写作替换词必备.docx

学生常用表达更得分的表达方式名词1thingsthatonetrieshardtodoonesundertakings/onescommitments2ThefactisthatTherealityisthat3joyhappiness/delight/enjoyment4sadnesssorrow/grief5dangerhazard/peril(后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般)派生dangerous; hazardous6educationschooling（指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/parenting）区分家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如childrensupbringing;而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensibleparenting.7advertisement/advertising如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使advertisement/advertising有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比如commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“135*，办证”）,billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者non-profitadvertisements=public-interestadvertisements（公益广告）8carautomobile9economiccrisiseconomicmeltdown（很接近）/recession（这个一般仅仅还是衰退）/theGreatDepression（这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了）10famouspeoplecelebrities（单数为celebrity）11humanbeings（备考生使用过多）humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数指人文学科）/thehumanrace12wealthfortune(s)（fortune作财富的意思时可以加复数）13相关richwealthy/affluent(adj.)14skilltechnique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法，而不是technology科技)15派生skilledadept/adroit(adj.)16methodmethodology(国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是method的故作高深版）17fieldsphere/domain/arena18understandingofgraspof/commandof19choiceoption20cooperationcollaboration21basicstructureinacityoracountryinfrastructure22tirednessforalongtimefatigue23isamustofisaprerequisitefor（是的必备先决条件）24theInternettheinformationhighway(一篇考生作文里Internet被使用十几次是常事儿)25honestyintegrity26strongbelieffaith(in)27aimintention28worriesanxieties(是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）29influenceimpact/repercussion/implication30influenceoneachothermutualinfluence（类似的表达还有mutualrespect,mutualtrust和mutualunderstanding/interactionbetweenAandB/interplaybetweenAandB31manydifferentkindsofavarietyof/awidearrayof/awiderangeof32wrongideasheldbymanypeoplemisconceptions33fameprestige/sterlingreputation34rangespectrum35senserecognition36partcomponent（这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）37wise相关sensible(adj.)38gapdisparity39asystemforaparticularpurposeamechanismfor40asolutiontosth.aremedyforsth.（生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）41badstudentsunrulystudents/disruptivestudents42badbehaviorunethicalbehavior/immoralbehavior43organizationsthathelppoorpeoplecharities/charitableorganizations44differencedistinction45派生bedifferentfrombedistinctfrom(adj.)46personindividual47personalitydisposition48businessesenterprises（这里指企业）49pricesthataretoohighexorbitantprices50therateoftheincidenceof（后面一般跟坏事儿，比如unemployment/crime/adisease）51intenseenthusiasmzeal/passion52culturalglobalization（有过多人使用这个词）globalculturalhomogenization53athingthatisnecessaryanecessity54athingthatisnewandinterestinganovelty55athingthatisrareararity56thingsthatpeoplearenotsureaboutuncertainties57aworldlanguageauniversallanguage58friendscompanions59relaxationrecreation60self-respectself-esteemanddignity61respectsb./sth.holdsb./sth.inhighregard62反义lookdownontreatwithcontempt=despise(v.)63self-controlself-discipline64criminalconvict65prisonerinmate66drinksalcoholicbeverages67peoplewhowalkonthestreetpedestrians68oldgenerationsinhistoryancestors69apersonwhobenefitsfromsth.abeneficiaryofsth.70adiseasethatspreadsquicklyanepidemic（注意这个词虽然是-ic结尾，却不是形容词）71averyunpleasantwayoflifemisery72ataskthatrequireslotsofeffortanarduoustask73emotionsentiment74enemyopponent/foe75narrowmindsinsularminds（狭隘的头脑或者观念）76awaytodosth.anapproachtodoingsth./anavenuetowardssth.77hobbypastime/diversion78progressprogression（经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