燃料乙醇产业的发展机遇与挑战外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附     录 A Fuel ethanol industry opportunities and challenges At present, the fuel ethanol industry have great opportunities for development, but it also faces many challenges. Selection of fuel ethanol gasoline, a number of factors should be considered: vehicle and fuel prices, vehicle performance and ease of use, and emissions regulations, convenient refueling, maintenance costs, and maintenance convenience. The use of fuel ethanol and the cost effectiveness of its significant impact on the promotion of the use. According to China's specific circumstances, in the promotion of fuel ethanol and use the following key issues need to be resolved. （ 1） Fuel ethanol production costs of raw materials and fuel prices, the current gas and electricity prices low, methanol, ethanol is higher than the price of petrol and diesel. Only the price of fuel ethanol at less than the retail price of gasoline, only the economic viability.  China's development of the corresponding financial subsidies or tax relief policies and environmental regulations in order to support and encourage the fuel ethanol and promote the use of ethanol gasoline. However, fuel ethanol production enterprises to continuously raise the level of production and comprehensive utilization of by-product level, develop the use of rich biological resources of raw materials and lower production costs, and ensure the health of fuel ethanol, the sustained development of enterprises. （ 2） Water storage and transportation of ethanol gasoline ethanol fuel stratified water to the use of low-cost pipeline. Foreign transportation of fuel ethanol, commonly used by automobiles, trains, ships and other means higher costs and also pay attention to gasoline storage and transportation of ethanol in water. （ 3） The cost of automotive technology and the use of foreign experience has shown that the fuel ethanol and flexible fuel vehicle prices high than the traditional automobile. Clean fuel vehicles used in the initial price and technical programs. According to the information, the use of ethanol gasoline, the fuel consumption of motor vehicles has increased, the performance of the engine power dropped to varying degrees； At the same time, ethanol, gasoline for vehicle fuel tank, carburetor and other parts of the non-ferrous metals, rubber materials have varying degrees Corrosion, automotive use of ethanol in gasoline before the need for adaptation, an increase of the cost. Due to the complexity of our models, the factory during the span, and resulting from the use of ethanol gasoline on the more prominent issues. Ethanol gasoline automobile engine wear and tear caused by corrosion, will shorten the life of car. Only increase the gasoline additive ethanol in order to solve the problem. This requires the use of low-cost production and the use of the safety of gasoline or ethanol diesel fuel additive ethanol. （ 4） Ethanol gasoline vehicle emissions ethanol gasoline aldol use brought about by the increase in emissions, it must attract attention and give an effective solution. （ 5） Infrastructure supporting the commercialization of fuel ethanol applications, must have the appropriate infrastructure, that is, the fuel supply should be supporting factories, storage and transport facilities, the retail gas stations all over the country, parts supply and maintenance of networks. Infrastructure investment required in the various clean alternative fuel, the use of fuel ethanol is relatively low. （ 6） The development of diesel-ethanol to promote ethanol in gasoline, while diesel should also attach importance to the development of ethanol. Diesel consumption in China is big country, in 1999 consumption of diesel 61.2 million tons. At present, the production of domestic oil refining industry in the fuel, diesel and gasoline production ratio of consumption is lower