（英语语言文学专业论文）《虹》中揭示人物内心的叙事艺术.pdf

vi 摘摘 要要 劳伦斯是二十世纪英国文学史上最富独创性、 最有争议性和最具超前意识的作家之 一。尽管他的文学作品因大胆探讨性在生活中的重要性而遭非议，甚至其中数部被查封 或禁止出版。但是，他对世界文学所作出的伟大贡献最终获得了世人的认可和敬仰。在 他短暂的一生中，他一直在践行自己的创作风格，试图更好地捕捉人类心灵瞬间所迸发 出的火花。他以创新的心理意识描写而闻名，并形成独特的叙事艺术，尤其擅长刻画人 物的内心世界。 虹是劳伦斯最著名也最有争议的小说之一，是其创作的最高成就之一。而且在 叙事风格上较其其他作品更具代表性。本文将以小说叙事学和小说修辞学的理论为依 据，对劳伦斯在虹中揭示人物内心世界的叙事艺术加以分析，以期更好地把握劳伦 斯的作品，并对研究其他文学作品有所补益。 论文共分三章， 第一章主要分析了劳伦斯如何运用全知全能视角和人物视角两种叙 事视角的变换来展现虹中人物内心的艺术。全知全能式叙事视角是指叙述者在叙述 中行使自己全部权利，全面地、多角度地、内外结合地叙述故事情节及其人物行为和心 理活动；人物视角式叙事是指小说中的叙事以小说中的某个人物的视点来展开，通过人 物的情感体验和感知程度来展开故事和叙述议论。一方面，劳伦斯运用大量的全知视角 对故事情节和人物内心进行分析与说明，使作品更具广度和深度；另一方面，劳伦斯通 过人物视角对男女主人公的外貌和心理活动进行了描写和评论， 从而使人物形象更加栩 栩如生，更具灵性。这种灵活多变的叙事视角不仅使人物和事件紧密结合，人物形象更 加生动深刻， 而且形成了一种多视点、 多侧面的叙事风格， 让读者获得丰富的审美感受。 第二章主要探讨了劳伦斯如何通过内心独白和自由间接引语两种叙事技巧的交织 来揭示人物内心的艺术。内心独白是一种描绘人物内心意识活动的技巧；自由间接引语 则是一种部分地通过作者的声音传递人物声音的手法， 叙述者承担或部分承担了人物的 言语，人物通过叙述者的声音说话，叙述者的视角与人物的视角混合于一体。劳伦斯娴 熟地运用这两种技巧描叙玛什农庄三代人的内心世界， 既可以使读者对人物的内心进行 观察，又保证叙述者的话语得以表达，使小说的叙述显得更加精炼、更富于戏剧化，给 人一种深微细腻、含蓄隽永的美学品格。 vii 第三章着重探讨了劳伦斯如何运用自由联想、 象征和意象多种叙事手法交错来刻画 和烘托人物内心的艺术。自由联想是突发的、未经作家加工的，因而事件之间不具有时 间上的因果连接，体现了现实的自然性和真实性。借助这种叙事手法，人物的内心世界 真实地呈现在读者的面前； 象征和意象手法的使用不仅达到了挖掘人物深层心理和小说 哲学内涵的目的，而且体现出诗质的美感，读者犹入幽深扑朔的境地，细细体悟其深邃 意味。 劳伦斯将心理分析及叙事技巧完美而巧妙地结合到一起， 显示出其精湛的叙事技巧 和叙事艺术，特别是揭示人物内心世界的高超艺术令人叹为观止。 虹的成功不仅给 读者以深深的感染，而且对世界文学产生了深远的影响。 关键词关键词：视角 内心独白 自由间接话语 自由联想 象征和意象 iv abstract d.h. lawrence is one of the most original, controversial and ahead-of-his-time writers in the twentieth century english literature. although some of his novels were banned for boldly involving the importance of sexual life when they were published, his great contribution for the world literature is eventually confirmed and admired. during his short life span, he had been carrying out what was the “modernist experiments” to catch on the inner flames of human mind. whats more, he is famous for his consciousness of innovation and established his distinct narrative style, especially the narrative art of presentation of the characters inward life. the discussions will be based on the narrative art of the rainbow, which is generally acknowledged as one of his best and most controversial works. this novel is more representative in narrative maneuvers than others. hence an attempt is made in this thesis to provide an analysis of lawrences art of presentation of inward life based on the theories of fictional narratology and fictional rhetoric, with an aim to have better understanding of lawrences novel and benefit both the study and the appreciation of other literary works. the thesis is made up of three parts. chapter one is about alteration of two kinds of narrative point of view to present the characters inward life including the omniscient point of view and the figural point of view. lawrence applies the two kinds of point of view to clarify the characters idea and feeling and search for the appropriate aesthetics, so that the reader can sense the characters voice, emotion, appearance and personalities. the flexible and varied narrative point of view can make not only the main characters and the events relate closely but also the characters inner world vivid and profound. this narrative artistic style gives the readers rich aesthetic appreciation. chapter two focuses on the interweaving of the two narrative techniques to articulate the characters inward life. the interior monologue is a technique of representing psychic content and processes at various levels of conscious control. the technique of free indirect discourse helps to reveal the characters thoughts and feelings in the narrative process more v directly. d.h. lawrence makes a skillful use of them to reveal the personal experience of the three generations in marsh farm, the readers can have the impression that the characters consciousness is displayed vividly before them and this technique enriches the novel aesthetic perception. chapter three stresses the integrity of the multiple narrative devices to present the characters inward life. free association signifies the process of the aimless and illogical flow of the characters consciousness, and it is the best way to reveal inner feeling. the symbol is rooted in the psychological experience and the image is a rhetorical device by which a sense impression is conveyed. lawrence combines them in his novel to depict and present the characters complicated emotion and experiences. with the help of the narrative methods, the beauty penetrates into the novel and the readers can appreciate the colorful and exquisite description. lawrence perfectly combines the psychoanalysis with narratology, revealing his remarkable skill in narrative techniques, especially in presenting the characters inward life. his success has a great and deep influence on world literature. key words: point of view interior monologue free indirect discourse free association symbol and image iii 学位论文原创性声明 学位论文原创性声明 本人所提交的学位论文“the narrative art of presentation of the inward life in the rainbow”，是在导师的指导下，独立进行研究工作所取得的原创性成果。