于society/career/technology的话题）79failuresetback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）80importancesignificance（当你用了一次importance之后，第二次不妨用这个）81dutyobligation（用于比较重要的责任）82difficultyhindrance/impediment/hurdles83pressurefromyourclassmatespeerpressure84citizenswhocanworklaborforce/workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）85problemsordiseasesthatexistforalongtimepersistentproblems/chronicdiseases86alifewithoutregularexerciseasedentarylifestyle87resultconsequence（表示消极的结果更多一些）88thoughtsconsiderations89thelackofknowledgeignorance（注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）90harm(n.)adverseeffect91harm(vt.)damagedestroy/ruin（这两个词比damage程度更重）spoil（后面跟thecityscape/scenery/environment）undermine（后面跟抽象概念，比如stability/socialorder/harmony）jeopardize（后面跟抽象概念，比如onesfuture/onescareer）tarnish（后面跟onesreputation/image）sap/dampen（后面跟onesenthusiasm/interest/confidence）92派生harmfuldetrimental(adj.)93派生beharmfultoposeathreatto94badluckmisfortune95troubleadversity/dilemma/predicament/hardship96crimeoffense/criminalact97youthcrimejuveniledelinquency98criminaloffender/culprit/perpetrator99seriouscrimeheinouscrime/felony100aminorcrimeamisdemeanor101shortage(of)scarcity(of)/dearth(of)102theonlyoneanexception103placeswhereanimalslivehabitat形容词104worryingdisturbing形容词105verypopularprevalent/ubiquitous106TRUEgenuine(trulyagenuinely)107deepprofound（深刻的，后面经常跟wisdom/truths/understanding/impact/thoughts）108strongpowerful/mighty109weakvulnerable110hard-workingindustrious（注意不是industrial，而diligent那个词在美语中是个挺大的词）111verydisappointinglamentable/pathetic112begood(for)bebeneficial(to)=beinthebestinterests(of)113benotasgoodasbeinferiorto114bebetterthanbesuperiorto115uninterestingmundane（注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并不是“世俗的”意思/humdrum116manynumerous（注意要跟可数名词）117complicatedintricate118strangeodd/bizarre/eccentric（单weird有点过于口语化了）119cannotbeturnedbackbeirreversible120produceusefulresultsproductive121practicalrealistic122maturesophisticated（这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的）123selfishself-centered/materialistic124proud（贬义）conceited125suitablefitting126mostsuitableoptimal127lonelyisolated/alienated128alonesolitary129beeasilyinfluencedbysth.besusceptibletosth.（一般是坏事情，比如adisease/attacks）130isbetterthanissuperiorto131notasgoodasisinferiorto132bethesamebeidentical/behomogenous/beuniform（后面两个词比较正式，一般是说culturalglobalization的时候常用，现在理解为什么校服的名词叫schooluniforms了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）133interestingstimulating134boringmonotonous/repetitive135uselessredundant136smartintelligent137famousrenowned138positivedesirable/encouraging139happydelighted140enjoyabledelightful141canbeusedbeavailable142hardtounderstandbewildering/baffling/confusing143(laws/rules/people)notstrictlenient144healthywholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesome）145goodfortheenvironmenteco-friendly（e.g. Bikingisfarmoreeco-friendlythandrivingtheirSUVs.）146nervous/anxiousapprehensive147doubtsth.beskepticalaboutsth.148fairjustified149unfairunwarranted/unjustifiable150hugeenormous/massive/vast/colossal151smalltiny/miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）152havemanydifferentabilitiesbeversatile/bewell-rounded153befamiliarwithbewell-acquaintedwith154verysuccessful/admirabledistinguished155properappropriate156typicalquintessential（这个语气非常强）157exactprecise/accurate158uglyunsightly159poor-qualitysubstandard(housing/accommodation/work/goods/machines)160thepresentthecurrent/theexisting（比如thecurrentfinancialcrisis/theexistingenvironmentalproblems）161outdatedantiquated/obsolete162highly-respectedesteemed163complete(adj.)