英语专四作文辅导ppt课件

英语专四作文辅导,1,SummaryWriting,第一部分,2,I.Whatisasummary?,Asummaryisashortenedpassage,whichretainstheessentialinformationoftheoriginal.Itisafairlybriefrestatement-inyourownwords-ofthecontentsofapassage.Note:yousimplyreportbackwhatthewriterhassaid,withoutmakingvaluejudgments.,3,II.Characteristicsofagoodsummary,Canbeunderstoodwithoutreferencetotheoriginal;Isafaithfulreproductionof,orcontainsonlytheideasorinformationof,theoriginal;Isbriefwithoutanyunnecessarydetail;Isareadableunifiedwhole,4,III.Techniquesinsummarywriting,ParaphrasingToparaphrasemeanstocompletelyandcorrectlyexpressotherpeoplesideasinonesownwords.,5,Examples:,1.Youvecookedusallahotpotato.(atroublesomepersonorissue)2.Preventionisbetterthancure.（预防胜于治疗。）(Itisbettertopreventsomethingunpleasantfromhappeningthantrytoputitrightafterwards.),6,Waysofcondensation,1.UsesynonymsorsynonymousphrasesHehadagoodcommandofEnglish.(HeknewEnglishwell.)2.ChangethestructureofsimplesentencesMybrotherhasanappreciationofmodernart.(Mybrotherappreciatesmodernart.),7,3.TurncomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesHereceivedawelcomethatwasascoldasice.(Hereceivedanicywelcome.)4.CombinethesentencesHurryup.Ifyoudont,youllmissthetrain.(Hurryuporyoullmissthetrain.),8,WriteasummaryonhowtomanageyourfinancesWhenyoureawayfromhome,yourparentsexpectyoutoberesponsibleforyourselfandthisincludestakingcareofyourownfinances.Tomanageyourmoneysensibly,youneedaplantoworkwith.Writedownyourallowanceandexpensesforthemonth.Whatyouaredoingisactuallybudgetingyourincome.Makesurethatyousetasideasmallamountforyoursavings.Onewayofcuttingcostiseatingin.Itischeaperthaneatingout.Moreover,bycookingyourownmeals,youhavegreatercontrolover,9,whatyoueat.Besidesthat,ifyouknowoffriendswholiveinthesameareaasyou,youmightwanttoconsiderdrivingtocollegetogether.Thissavesonpetrolandparking.Inaddition,whenyoushopforhouseholditems,comparepricesfromoneshoptoanotherbeforemakingyourpurchase.Ifyoucan,waitforsaleswhenyoucangetbetterdiscounts.However,saleswherepricesaremarkeddownincrediblycansometimestemptyoutobuythingswhichyoudontreallyneed.Therefore,becarefulanddontgiveintotemptation.Yoursummarymust:*notbemorethan60words,includingthe10wordsgivenbelow：Tomanageyourmoneysensibly,youmustfirststartwith.,10,Answer：Tomanageyourmoneysensibly,youmustfirststartwithaplan.Writeoutyourbudgetandputasideasetamountforsavings.Youcansavemoneybyeatinginandcarpooling.Besidesthat,beforebuyinghouseholditems,comparepricesfirst.Ifpossible,waitforsalesbutdonotbetemptedtobuywhatyoudonotneed.(59words),11,WriteasummaryonhowwecanattractmoretouriststoourcountryOneofthemanysourcesofrevenueforthecountryistourism.Malaysiahaslotstooffertheworld.Wehavebeautifulbeaches,lushjungles,coolmountainretreatsandmoderncities.However,tofurthercapitalizeontourism,thereareafewareasthatmustbelookedinto.Firstly,wemustexposepeoplefromforeigncountriestowhatwecanoffer.Wecandothisbyholdingexhibitionsoverseas.Organizersofsuchexhibitionscanofferaglimpseintowhatwehaveinourcountry.Theycanofferattractivefourpackagesthatwoulddefinitelyluretouristshere.Themassmediatoocanplayanimportantrole.TheInternet,televisionandthenewspaperofferanalternativemodeofadvertisingthecountrytotheworld.Besidesthat,newspapersandtelevisioncanbeusedtoshowtheworldthewondersfoundinourcountry.,12,Onthehomeground,multiethnicculturalshowscanbepresentedtowooforeigntouriststothecountry.Peoplewhocomefromothercountrieswoulddefinitelyliketoseethedifferentculturalandtraditionalpracticeshere.However,whatismostimportantistomakesurethatthefacilitiesinourcountry,likepublictransportandaccommodation,areofareasonableandrespectablestandard.thisistoensureapleasantandmemorablestayforourvisitors.Yoursummarymust:*notbemorethan60words,includingthe10wordsgivenbelow:Therearemanywaysofattractingtouriststoourcountry.,13,Answer：Therearemanywaysofattractingtouriststoourcountry.Forone,wecanorganizeexhibitionsabroad.Throughthesefairs,wecanofferattractivetourpackages.Besidesthat,themassmediaplaysanimportantroleinpromotingMalaysiasholidaydestinations.InMalaysiaitself,wecanholdculturalshows.Mostimportantly,wemustensurethatourfacilitiesareuptostandard.(60words),14,Describingandexplaining(Exposion说明文）Someofthewordsandphraseswhichintroducethistypeofdescriptionare:Explainthecauses/reasons./Accountfor./Analysethecauses./Commenton(thereasonsfor)./Showthat./Showwhy./Examinetheeffectof./Suggestreasonsfor./Whydid.?Whataretheimplicationsof.?/Discussthecausesof./Discussthereasonsfor.Whenweareaskedtodescribeorexplaincauses,factors,functionsorresults,theexaminerwantsustogroupourfacts.Similarcausesareputtogether,forinstancetheeconomiccausesofasituation.Therearebasicallytwomainwaystoorganisethistypeofessay.,15,Plan1.Introduction+Cause1withexamlpeandeffects1+Cause2withexamlpeandeffects2+Cause3withexamlpeandeffects3+Conslusion2.IntroductiontocausesofA+Causeswithexamples+Transition+Effects+Conclusion,16,Examples,Inthefollowingparagraph,theeffect,giveninthefirstsentence,isfollowedbythecauses:Duringholidays,thetrafficinbigcitiesisalwaysparticularlyheavy.Thisismainlybecausemostcitizensdonothavetoworkinthesedaysandtheyridetheirbicyclestothestreetstodoshopping.Farmersinthecountryalsofloodintothecitiesbybusorbytheirownmotorcycles.Thestreetsarefullofbuses,taxicabs,trolleybuses,minibusesandpedestrians.Thestreetsseemnarrower.Asaresult,trafficjamsoftenoccur.,17,Thefollowingparagraphliststhecausesbeforetheeffect:Perhapstheinventionofagriculturemarkedthebeginningofadifferentiationbetweenmensandwomensroles.Mencontinuedtohunt,andwomenbecamefoodgatherersandtendedthefield.Menlaterbecameagriculturistsaswell,whenthehuntnolongerprovidedenoughsustenanceforthecommunity.Thebiologicalfactthatwomenbearchildren,andthateachtimetheygivebirththeyareunable,foratime,fullytoplaytheirroleintheprovisionoffoodandotherworkforthefamily,slowlygaverisetomoredistinctmensandwomensroles.Menwhoarephysicallystrongertookonsuch“natural”rolesaswarriors,andinmostcasesmenbecamechiefs,commanders,andkings.Asaresult,inthecourseofhistory,asmatriarchalsystemsbecameminoritiesinmanycultures,therolesofmenandwomeninmanysocietiesbecameincreasinglygender-orientedanddifferentiated.,18,TheargumentessayTherearetwomainmethodsofpresentinganargument,andingeneraltheoneyouchoosewilldependonexactlyhowtheessaytitleisworded.a.ThebalancedviewIftheessaytitlebeginswithsomethinglike:Givetheargumentsforandagainst.Assesstheimportanceof.Examinetheargumentsforandagainst.Whataretheadvantagesanddisadvantagesof.?Evaluate.Criticallyexaminethestatementthat.Towhatextentis.true?Discuss.,19,Thenitisclearthatabalancedessayisrequired.Thatistosayyoushouldpresentbothsidesofanargument,withoutnecessarilycommittingyourselftoanypointsofview,whichshouldalwaysbebasedonevidence,untilthefinalparagraph.Atitssimplestyouressayplanwillbeasfollows:1.Introducetheargumenttothereader.e.g.whyitisparticularlyrelevanttopicnowadaysorreferdirectlytosomecommentsthathavebeenvoicedonitrecently.2.Reasonsagainsttheargument3.Reasonsinfavouroftheargument4.Aftersummarisingthetwosides,stateyourownpointofview,andexplainwhyyouthinkasyoudo,20,LanguagePresentinganotherpointofview,SomepeopleXInastudyofY,X,maintain(s)say(s)argue(s)assert(s)believe(s)claim(s)point(s)outis/areoftheopinionseem(s)tobelieve,that,ItistheviewofXTheopinionofXisItcanbearguedIthasbeensuggestedItmightbesaid,21,CommentingonanotherpointofviewNegatively,TheyHeSheXThisapproach/position/methods/beliefs,is/aremaybeseem(s)tobewouldseemtobe,somewhatrather-,mistaken.wrong.rigid.inadequate.,22,This/Theseviewsis/areopentodoubt/notalwaysthecase/notnecessarilytrue/unlikelytobetrue/highlydebatable/incorrect/highlyspeculative.Seriousdoubts/reservationscan/mayberaisedagainstthis.IdisagreewithXwhenhewrites/saysthatHowever,itisclearthatOneofthemainargumentsagainstXisthatOnedisadvantageofXisAnotherpointagainstXisAfurtherargumentagainstXisOneotherdisadvantageofXisOneobjectiontothisargumentis,23,PositivelyIagreewithXwhenhewrites/saysthatXiscertainlycorrectXmaybecorrectwhenhesays/insayingthatOneadvantageofXisAnotherpointinfavourofXisAfurtherargumentsupportingXisOneotheradvantageofXisOneofthemainargumentsinfavourofXis,24,PresentingownpointofviewTherearemanyreasonswhyItisimportant/true/necessary/essentialtoremember/bearinmind/pointoutthatThefirstthing/Firstofall,wehave/IwouldliketoconsiderisThefirstthingtobeconsideredisItisafactThereisnodoubtIbelievethat,25,b.ThepersuasiveessayThissecondtypeofargumentativeessayinvolvesstatingyourownpointofviewimmediately,andtryingtoconvincethereaderbyreasonedargumentthatyouareright.Perhapstheessaytitlewillbeginwithsomethinglike:Giveyourviewson.Whatdoyouthinkabout.?Doyouagreethat.?Considerwhether.Orperhapsthetitleitselfwillbesocontroversialthateveryonewillholdadefiniteopinioninonedirectionoranother.,26,Plan:ParagraphOne:Introducethetopicbrieflyingeneralterms,andthenstateyourownopinion.Explainwhatyouplantoproveintheessay.ParagraphTwo:Reasonsagainsttheargument.Disposebrieflyofthemainobjectionstoyourcase.ParagraphThree:Reasonsforyourargument,theargumentstosupportyourownview,withevidenceandexamples