除文中已经注 明引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对 本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中标明。 本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师确认（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 学位论文版权使用授权书 学位论文版权使用授权书 本学位论文作者完全了解河北师范大学有权保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交学 位论文的复印件和磁盘，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权河北师范大学可以将学位论 文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或其它复制手段保 存、汇编学位论文。 （保密的学位论文在 年解密后适用本授权书） 论文作者（签名） ： 指导教师（签名） ： 年 月 日 年 月 日 1 introduction d.h. lawrence (1885-1930), is one of the most original, controversial and ahead-of-his-time figures in the twentieth century english literature. he was bon in eastwood, nottinghamshire, in central england. lawrences childhood was dominated by poverty and friction between his parents. because his mother was a former schoolteacher, greatly superior in education to her husband who was a coal miner and drinker. still young, lawrence was weak and frail. it was his mother lydia beardsall who gave him much more attentive care. the mothers view of the world and her actions had a deep effect on his sensitive soul and later life. he enjoyed the happy time in eastwood and haggs farm and he called them “the country of my heart”1, which evoked his poignant memories in his later creation. as a grown-up, lawrence met frieda weekley, wife of his former instructor at nottingham university. later “the finest woman ive ever met” became “the woman of a lifetime”2 of lawrence and changed his life. in one word, the life experience had a strong influence on his thoughts, which in turn influenced his later style of writing. it is true that lawrence attracted the attention in literary field with his artistic achievements since he was still very young. his literary genius was responded with positive comments in the early writings of short stories and the novels. lawrence was a productive and provocative writer during his short life span. he turned his hand to virtually every available literary form: novels, poetry, essays, short stories, travel books, plays, and reviews poured out from his magic pen. he produced more than ten brilliant novels and ten plays, such as the white peacock(1911), sons and lovers (1913), the rainbow (1915), women in love (1920), and lady chatterleys lover (1928), a colliers friday night(1934), the widowing of mrs. holroyd(1914), david(1926) etc. a great deal of poetry and essays are being more and more widely recognized. thus d h. lawrence and his works have long been the targets for literary analysis. the words of the historian a.l.rowse embodied the feelings of innumerable people: “d.h. lawrence meant something special to the men of my generation: he was an essential part in our awakening to maturity. we saw something of life 2 through his eyes; his mode of experience intimately affected ours.”3 however, as an english novelist, story writer, critic, poet, playwright and painter, lawrence and themes of his works have often been misunderstood, not only in the originality and innovative consciousness shown in the bold sexual explicitness in his works but also in his unconventional personal life. he was even entitled as a “pornographic and obscene”4 writer. in fact lawrence had always devoted himself to thinking out a method to set up a brand-new relation between man and woman or readjust the original relation, so as to achieve a harmonious relationship and achieve the real balance and stability of the society. the above idea is fully reflected in his works. his first masterpiece sons and lovers, is a realistic autobiographical portrayal of a young man. the rainbow, one of the greatest novels, surpassed the considerable achievement of the first novel. the rainbow, together with its sequel women in love, is first known as “the sisters” and then “the wedding ring”. the rainbow is about three generations of the brangwen family of nottinghamshire from