conversations and internet publications, and that age, educational background, language acquisition level and purpose for code-switching are four most important factors that influence peoples attitudes towards code-switching in internet communications. this research is concluded as follows: code-switching is prevalent in the internet communication environments owing to its special features and functions. linguistically, chinese-english code-switching is a more concise and economic way of language use 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 iii through reduction of the phonological and morphological structures of the code-switched words, and through word deletion or mixed use of words and grammars; pragmatically, code-switching is a more effective use of language through its humorous choice of diction, face-protecting communicative strategies for filling linguistic gaps or avoiding embarrassment; stylistically, code-switching in the net environments, especially in the internet literature, is the most creative and unconventional in style through self-invented net vocabulary and meaning-carrying symbols, unusual sentence structures and frequent use of rhetoric devices. owing to these unique features, internet-based code-switching plays an important role in promoting communication, saving time and effort for language processing, achieving humorous effect, enriching daily language and marking or establishing its users identity. the choice and special features of the internet code-switching behaviors are attributed to social factors such as age, need of cross-cultural communication, development of technology, psychological factors such as motivation, personality, intention and mood, contextual factors such as the topics and participants and communicative factors such ac communicative purposes and strategies. there is no doubt this research has some limitations. for instance, the sources of the data are not extensive enough, the questions designed for questionnaire investigation proved to be not so scientific, and the subjects chosen for the questionnaire investigation are limited in number. these inadequacies should be taken as a reminder for the further studies of the same field. key words: chinese-english code-switching; the internet; communications; features; influential factors; functions 中南民族大学中南民族大学 学位论文原创性声明学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取 得的研究成果除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外本论文不包含任何其 他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品 对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个 人和集体均已在文中以明确方式标明本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果 由本人承担 作者签名 日期 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留使用学位论文的规定同意学 校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版 允许论文被查 阅和借阅 本人授权中南民族大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入 有关数据库进行检索可以采用影印缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本 学位论文 本学位论文属于 1保密在_年解密后适用本授权书 2不保密 请在以上相应方框内打 作者签名 日期 年 月 日 导师签名 日期 年 月 日 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 1 iintroduction 1.1 definitions of code-switching and other relative terms (1) definitions of code-switching with the development of science and technology and the expansion of the means of communication, code-switching (cs for short) has become a common phenomenon and attracted more and more attention of the researchers. although code-switching is generally regarded as the alternating use of two or more languages by bilinguals or multilinguals in the same discourse, there is still no extensively accepted definition for it. the following is a list of definitions given by different researchers from different angels: j. j. gumperz (1982: 198) initiates the study of the phenomenon of code-switching and defines it as “the juxtaposition within the same speech exchange of passages of speech belonging to two grammatical systems or subsystems”. care m. scotton (1985) defines code-switching as a kind of lingual variety which speakers use more than one language in one conversation. c. myers-scotton (1993) uses the term “code-switching” to refer to the phenomena synonymous with language switching. shana poplack (1994: 56) defines “code-switching as the mixing of two or more languages in discourse, often with no change of interlocutor or topic.” peter auer (1998: 106) distinguishes among code-switching, code-mixing and language alternation and points out “two languages juxtaposed in discourse and/or within a sentence are called variously language alternation, code-switching, code-mixing,” jef verschuerens (1999: 118) definition of code-switching is “any distinguishable variant of a language, involving systematic sets of choices, whether linked to specific geographical area, a social class, an assignment of functions, or a specific context of use.” d. c. muysken (2000) thinks “code-switching” is reserved for the rapid succession of several languages in a single speech event, which is used informally while referring to the co-occurrence of fragment from different languages in a sentence. by contrast, he calls all cases in which lexical items and grammatical features from two languages appear in one sentence code-mixing. on chinese-english code-switching in the internet communication 2 joseph gafaranga and maria-carme torras (2002) dont consider “code-switching” as occurrence of two languages within the same conversation, but take it as any instance of deviance from current medium which is not oriented to (by participants themselves) as requiring any repair. some scholars make a distinction between “code-switching” and “code-mixing”, but in my opinion, these two notions can be considered as two sides of the same coin. thats to say, both of them refer to the same phenomenon; they differ only in that the former means the inter-sentential way while the latter means the intra-sentential way. for example, even a three-year-old chinese child may say “bye-bye” when he parts with somebody, which can be seen as a code-switching behavior. many chinese young people have a oicq number (q or qq for short), and they will say to their peers “今天 上 q 了吗?” (did you chat on the oicq today?), which could be considered as code-mixing. in the present research, these two kinds of speech behaviors are taken as code-switching. (2) definitions of other relative terms a. computer-mediated communication since this research mainly studies the code-switching in internet communication, it could not avoid talking about the computer as its an important tool for people to get access to the internet. susan c. herring (1998), an american linguist, defines “computer-mediated discourse” (cmd) as the communication produced when human beings interact with one another by transmitting messages via networked computers. cmd occurs in “computer-mediated-communication” (cmc). the topic of the present research is just a kind of computer-mediated-communication because the internet communication could only be successful with the mediation of computers. b. bilingualism one term closely related to “code-switching” is “bilingual”. according to longman dictionary of language teaching poplack (2) “the equivalence constraint”, which prevents this kind of switching which might violate the syntactic rule of either language. in this stage, researchers attached great importance to the forms or modes of intra-sentential code-switching while paying little attention to the socio-cultural and contextual factors which might influence the motivations and functions of code-switching. later on, code-switching researches extended from morpho-syntactic aspect to sociolinguistic aspect, aiming at revealing the interrelationship between social variants and language structures. giles (1982), for example, proposed the idea of “accommodation”, as a social motivation of code-switching. myers-scotton (1998) further classified the social motivations of code-switching into two types, that is, unmarked choice and marked choice respectively. auer (1998) made an exploration into the problem of how code-switching and code-choosing reflect the inequality or pursuit for the equality of social-political statuses and rights. 