语言测试课件.ppt

1,IntroductiontoLanguageTesting,2,ITeachingandtesting,1.BackwashDefinition:theeffectoftestingonteachingandlearning.HarmfulbackwashBeneficialbackwash,3,2.RelationshipbetweenteachingandtestingDavies:thegoodtestisanobedientservantsinceitfollowsandapestheteaching.Hughes:theproperrelationshipisthatofpartnership.,4,3.InaccuratetestsFailtomeasureaccuratelywhateveritisthattheyareintendedtomeasure.Studentstrueabilitiesarenotreflectedbytestscores.Causesofinaccuracy(1)Testcontentandtechniques.(2)Lackofreliability.,5,4.TheneedfortestsInformationaboutpeopleslanguageabilityisoftenveryusefulandsometimesnecessary.Withinteachingsystems,aslongasitisthoughtappropriateforindividualstobegivenastatementofwhattheyhaveachievedinasecondorforeignlanguage,thentestsofsomekindorotherwillbeneeded.,6,II.Kindsoftestandtesting,TypesoftestConsideringusestowhichtestresultsareput.(1)ProficiencytestsProficiencytestsaredesignedtomeasurepeoplesabilityinalanguageregardlessofanytrainingtheymayhavehadinthatlanguage.Havingsufficientcommandofthelanguageforaparticularpurpose.,7,Toshowwhethercandidatesortest-takershavereachedacertainstandardwithrespecttocertainspecifiedabilities.Notbasedoncoursesthatcandidatesmayhavepreviouslytaken.Mayexerciseconsiderableinfluenceoverthemethodandcontentoflanguagecourses.,8,(2)AchievementtestsAchievementtestsaredirectlyrelatedtolanguagecourses,theirpurposebeingtoestablishhowsuccessfulindividualstudents,groupsofstudents,orthecoursesthemselveshavebeeninachievingobjectives.,9,Finalachievementtests-administeredattheendofacourseofstudy.-syllabus-contentapproach-advantage:afairtestcontainingonlywhatthestudentshaveencountered-disadvantage:ifsyllabusbadlydesignedorbooksbadlychosen,theresultsofatestcanbemisleading,10,-alternativeapproach:basethetestcontentdirectlyontheobjectivesofthecourse.Progressachievementtests-intendedtomeasuretheprogressthatstudentsaremaking.-alternative:establishaseriesofwell-definedshort-termobjectives.,11,(3)DiagnostictestsDiagnostictestsareusedtoidentifystudentsstrengthsandweaknesses.Theyareintendedprimarilytoascertainwhatfurtherteachingisnecessary.,12,(4)PlacementtestsPlacementtestsareintendedtoprovideinformationwhichwillhelptoplacestudentsatthestageoftheteachingprogrammostappropriatetotheirabilities.,13,2.KindsoftestingConsideringapproachestotestconstruction(1)DirectversusindirecttestingDirecttesting:requirethecandidatestoperformpreciselytheskillwhichwewishtomeasure,e.g.testingwritingandspeaking.-easytocarryout-straightforward-helpfulbackwasheffect,14,Indirecttesting:attemptstomeasuretheabilitieswhichunderlietheskillsinwhichweareinterested,e.g.testinggrammarandvocabularyforlanguageability.-testresultsaremoregeneralisable-weakinstrengthanduncertaininnatureintermsofrelationshipbetweentheperformanceontestsandwhatwetendtomeasure.,15,(2)DegrativetestingDiscretepointtesting:testingofoneelementatatime,itembyitem.-alwaysbeindirectintegrativetesting:requiresthecandidatetocombinemanylanguageelementsinthecompletionofatask.-tendtobedirect(Clozetestisindirect),16,(3)Norm-referencedvs.criterion-referencedtestingNorm-referencedtesting:Acandidatesscoresareinterpretedwithreferencetotheperformanceoftheothercandidates.-notknowingdirectlywhatthestudentiscapabledoinginthelanguage.,17,Criterion-referencedtesting:examinesthelevelofknowledgeof,orperformanceonacriterionwhichthecandidateisrequiredtomaster.-scoresreportingacandidatesability.,18,(4)Objectivevs.subjectivetestingObjectivetesting:nojudgmentisrequiredonthepartthescorer.Subjectivetesting:callsforjudgment.,19,(5)CommunicativelanguagetestingCommunicativelanguagetesting:measuringtheabilitytotakepar