the 1840s to the early years of the twentieth century. within this historical framework lawrences essential concern is with the passionate lives of his characters and he explores the pressures that determine their lives, using a religious symbolism in which the “rainbow” of the title is his unifying motif. his primary focus is on the individuals struggle to growth and fulfillment within marriage and changing social circumstances, a process shown to grow more difficulty through the generations. in the rainbow, lawrences frank representation of sexuality caused a furor and the novel was seized by the police and banned almost as soon as it was published. both positive and negative commentaries abound in volumes of book-length monographs and critical essays. galsworthy made his ex-cathedra statement that the rainbow was a “failure as a work of art”5. such kind of books is considered “having no right to exist”6. moreover, it was warned that “ordinarily readers would do well to leave the book alone”7. t.s. eliot accused lawrence of promoting evil through his writing. in 1933, in a lecture, he said: “an untrained mind and a soul destitute of humility and filled with self-righteousness (such as lawrences), is a blind servant and fatal leader”8. but catherine carswell held that “this is a book so very in emotional beauty and in the distilled essence of profoundly passionate and individual thinking about human life that one longs to lavish on it ones whole-hearted praise”9. anyway 3 the rainbow “is an important piece of work” by a writer “of exceptional strength.”10 his literary reputation as a result experienced violent ups and downs in critical arena until the preliminary restoration of his fame by f. r. leavis in 1950s. leavis recognized lawrence as a great artist, and in his the great tradition, d.h. lawrence was identified with “the great genius of our time.in the english language”11, and was included in “the great tradition of the english novel”12 together with jane austen, george eliot, henry james and conrad. and his praise was given in the most glowing terms: “he was, as a novelist, the representative of vital and significant development”; “he is a most daring and radical innovator in form, method, technique. and his innovations and experiments are dictated by the most serious and urgent kind of interest in life.” 13 keith sagar too, in the art of d.h. lawrence regarded lawrences work highly. he observed that lawrences vision strips away appearances, even personalities, and penetrated to the inner being of the characters. just as rowses words: “he was a part of me; he entered into my veins at a very vulnerable moment, of adolescence changing into maturity. he was entwined in the fibers of my mind and heart”14 during the recent decades with the prosperity of both culture and thought and the great changes not only in social but also in literary and ideological climate, the researching perspectives about d.h. lawrence and his works also become pluralistic, such as post-structuralism, deconstructionism, feminism, psychoanalysis, marxism and so on. since then, the study on lawrence and his works adopts a new look. the lawrence study in england mainly focuses on his living background, psychology, the movie edition of lawrences literary works, and the post-colonialism and so on. through the american d.h. lawrence review, we can find that the foreign experts mainly studied the epistles about wars, new mexico in his novels, and his influence on the canadian writers, feminism, modern way of writing, and his post-modern point of view, and religious beliefs. as is identified in the complete critical guide of d.h. lawrence, the clearly defined areas are: “lawrence and psychology, lawrence and society, lawrence and feminist criticism, lawrence and questions of language”15. there are also other critics who study the religious aspects of lawrences work. for example, nanett norris, in “alchemy and the rainbow”16, aimed to demonstrate “how the alchemical sense of symbolism and imagery can affect the interpretation of 4 lawrences work”17, since she believed “alchemical metaphor provides a unifying framework for the narrative of the rainbow”.18 as a matter of fact, lawrence had embarked on a long and difficult struggle to create a new kind of novel, unprecedented in english fiction. during the writing of the rainbow, lawrence described it as “like a novel in a foreign language”19. “the language of the novel