.ParagraphFour:Conclusion-Donotrepeatyourpointofviewagain.Endyouressaywithsomethingmemorable,e.g.aquotationoradirectquestion.,27,MethodsOfPersuasionHowtopersuade?Factsaremostfrequentlyusedasevidenceofpersuasioninessays.Theymayincludenames,dates,eventsandotherspecificpiecesofinformation.Eachitemof“evidence”mustlendsupporttoyourthesisstatement.Italsomustberelatedinsomewaytoyourtopicquestion.,28,Evidenceisorganizedintodistinctunitscalledparagraphs.Aparagraphcontainsoneimportantideathatsupportsyourargument.Thatidea,inturn,issupportedbyspecificfacts.E.g.Thetopicsentenceisageneralstatement,orargument,thatyouintendtoproveinthebodyofaparagraph.Mostofthetime,itisthefirstsentenceofaparagraph.Yourevidenceiscontainedinthebodyoftheparagraph.Itmustsupportbothyourtopicsentenceandyouroverallargument.Whenorganizingyourevidencewithintheparagraphs,startwiththemostgeneralstatementsandconcludewiththemostspecificfacts.,29,thesisstatementAthesisstatementoftenliststhesubdivisionsofthetopicorsubtopics.Eachsubtopicwillbecomethetopicofaseparateparagraph.Hereareafewpointstorememberaboutthesisstatements:1.Thethesisstatementshouldbeexpressedinacompletesentence.Andsinceitmakesastatement,itshouldnotbewrittenasaquestion.Example:*Myfearofthedark.Myfearofthedarkhasmademylifemiserable.,30,2.Athesisstatementexpressesanopinion,attitude,oridea;itdoesnotsimplyannouncethetopictheessaywilldevelop.Example:*Imgoingtodiscusstheeffectsofradiation.Theeffectsofradiationareoftenpredictable.3.Athesisstatementshouldexpressanopinion,itshouldnotexpressafact.Example:*Cowsproducemilk.Themilkcowsproduceisnotalwaysfitforhumanconsumption.*Therearemanyadvantagesanddisadvantagestogoingtocollege.Theadvantagestogoingtocollegefaroutweighthedisadvantages.,31,4.Athesisstatementshouldexpressonlyoneideatowardonetopic;ifathesisstatementcontainstwoormoreideas,theessayrunstheriskoflackingunityandcoherence.Example:*GoingtocollegeintheMidwestcanbefun,andIhavefoundthatlivinginasuburbofalargecityisthebestwaytolivewhileatcollege.GoingtocollegeintheMidwestcanbefun.orIhavefoundthatlivinginasuburbofalargecityisthebestwaytolivewhileatcollege.,32,Exercises,Studythefollowingstatementscarefully.Ifthestatementisathesisstatement,writeYES;ifitisnotathesisstatement,writeNO.1.Theadvantagesofmajoringinengineering.2.IwouldliketodiscussmyviewsontheOlympicGames.3.Studentsshouldbeallowedtomanagethebookstore.4.MyvacationinSanFranciscowasalotoffun,andIlikedvisitingthewinecountryinCalifornia,too.5.WhydoIwanttobealawyer?,33,6.ThedifferencesbetweenMandarinandHunancuisine.7.Youcanfindsomecolorfulpeopleonthebus.8.Beinghonestisimportant.9.Iamgoingtodescribemyhome.10.TherearemanysimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenBostonandSeattle.,34,NOTESFORARGUMENTATIVEESSAY/PERSUASIVEESSAYWRITING,FIRSTPARAGRAPHTHEINTRODUCTIONHookthereaderwithaninterestingbeginning.Inotherwords,agoodlead-in-statement.Describeorgivebackgroundinformationonthetopic.Anissueraisedasaquestion.Definewhatwillbediscussed.Statewhythetopicisimportant.Brieflyoutlinethecounterarguments.Thesisstatementindicatingcontentandorganization.,35,SECONDPARAGRAPHTHECOUNTER-ARGUMENTSOutlinesomeoftheargumentsthatareagainstyourownopinion.Youshouldincludealltheseintojustoneparagraphwithappropriatereferencingwherenecessary.THIRDPARAGRAPHTHETRANSITIONAshortparagraphinwhichyoubrieflyacknowledgetheopposingargument,butindicatethatyourownarguments,whichwillbeprovidedbelow,arefarmorecompelling.,36,FOURTHPARAGRAPHTHEFIRSTARGUMENTShowthefirstargumentthatsupportsyouropinion.Includeatopicsentencethatreferstothethesisstatement.Supportingdetailswithrelevantfactsandexamplesmustbeincludedandreferenced.Theremainingarguments(PARAGRAPHS)FINALPARAGRAPHTHECONCLUSIONRestateyourposition.Review,inbrief,whyyouropinionisthebest,mostcorrect,ormorallyright.Resolutiontotheproblem.Predictionforthefuture.Endwithastatementthatmightbeasatisfyingclosureforthereader.,37,Example,TheNecessityofKoreanForeignLanguageEducationforKorean-AmericanChildrenKoreanpermanentresidentsintheU.S.facetheproblemofchildrenwhodonotspeaktheirnativelanguage.(Lead-instatement)Whilethenewimmigrantsfeelrelievedfromtheirhardlives,thespeedoftheirEnglishproficiencyisslowlikeaturtlespace;ontheotherhand,thatoftheirchildrenisasfastasarabbit.HerethenecessityofKoreanlanguageeducationbecomesanobjectofcontroversy.(Backgroundinformation)DotheyneedtointroducetheirchildrentoKoreanlanguage?(Anissueraisedasaquestion)SomeparentsdonotwanttheirchildrentolearnKorean;theywanttheirchildrentolearnEnglish.(Briefcounterargument)Inmyopinion,Koreanlanguageeducationnotonlypromotesthedevelopmentofchildren,butalsobringsdomesticpeace,whichisacommonaimofimmigranthomes;furthermore,Koreanlanguageeducationmakesthechildrenunderstandthecultureoftheirancestors.(Thesisstatement),38,2ndParagraph(ThecounterArguments)TopicSentence:SomeparentsinsistthattheyneednottoteachKoreanlanguagetotheirchildren.3rdParagraph(Transition)Althoughtheirargumentsarenotcompletelybaseless,weshouldhavenothingtoworryaboutthosepoints.Infact,theirchildrenwillbenefitmorebylearningKoreanaswellasEnglish.4thParagraph(1stSupportingArgument)TopicSentence:Firstofall,accordingtopsychologicalresearch,childrenwholearntwo(ormore)languagesatthesametimecanimprovetheirthinkingfacultiesandcreativeabilities.5thParagraph(2ndSupportingArgument)TopicSentence:Apartfromthat,Koreanlanguageeducationcanbepositivelyrelatedtodomesticpeace.6thParagraph(3rdSupportingArgument)TopicSentence:Moreover,KoreansareaminorityintheU.S.,andkeepingintouchwiththeircultureandancestorsisnecessaryonordertokeeptheirprideandsecurity.,39,专业英语四级作文评分标准(standardsofgrading)一星级,第1级者得3-5分,其特征是:“几乎无交流”,具体表现为“根本没有满足写作要求。既无结构,又无内在逻辑。几乎所有的句子都存在单词,拼写,标点或句法方面的错误。缺乏准确地使用语言的能力。即使相当努力地阅读,大部分行文仍然难以理解。”,40,二星级,第2级者得6-8分,其特征是:“错误频出,交流有碍”,具体表现为“文章只是满足了部分写作要求。文章结构差,在流畅,清晰,一致和支撑诸方面时有缺欠。在单词,拼写,标点或句法方面错误百出。表明作者准确地使用语言的能力有限。全文阅读有一定的障碍。”,41,三星级,第3级者得9-11分,其特征是:“交流尚可,稍有错误”,具体表现为“文章正确地满足了大部分的写作要求。尽管在流畅,清晰,一致和支撑方面偶有欠缺,总体而言,结构展开充分。尽管文章在单词,拼写,标点或句法方面偶有错误,并时而导致语意模糊,但作文在一定程度上表明作者具有比较准确地使用语言的能力。全文阅读偶有障碍。”