/wholeentire164spendalotofmoneyleadanextravagant/alavishlife165openenlighted/progressive（开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容govern-ment或者society）166sth.mustbecarriedoutsth.iscompulsory/sth.ismandatory167withlonghistorytime-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如tradition/practice/methods/heritage）168continuingforeverperpetual169importantsignificantessentialvital(这三个词的重要性依次递增)170veryattractiveveryappealing/fascinating/captivating171verycarefulcautious172beveryinterestedinbeabsorbedin/beengrossedin173bequalifiedforbeeligiblefor174disappointingfrustrating175wrongerroneous176longandabitannoyinglengthy177verydifficultdaunting/formidable178beingspreadinuncontrolledwayrampant（后面经常跟负面现象，比如crime,pollution或者discrimination）179cruelinhumane/merciless180fatoverweight/obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）181havingwrongopinionsskewed/biased（这两个词一般在IELTS媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）182includingmanythingscomprehensive（综合的，全面的）183enoughadequate/sufficient/ample/abundant（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的)184toomuchexcessive185verylittleminimal（注意不是minimum）186causebadeffectscounterproductive（其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写它counterproductive）187strictstringent（后面一般跟laws,measures或者rules）188urgentpressing(problems)189quiettranquilandserene（美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用）动词190makesth.strongstrengthen/fortify/reinforce/consolidatesth.191makesth.weakweaken/erode（侵蚀）192makesth.betterenhance/better（很少看到国内考生用better当动词，其实在学术写作中bettersth.是挺常见的表达）193makesth.worseaggravate/exacerbatesth.194control(anegativetrend)curb(crime/pollution/economicrecessions)195stopcease196managesth.regulatesth./overseesth.197appearemerge/arise（后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如debate）198dieoutgoextinct199failtoseeneglect/overlook200setfreerelease(prisoners/stress)201begincommence/initiate(后者跟抽象概念更多，比如initiatetheconflict)202narrow/bridgethegapbetweenAandB(注意这里bridge作动词)反义 widenthegapbetweenAandB203beforcedtodosth.becompelledtodosth.204keepcomplainingaboutsth.grumbleaboutsth.205tryhardtodosth.pursuesth.(onesgoal/onescareer/businessinterests/maximumprofit/hegemony)206dosth.perform/conduct（注意这里的perform不是“表演”而是“从事”）207donotdosth.refrainfromdoingsth.208carryoutimplement209turnintoconvertto/into210decreasedecline/dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少）/dip/slip(后两个词用来指短促的下降)211makeacrimecommitacrime（注意作文中不要用makeacrime这样不地道的英文）212commitacrimeagainreverttocrime（这里的crime作不可数名词）213punishpenalize214派生punishmentpenalty215spreadpropagate/disseminate（这两个词后面经常跟information/ideas/belief这类名词）216developfastflourish/thrive217develop（这里作“培养”的意思cultivate/foster/nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教育有关的名词，比如aninterestinsocialissues）218相关fast-developingburgeoning219acceptadopt（注意这个词不是adapt适应，而是接纳，采纳的意思）220buildconstruct221gathergarner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如garnerfunding,garnersupportduringtheUNclimateconferenceatCopenhagen222measuregauge,比measure稍正式一点223teachsth.impartsth./inculcatesth.（注意如果teach后面是人则不要替换）224startinitiate多用于政府类话题225supportespouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和动词sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）226praisecompliment/extol（后面这个语气很强）227supportbuttress/bolster228prove/confirmverify229creategenerate（一般是大规模的产生，比如generateemploymentopportunities/generatetaxrevenue/electricity)breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如conflict/crime/resentment）spawn（一般是产生新事物，比如spawninventions/innovations）230useutilize/exploit231useagainrecycle232workhardworkassiduously233getacquire（注意acquire/gainknowledge比learnknowledge在地道英文中更加常见）234considercontemplate/reflecton/ponder235meetencounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题236providesth.affordsth.（在正式英文写作中，afford经常可以表示“提供”237needrequire（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用require）238likesth.verymuchhaveanaffinityforsth./haveastrongattachmenttosth.239beunhappyaboutcomplainabout(v.)