is both new yet also familiar, new in its representation of the inner consciousness of its characters and familiar through lawrences call on the rhythms and phrases known to us from the bible, from which the central symbol of the rainbow and the associated concept of the flood derives.”20 the rainbow marks a unique moment in lawrences own writing, and he forms his own unique artistic theories by this attempt, a text which “explodes realism in its letter”. he tried to give form and expression to this “morality of life itself”21, and succeeded only in projecting the actuality into metaphysical texture. lawrence described the novel as “the voyage of discovery towards the real and eternal and unknown land”22. some critic described the social level in the rainbow as “the mere tip of iceberg,” and “the real action goes on underneath”23. lawrence himself told garnett that the rainbow marked his “transition” 24, the product of “deeply trying to; find its way out”25 in lawrences eyes, “the rainbow is written in another language almost” and “it is all analytical-quit unlike sons and lovers, not a bit visualized.” 26 this is the beginning of lawrences realization that symbolism is not merely a device for the sake of aesthetic value, but an alternative language all in itself. frederick carter is also one of the early critics who recognized lawrences writing as expression of his mystical awareness. an amalgamation of symbolic narrative, psycho-analytic, ecological and feminist novel, the work is seen as both lawrences prophetic vision of the possibility of renewal in society and a scathing critique of modern civilization. fiona becket analyzed that: “the rainbow showed lawrences developing interest in unconscious functioning, although what he understood by unconscious was very different from the defining concept of freudian psychoanalysis.”27 michael squires and keith cushman commented in his book the challenge of d.h. lawrence that “indeed the rainbow marks a unique moment in lawrences own writing.”28 much of the more recent critical commentary on him debates his representation of women, sexuality, religion, history, philosophy and politics in critique from a widely variety of theoretical perspective. in brief, 5 the novel is the form in which lawrence made his most lasting contribution to english literature. in the decade years, many chinese critics have paid more and more attention to lawrence and his works. the study has been made in varieties of fields. for example, professor liu xianzi and jiang bingxian have made some contribution to the study of lawrence and the international exchange. feng jiqing has introduced lawrence to china, focusing on lawrences experience and exploration of male-female relationship. professor luo ting and wu houkai have done some objective comments about lawrence and his ideas. more and more scholars have done some research to the profound thought and mighty artistic impact in his works, especially in his novels, such as: mao xinde, jiang jiaguo and xing jianchang. zhu botong once wrote in his book d.h. lawrence selected literary critiques that: “if authors were islands, lawrence would be one of the most carefully scrutinized pieces of real estate on earth” 29. the focus on the themes of his works has changed again in recent years. hou weirui discusses lawrences modernism in detail in his work. zhao hongying and zhu wei makes a study about lawrences feminism. in addition, lawrences philosophical exploration has also been discussed by many others. luo jia and wang jing have a comment about lawrences polarity thought and male-female relationship. liu zheng made an analysis of lawrences four novels in his paper “a moodoriented painter of soul, nature and love”. ge youjin made a new study on the rainbows theme and narrative strategy in chinese, liao jiefeng and zeng lanlan discussed the narrative strategy and narrative point of view and the narrative structure in chinese. from the above literature review, we may know that over the past years, d.h. lawrences literary works still have been hotly discussed. the research on lawrence and his works both at home and abroad has obtained many fruitful achievements. lawrence has been dead for nearly ninety years but he shows no signs of lying down. the variety and richness of critical commentary on lawrences works and ideas are a great measure of the seriousness of his claim to our attention. d.h. lawrence is undoubtedly regarded as on