,42,四星级,第4级者得14-12分,其特征是:“近乎无误的良好交流”,具体表现为“尽管各部分之间有所起伏,但文章正确地满足了几乎所有的写作要求。一般地讲,有主题,有论证,结构展开充分,逻辑严紧。相对来讲,很少单词,拼写,标点或句法方面的错误。作文表明作者具有准确地使用语言的能力。全文阅读很少障碍。”,43,五星级,第5级者得15分,其特征是:“准确高效的交流”,具体表现为“文章富有成效地满足了写作要求。结构展开充分,逻辑严紧,主题明确,论证充分详实。无单词,拼写,标点或句法方面的错误。作文表明作者具有相当的准确地使用语言的能力。全文阅读无障碍。”,44,Structure,Title：Thefirstlettersofthefirstwordandallthecontentwordsshouldbecapitalizede.g.WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?(Title)PartI:IntroductionPartII:BodyPartII:Conclusion,45,Inthefirstpart,youshouldstatespecificallywhatyouropinionis.Inthesecondpart,provideoneortworeasonstosupportyouropinion.Inthelastpart,bringwhatyourhavewrittentoanaturalconclusionormakeasummary.,46,MORE,HandwritingClearstructure(3or4paragraphs)NospellingmistakesNoorlessgrammarmistakesAvoidcomplexsentencesCheck,47,写作构思示意图,标题,引论,正文,结论,1回应论题或者阐述别人观点,2话题一转，阐述自己的看法,观点1,观点2同上,1观点陈述,2例子,一句话总结。指出问题所在，提出建议。,观点3不推荐,48,Example(TEM42009),TourismisaboomingbusinessinChina.However,somepeopleworrythattoomanytouristsmaybringharmtotheenvironment,whileothersdontthinkso.Whatisyouropinion?WriteonANSWERSHEETTHREEacompositionofabout200wordsonthefollowingtopic:WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?,49,ModelEssay范文,WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?(Title),50,Introduction,Inrecentyears,tourismhasdevelopedrapidlyinChina.Manypeoplebelievethattourismproducepositiveeffectsoneconomicgrowthandweshouldtryourbesttopromotetourism.(othersviewpoints)Butwhatthesepeoplefailtoseeisthattourismmaybringaboutadisastrousimpactonourenvironment.Asforme,Imfirmlyconvincedthattoomanytouristsbringharmtotheenvironment.(myviewpoint),51,Body,Thebadimpactoftourismontheenvironmenthasmainlyexpresseditselfinvariousways.(introductorysentence引语),52,Onewayistheprocessofexploitinganewscenicspot.Inordertoattracttourists,alotofartificialfacilitieshavebeenbuilt,whichhavecertainunfavorableeffectsontheenvironment.Thisprocessusuallybreakstheecologicalbalanceofthearea.Insomemountainousplaces,treesarebeingcutdowntobuildhotelsforotherstoseeandexplorethebeautyofthemountains.Thenlandslidesandmud-rockflowscomeup.,viewpoint,Factsandevidences,53,Anotherwaythedevelopmentoftourismhasdamagedtheenvironmentoccurswhentouristsgotoscenicspots.Sometouristsdonthavetheawarenesstoprotecttheenvironment,andignorantlythrowtheirgarbagehereandthere.Somepeopleevenkillthelocalwildlifetoeat,whichbadlydamagesthebalanceofthenaturalenvironment.,Evidence1,Evidence2,viewpoint,54,Conclusion,Itiswrongtosacrificetheenvironmentforthegrowthoftourism.(whatandwhy?)Wemustkeepinmindthat(Because)toomuchtouristsbringharmtotheenvironment.(Whattosuggest?)Weneedtofindabalancebetweensatisfyingtheneedsoftouristsandreducingthepollutiontheycausetoaminimum.,55,Studentsmodel学生范文,0815DuWanru0816HongJingru,56,WillTourismBringHarmtotheEnvironment?-0815DuWanru,Intheageofinformationandcommunication,tourismplaysanimportantrole.Ithasbecomeapopulargloballeisureactivity,andbringsmanybenefitstoourcountry.Butwiththedevelopmentofourtourism,alotofproblemshavesurfaced.AsasIamcon