2016年大学四级专题讲解(翻译).docx

2016年6月大学英语四级模块讲解（翻译）翻译指导自2013年12月起，全国大学英语四级考试的翻译部分由原单句汉译英调整为段落翻译，汉译英，翻译的内容涉及中国的历史、文化、经济、社会发展等题材，长度为140-160个汉字。汉译英要注意一下方面。(1) 词义选择 1.所谓词义选择，是指词本来就有这个意思，但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。 例如： 剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。 Paper cutting are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere. “增加”此处实际是“加强”的意思，而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义，因此不宜翻成increase，翻译为 enhance更恰当。 (二).词类转换 词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点，在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有动态性和抽象性的特点，在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向，在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。 1.动词名词 汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且汉语动词没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而，英语动词的使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原本应该由动词表达的概念，常常需要借助于名词，因为名词比较不受形态变化的束缚。使用起来相当灵活、方便。 例如： 吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses. 英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如：advice, agreement, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。汉译英时，借助抽象名词表达特定的行文动作，译文也会显得更为地道。 2.动词-介词 介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。 例如：人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。 People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings. 3.动词-形容词 汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreamful, doubtful, sympathetic等)，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道，更标准。 例如：在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。 It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing dynasties. 4.形容词或副词-名词 由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。 例如： 只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of dust with full ease and freedom. 5.名词-动词 有些情况下，汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。 例如：大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。 People, poor or rich, are equally favored by nature. (三)词的增补 1.语法需要 由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语多特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词或介词等。 例如：农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小很多。 People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the industry society, thus their desires are far less either. 英语中用得很多的介词有at, by, for, from, in, of, on, to和with九个。这些介词是连接英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。 2.意思表达需要 例如：这是黄河滩上的一幕。 This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River. 在翻译“这是黄河滩上的一幕”时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。 3.文化背景解释的需要 中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。 例如：三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang, the master mind. (四)词的减省 所谓词的减省，就是翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通顺。 例如：于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。 Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking. (删减重复的谓语动词) (五)词的替代 重复时汉语常使用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也用重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。 为提高大家应试的水平特精选5段真题和5段练习，一起学习。翻译练习真题训练：1. 为了促进教育公平，中国已经投入360亿元，用于改善农村地区教育设施和加强中西部地区农村义务教育。这些资金用于改善教学设施、购买书籍，使16万多所中小学收益。资金还用于购置音乐和绘画器材。现在农村和山区的儿童可以与沿海城市的儿童一样上音乐和绘画课。一些为接受更好教育而转往城市上学的学生如今又回到了本地农村学校就读。（2014年6月） In order to promote education equity, China has invested 36 billion to improve rural educational facilities and strengthen the rural compulsory education in the central and western regions. All these funds were used to better school teaching facilities, and purchase books, from which more than 60,000 primary and secondary schools have gained benefits.(buy books, which benefited more than 160,000 primary and secondary schools. )They were also spent on acquiring musical and painting instruments(apparatus). Nowadays children in rural and mountainous areas can have music and art classes the same as those children in coastal cities. Some students who transfer to cities for better education return to the local rural schools again.2.越来越多的中国年轻人正在对旅游产生兴趣，这是今年来的新趋势。年轻游客数量的不断增加，可以归因于他们迅速提高的收入和探索外部世界的好奇心。随着旅行多了，年轻人在大城市和著名景点花的时间少了，他们反而更为偏远的地方所吸引。有些人甚至选择长途背包旅行。最近调查显示，很多年轻人想要通过旅行体验不同的文化、丰富知识、扩展视野。