/bediscontendedwith(adj.)240askforrequest241raiseelevate，就是正式版的raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思242looklikesth.resemblesth.243treatpoorlymistreat/abuse244considersth.valuablevaluesth./treasuresth./cherishsth.245keepmaintain/preserve（这个词后面经常跟traditions/culturalheritage/wildanimals/naturalresources等）246mixtogetherblend/combine/synthesize247solvetackle/combat/address248noticediscern249understandtomean/tobeinterpretas（很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把理解为）250choosesth./choosetodosth.optforsth./opttodosth.251achievefulfill(onesdream/onesgoal/onespotential/onesobligation/onespromise/onestask)252appearinlargenumberssproutup/mushroom253makelessseriousrelieve/ease/alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有relievestress/alleviatepoverty/easethetrafficcongestion等）254payfor(onesloss)compensatefor255payfor(oneseffort)rewardfor256makesth.fasteracceleratesth./speedupsth.257joinparticipatein258outweightprevailover（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇）259contributetopromote/facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟to）260preventthedevelopmentofhinder/impede/inhibit/obstruct261findoutidentify262encouragesb.tomotivatesb.to263likesth.verymuchadoresth.264dislikesth.verymuchabhor/detest/loathe265hateresent/holdagrudgeagainst266limitrestrict/constrain267avoidbypass/eschew/shun268isnotlimitedtoisnotrestrictedto/isnotconfinedto（经常用来描述一个trend不仅限于某个范围）269besosurprisedbeastonished/beastounded/bestartled270decidedetermine271movetorelocateto/havebeenrelocatedto272comefromoriginatefrom/in273improveboost/enhance（比如boostsolidarity增进团结/enhanceproductivity提高生产率）274wasteuselavishly275attackassail（语气更强烈）276reducecurtail（多用于政府投资类话题）/diminish（多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）277increaseaugment（多用于政府投资类话题）278helpassist279help(n.)assistance280setupestablish281trytodosth.attempttodosth.282tryhardtodosth.makeastrenuous/anarduous/apainstakingefforttodosth.283changealter284changealotfundamentallychange/radicallychange/transform285solveaddress/combat286correct(vt.)rectify(amistake)287takedowndemolish/raze（谈到拆老建筑的时候常用）288obeyabideby/complywith/conformto(后面跟thelaw/rules/regulations等)289banbanaltogether/strictlyprohibit290criticizecondemn/denounce（这两个词一般用于政府类话题，但不要用在教育类）291increaseshowanupwardtrend/beontherise反义：showadownwardtrend292dependonhingeon=becontingenton（意思是：取决于）293dependonrelyon（意思是：依靠）294mitoneselftodoingsth./strivetodosth./doonesutmosttodosth./sparenoefforttodosth.296useupexhaust(energy/resources)/stretch(resources)tothelimit297reportthedetailsofsth.reportsth.Ingraphicdetail298preventsb.fromfocusingondistractsb.from299spendAonBdedicateAtoB300usetoomuchstretchtothelimit/putastrainon301pourdischarge（排放，环境类话题常用，比如dischargechemicalwasteintorivers,streamsandlakes）302getusedtogetaccustomedto303dieoutgoextinct304continuetoexistpersist305comewithbeattendedby/beaccompaniedby306broadenoneshorizonsexpandonesoutlook/enlargeonesvision(broadenoneshorizons这个句型已经被考生使用过多惨遭贬值)307breakthelawviolatethelaw308putsb.Inprisonincarceratesb.309makelawsagainstlegislateagainst310相关lawlegislation(名词，注意law在特指具体的法律时可以用复数，但是legislation不能用复数)311makesth.activestimulate（后面经常跟imagination/creativity/interest/economicgrowth等词汇）312makeonesdreamcometruefulfillonespotential/attainonesgoal313havetherighttodosth.beentitledtodosth.314leadtochangeinactasacatalystforchangein315sticktoadhereto/clingto（注意后面这个有时候略带贬义）316dealwiththeneedmeetthedemand/satisfytheneed317takeawayfromsb.deprivesb.of（省略号中可以填入freedom/leisuretime/therightto等值得拥有的内容）318givesb.theabilitytoenablesb.to319getaclearideaofgetaclearperspectiveof320belostgoastray（作文中如果写青少年“误入歧途”，就不要再写getlost)321spendtoomuchtimeonbeaddi