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 7 part of the researches on code-switching have been done along psycholinguistic dimension, focusing on the speakers psychological processes underlying their code-switching behaviors. clynes (1967) triggering theory, dina belyayevas (1997) conceptual structure mapping model and myers-scottons (1998) matrix language frame model, to name a few, have been exclusively devoted to the establishment of psychological frameworks of code-switching. more researches have been directed at code-switching phenomena from pragmatic perspective. gumperz (1982), for example, made a distinction between “situational code-switching” and metaphorical code-switching”, according to the pragmatic purposes for which code-switching is conducted. what should be mentioned particularly is verschuerens (1999) adaptation theory, which has developed a brand new pragmatic approach to code-switching (which will be further elaborated in the next section). pragmatic approaches to code-switching take into consideration not only its structural models, but also its contextual factors and pragmatic functions. examples are herrings (1998) study on code-switching in computer-mediated conversations and jayantilals (1998) study of code-switching in e-mails, which have enlightened the present author to make a further study on code-switching phenomena in the internet environment. recently, discourse features of code-switching have aroused the deep concern of some researchers. auer (1998) and li wei (2002), for illustration, have made an exploration into the relations between bilinguals code-switching and turn-taking or adjacent pairs, directing at the discovery of the pragmatic rules of code-switching. the code-switching studies in china started relatively late and in the first period were mainly focused on the introduction of the western theories. with peoples greater interest in and deeper understanding of the code-switching phenomena, chinese researchers have tried grammatical, sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, pragmatic and conversational analysis approaches to code-switching used in chinese environment and paid attention to the concrete situations in which code-switching happens, as in the bilingual communities, esl classrooms, advertisements as well as the computer-mediated environments. for illustration, liu shaozhong the other is internally-conditioned switching or triggering which can be categorized into psycholinguistically-conditioned code-switching. giless (1982) accommodation theory, as mentioned in the last section, also provides a psychological model aiming at 中南民族大学硕士学位论文 9 analyzing code-switching from a psycholinguistic view. the interpersonal discourse is highly sensitive to the speakers language habits and preferred linguistic features ranging from pronunciation to individual word choice, speech rate, vocal density and so on. this approach focuses on the mental processing of code-switching to reveal language users cognition of such language behaviors. the present research will investigate the attitudes and other psychological factors of those who perform code-switching in the internet communication. as a psycholinguistic model, myers-scottons (1990) matrix language frame assumes that code-switching occurs in a frame set by the matrix language. and language processing could be regarded as the construction of the frame in which matrix language elements and embedded language elements are incorporated. this model is guided by principles of structural dependency and hierarchy. “matrix language” refers to the language in which speakers have the higher proficiency. it is the relatively unmarked language with more morphemes in interaction types including intra-sentential code-switching (myers-scotton, 1993: 68). “embedded language”, on the other hand, refers to “the other language which also participates in code-switching, but with a lesser role” (myers-scotton, 1993:3). and embedded language material can be any size from a single morpheme or lexeme to several constituents including sentences. in this research, there is no doubt that chinese is the matrix language while english is the embedded language. (4) pragmatic approach. it analyzes code-switching with pragmatic theories. according to verschuerens (1999) theory of adaptation, use of language involves continuous making of linguistic choices, consciously or unconsciously, for language-internal and/or language-external reasons. so code-switching could also be considered as a way of language choice. verschueren (1999) proposes that pragmatic interpretation of linguistic phenomena must take into consideration these four aspects: (1) contextual correlates of adaptability; (2) structural objects of adaptability; (3) dynamics of adaptability; (4) salience of the adaptation processes. “contextual correlates of adaptability” means that the ingredients of a communicative context in which linguistic choices have been made have to be interadaptable. “structural objects of adaptability” includes “structures” in the strict sense (at various layers or levels of organization) as well as principles of “structuring”. “there are some overarching levels of choice-making: languages, codes, and levels.” (verschueren, 1999: 115) “dynamics of adaptability” refers to the interadaptation between the context and linguistic structure during the process of on chinese-english code-switching in the internet communication 10 language choice, which results in the generation of the dynamic meaning of the utterance. “salience of the adaptation processes” refers to the psychological and cognitive factors involved in the process of adaptation such as perception, representation, planning and memory, as well as metapragmatic awareness. (ibid. 173-198) verschuerens adaptation model forms an important theoretical basis for pragmatic analysis of the present research. (5) conversational analysis approach. conversational analysis approach to code-switching is the study of variability of linguistic behaviors and structuring of conversations. it brings dynamics of code-switching in study and aims at analyzing the sequence of conversational turns. according to yu guodong (2000), it is one of the most precise and systematic approaches for its well-developed conceptual framework, analytic practices and insightful perceptions. gumperz (1982) points that conversational participants appear to exploit variable verbal means at all linguistic levels (including phonological, morphological and syntactic levels) as well as non-verbal means for signaling contextual presuppositions. in his opinion, there are contextualization conventions for contextualization cues, their chi