（2014年12月） More and more Chinese young people are getting interested in traveling, which is a new trend in recent years. The increasing number of young travelers can be attributed to the rapid growth of income and the curiosity to explore the outside world. With more travel, youngsters spend more time in remote areas rather than in big cities and famous scenic spots. Furthermore, some of them would even choose long-distance backpacking. A recent survey shows that many young people want to experience different cultures, enrich knowledge, and broaden their horizons through travel.3.中国的互联网社区是全世界发展最快的。2010年，中国约有4.2亿网民( netizen )，且人数还在迅速增长。互联网的日渐流行带来了重大的社会变化。中国网民往往不同于美国网民。美国网民更多的是受实际需要的驱使，用互联网为工具发电子邮件、买卖商品、规划旅程或付款。中国网民更多是出于社交原因使用互联网，因而更广泛地使用QQ、聊天室等。(2014年12月)The internet community of China develops fastest/ at the fastest speed around the world. The number of Chinese netizens has reached about 420 million in 2010, which is still on the dramatic increase.(China has about 420 million netizens in 2010, and the number is still growing quickly. )The increasing/growing popularity of internet has produced/results in great social changes(the major social change. )And netizens in China are often different from American netizens. American netizens are more driven by practical needs, using the internet to send e-mails, buy and sell goods, plan the journey or pay for the bill. However, Chinese netizens are more likely to use the Internet for social reasons( the purpose of social contact. )Consequently/thus, they use the BBS, blogs and Chatting rooms on a large scale.4.今年在长沙举行了一年一度的外国人汉语演讲比赛。这项比赛证明是促进中国和世界其他地区文化交流的好方法。它为世界各地的年轻人提供了更好地了解中国的机会。来自87个国家共计126位选手聚集在湖南省省会参加了从7月6日到8月5日进行的半决赛和决赛。比赛并不是唯一的活动。选手们还有机会参观了中国其他地区的著名景点和历史名胜。(2015年12月)The annual Chinese speech contest for foreign people was held in Changshai this year, Which proved to be a good way of improving the cultural communication between China and other . (This contest has been proved to be a good way to promote cultural communication between China and the rest of the world.) It provided/(offered the young people all over the world a good opportunity to learn more about China) a better chance to understand China for young people around the world. A total of 126 contestants from 87 countries gathered in the capital of Hunan Province and participated in the semi-final and final from July 6th to August 5th. The competition was not the only activity. Contestants also had the opportunity to visit well-known/famous scenic spots and historical resorts in other parts of China.5.在西方人心目中，和中国联系最为密切的基本食物是大米。长期以来，大米在中国人的饮食中占据很重要的地位，以至于有谚语说“巧妇难为无米之炊”。中国南方大多种植水稻，人们通常以大米为主食;而华北大部分地区由于过于寒冷或过于干燥无法种植水稻，那里的主要作物是小麦。在中国，有些人用面粉做面包，但大多数人用面粉做馒头和面条。(2015.6) In the eyes of the western, the basic food closest to China is rice/ that is most closely related to China is rice(定于从句或定语都可以). For a long time , rice has played a very important role in Chinese diet, so that there is a proverb that goes like this: Even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. Rice has long occupied so significant a position in the diet of Chinese that there is a proverb “ Even a clever housewife cannot cook a meal without rice”. Rice is grown mostly in southern China where people usually take rice as their staple food, while it cannot be planted in northern China where the climate is either too cold or too dry for rice to grow. As a result, the main crop in the north is wheat. In China, some people make bread with flour, while most people use flour to make steamed buns and noodles.四级翻译模拟训练精选每年的农历八月十五为中秋节，是月亮在一年中最圆、最亮的一天。中秋节的历史非常悠久。自古以来，历代皇帝都遵循着春季祭日、秋季祭月的传统。到唐代，中秋节开始作为固定节日；宋朝时，这一节日更为盛行。至明清，中秋节已成为一个与春节、清明节和端午节并列的重大节日。在中秋节这天，人们会在月下观赏祭拜，寄托个人情怀。The Mid-Autumn Festival falls on the 15th day of the 8th lunar month, when the moon is the fullest and brightest of the whole year. This festival has a very long history. In ancient China, emperors followed the tradition of offering sacrifices to the sun in spring and to the moon in autumn. By the Tang Dynasty, the Mid-Autumn Festival had been fixed as a holiday, which became even grander in the Song Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it grew to be a major festival of China together with the Spring Festival, the Qingming Festival and Dragon Boat Festival. On this day, people enjoy the full, bright moon, worship it and express their thoughts and feelings in the moonlight.7.京剧(Peking Opera)已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比，京剧享有更高的声誉，但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱（facial makeup)和戏服都很精美，相形之下布景则显得十分简单。