than the market ratio between the number of diesel and petrol, the promotion of ethanol petrol, diesel supply shortage of resources have become an obvious contradiction. With the gradual depletion of fossil resources, the further rise in oil prices, which fuel ethanol to bring a certain amount of development and historical opportunity. Diversification of the national energy supply is an important national energy strategy, in the world's future energy mix, renewable bio-energy will be one of the main body of energy, the world's increasing emphasis on fuel ethanol development and application. According to the State "Fuel Ethanol and Ethanol" 15 "Development Plan", China's fuel ethanol industry is positioned to promote the industrialization of agriculture, improvement of the dual structure of the national economy, environmental protection and promotion of renewable energy use, and gradually as the goal to build a new, advanced technology, comprehensive utilization of high level of international influence and the industry. At the national "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" that clearly need to accelerate the development of wind energy, solar, biomass and other renewable energy sources. Fuel ethanol production technology development prospects, the performance in the following aspects.  （ 1）  With the prospect of fiber raw materials key technology breakthrough in ethanol and the success of the industrialized operation of the 21st century will be the greater use of grain and other agricultural products other than biomass to p roduce fuel ethanol, the use of land not suitable for grain and forest resources, planting appropriate energy plants.  （ 2）  The prospects of production technology to lower raw material costs as a result of technological progress and production, fuel ethanol at progressively lower prices.  （ 3）  The prospects for the development of engine technology and flexible fuel vehicles （ FFV）  is the application of fuel ethanol in one direction. The United States, Brazil and other countries have successfully developed the use of either gasoline or pure ethanol and pure than any match between the two mixed-fuel vehicles flexible fuel （ FFV） , is currently used in Brazil for more than a FFV vehicle 2000000.   In short, our country promote the use of ethanol gasoline has been out of people "Tenth Five-Year" plan for national economic development has been significant progress has been made. According to foreign experience, China's population and a large proportion of the agricultural economy, rich in coal resources, the development of energy resources, distribution and utilization of scientific planning should be to strengthen the research of fuel ethanol and its application guidance； In addition, agriculture should be fully taken into account , forestry in the field of manpower and resource use, research and development of biomass fuels in order to promote the development of China's fuel ethanol industry.   附     录 B 燃料乙醇产业的发展机遇与挑战   目前，燃料乙醇产业有很大的发展机遇，但同时也面临很多挑战。选用燃料乙醇汽油，应考虑多方面的因素：购车及燃料价格、汽车性能及使用方便性、排放法规要求，加油方便，维修费 用及维修方便等问题。燃料乙醇的使用效能及费用，对其推广使用有很大影响。根据我国的具体情况，在燃料乙醇的推广和使用方面，需要解决以下关键问题。  （ 1）燃料乙醇的生产原料及成本在燃料价格方面，目前气体燃料及电能价格较低，甲醇、乙醇的价格高于汽油及柴油。只有燃料乙醇的价格低于汽油销价时，才有经济可行性。  我国制定了相应税收减免或财政补贴政策和环保法规，以支持和鼓励燃料乙醇及乙醇汽油的推广使用。但燃料乙醇生产企业，需要不断提高生产水平和副产品的综合利用水平，开发使用资源丰富的生物原料，并降低生产成本，保证燃料乙醇企 业的健康持续发展。  （ 2）乙醇汽油的储运防水乙醇汽油遇水分层，无法采用低成本的管道输送。国外燃料乙醇的运输，普遍采用汽车、火车、轮船等成本较高的方式，并还要注意乙醇汽油储运中防水。  （ 3）汽车技术及使用费用国外经验表明，燃料乙醇及灵活燃料汽车的价格，比传统汽车高。清洁燃料汽车的初始价格与采用的技术方案有关。据有关资料，使用乙醇汽油后，汽车的油耗有所增加，发动机的动力性能有不同程度的下降；同时，乙醇汽油对汽车的油箱、化油器等部件的有色金属、橡胶材料会有不同程度的腐蚀，汽车在使用乙醇汽油前，需要进行适应性调整， 增加了费用。由于我国汽车型号复杂，出厂年代跨度大，使用乙醇汽油带来的问题就更为突出。乙醇汽油引起的汽车发动机磨损腐蚀，将会缩短汽车的使用寿命。只有加人相应的乙醇汽油添加剂，才能解决问题。这就要求生产与使用成本低、使用安全的乙醇汽油或乙醇柴油燃料添加剂。  （ 4）乙醇汽油汽车醇醛排放乙醇汽油使用带来醇醛排放增加的问题，也必须引起注意，并给以有效的解决。  （ 5）配套基础设施建设燃料乙醇的商品化应用，必须具备相应的基础设施，即要有配套的燃料供应厂家、储存及运输设施、遍布全国的零售加油站、零部件供应及维修网点。基础设 施建设所需的投资大，在几种清洁代用燃料中，使用燃料乙醇相对较低。  （ 6）乙醇柴油的开发