京剧表演者主要应用四种技能：唱、念、做、打。在古代，京剧大多是在户外演出的，因此演员们形成了一种极具穿透力的唱腔，以便每个人都能听到。Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years. Compared with other Chinese local operas, Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation; but actually it absorbs many elements of other local operas. The facial makeups and costumes of the performers are usually very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quite plain. During the performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: singing, speaking, acting and acrobatic fighting. In ancient times, Peking Opera was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of singing that could be heard by everyone.注释：.享有更高的声誉:应翻译为enjoy a higher reputation。2.融合:这里指借鉴和吸取之义，故译为absorb。3.相形之下:译为短语by contrast。这类表示逻辑关系的表达易成为采分点，不要遗漏。4.布景:译为backdrop最为贴切，如果不知道这个词，用background也可。5.唱、念、做、打:要对京剧的这四种技能有所了解，不然很容易翻译错误，京剧中，唱指歌唱；念指具有音乐性的念白；做指舞蹈化的形体动作；打指武打和翻跌的技艺；故“唱、念、做、打”即可译为singing，speaking, acting and acrobatic fighting。6.在户外:有固定表达in the open air。7.形成了一种极具穿透力的唱腔:“形成”这里指逐步形成，故译为 develop,而不用shape或form。“具穿透力的”译为piercing; “唱腔” 即“歌唱的风格”，译为style of singing。8赛龙舟(Dragon boat racing)是端午节的一项重要活动，在中国南方尤为流行。关于这项运动的由来，有一种说法是为了纪念中国古代的著名爱国诗人屈原。龙舟的大小和样式多种多样，但一般都带有装饰性的龙头和龙尾。赛龙舟不仅是一种体育和娱乐活动，它更能体现人们心中的集体主义和爱国主义精神。赛龙舟现已被列入国家级非物质文化遗产名录(National Intangible Cultural Heritage List)Dragon boat racing is an important activity of Duanwu Festival (also known as Dragon Boat Festival), and is particularly popular in the south of China. As for its origin, one version is that it is held in memory of Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient China. The dragon boats vary in sizes and styles, but they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. Dragon boat racing is not only a kind of sports and recreational activities, but also reflects the spirit of peoples collectivism and patriotism. Dragon boat racing is now among the National Intangible Cultural Heritage List.9.上海是一个著名的国际大都市，吸引着来自全世界越来越多的注意力。它坐落于中国海岸线中间部分的长江人海口，是中国东部最具影响力的经济、金融、国际贸易、文化和科技中心。除了它的现代化，这座城市的多元文化赋予了它独特的魅力。新建的摩天大楼和古老的石库门(Shikumen)起勾勒出这座城市的天际线(skyline)。西方习俗和中国传统习俗相互交织，形成了上海文化，为参观者营造出一个难忘的旅途。 Shanghai is a renowned international metropolis drawing more and more attention from all over the world. Located at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of Chinese coastline, it serves as the most influential economic, financial, international trade, cultural, science and technology center in East China. In addition to its modernization, the citys multi culture endows it with a unique glamour. New skyscrapers and old Shikumen together draw the skyline of the city. Western customs and Chinese traditional customs intertwine and form Shanghais culture, making the visitors，stay memorable.中国是世界上人口最多的国家，也是世界最大的能源消耗国。快速增加的能源需求已经使中国成为在国际能源市场极具影响力的国家。随着我国经济的高速发展，能源供应压力显著增大。显然，这与我国当前经济和社会发展所处的阶段有着切实的关系。但是，不管我们处于怎样的发展阶段，如果能源消耗过多，就会因此受到惩罚，以致面临能源匮乏、环境污染和生态破坏等困境。 China is the worlds most populous country and the largest energy consumer in the world.Rapidly increasing energy demand has made China extremely influential in world energy market.With our countrys rapid economic development, the pressure in the supply of energy has been remarkably increasing.Obviously, this situation has solid relationship with the present stage of economic and social development in our country.However, no matter which stage of development we are at, we will be punished if too much energy is consumed, and then we will face problems like energy shortage, environmental pollution and ecological damage.中国是世界四大文明古国(ancient civilization)之。它位于亚洲东部、太平洋(the Pacific Ocean)西岸， 面积960万平方公里。中国人口约13亿,是世界上人口最多的国家,有56个民族(nationalities)。中国历史悠久，幅员辽阔，景色壮丽，自然资源丰富，文化璀璨。1949年，中华人民共和国成立。经过半个多世纪的发展，中国在政治、经济、科技、文化、教育等方面取得辉煌的成就，为世人瞩目。 China is one of the worlds four major ancientcivilizations. Located in the eastern part of Asia andthe west bank of the Pacific Ocean, it covers an areaof 9.6 million square kilometers. China has apopulation of about 1.3 billion, the largest in theworld, made up by 66 nationalities. China boasts along history, vast territory, magnificent scenery, rich natural resources and splendid culture.The Peoples Republic of China was founded in 1949. With more than half a centurys development, China has made great achievements in politics, economy, science and technology,culture, education and many other fields, at