中考英语短文改错考点详解及真题解析.doc

学成教育中考英语短文改错考点详解 姓名：张江边 年级：初三 辅导科目：英语 辅导老师：熊祥 辅导日期：2016.10.30一、语法总述：词类、句子成分和：1、词类： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。1、名词(n.)： 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, ball, class, orange, clock, 合成名词：8-year-olds, groun-ups, passers-by, e-mail, 2、代词(pron.)： 主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj.)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange, ugly, sweet, far, 合成形容词：8-year-old, hard-working, 4、数词(num.)： 表示数量或事物的顺序。基数词：one, two, three, hundred, 序数词：first, second, third, 量词：a piece of, two bottles of, three basket of, four bowls of, five cups of, six pairs of,5、动词(v.)： 表示动作或状态。系词：am, is,are,半系词：look, sound, feel, get, become, keep, stay, taste, smell, turn, 实意动词：have, see , think, beat, walk,助动词：辅助动词构成否定、疑问等语气，辅助东西构成时态语态等。如：be, do, does, did, will, can, should, may,6、副词(adv.)： 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, here, often, quietly, slowly, home, upstairs, hard, very, really, 7、冠词(art.)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.8、介词(prep.)： 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, at, from, above, under, behind, with, without, to,短语介词：next to, in front of, at the age of, 9、连词(conj.)： 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, or, before, when, while, after, as soon as, if, unless, until, because, so, though, but, even if, even though, as if, 10、感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello英语名称缩写形式汉语名称意义例词Nounn.名词表示人、事物或地点的名称Alice, boybook, carArticleart.冠词用在名词前，帮助说明其所指对象a（an）, thePronounpron.代词代替名词、数词等this, that, I, itmy, yourAdjectivea.或adj.形容词表示人或事物的性质或特征blue, big, beautifulNumeralnum.数词表示数量或顺序first, threeVerbv.动词表示动作或状态be, have, goAdverbad.或adv.副词表示动作的特征often, usuallyPrepositionprep.介词表示名词，代词等和其他词之间的关系in, on, atConjunctionconj.连词连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句and, butInterjectionint.或interj.感叹词表示说话时的喜悦，惊讶等情感或语气oh, hello2、句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：Im Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如：Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力)7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？)2、 语法考点一.非谓语动词错误非谓语动词包括不定式、分词、动名词3种形式。如：(1) In 1943 Jacques Cousteau and his friend made it possible by invent the scuba machine. (杭州市中考题)说明invent改为inventing，inventing是动名词，作介词by的宾语。(2) Many people like travel by air， but Jims family think that traveling by train is the best. (杭州市中考题)说明travel改为to travel或traveling，不定式或动名词作动词like的动词宾语。(3) Many countries began look for ways to go into space. (广元市中考题)说明look改为looking或to look，不定式或动名词作动词began的动词宾语(4) School children walked with their shirts，coasts and anything else they could find pull up over their noses. (苏州市中考题)说明pull改为pulled，“with+宾语+动词的过去分词”结构作伴随状语，with结构中宾语与动词之间是逻辑被动关系。(5) The people of the desert have to keep move from place to place. (重庆市中考题)说明move改为moving，keep doing sth有“继续做某事”的意思。二.比较等级错误(1) It is much cheap and far more enjoyable than a rushed trip by air. (杭州市中考题)说明cheap改为 cheaper， much， far， still， a little， a bit修饰形容词或副词的比较级，加强语气。(2) They made people healthier and live long. (广元市中考题)说明long改为比较级形式longer，与healthier是平行结构。形容词、副词的误用主要指形容词，副词的混用。(3) Scientists wanted to see how good their bodies worked when they had different things.说明good改为well，well作副词，修饰动词worked.(4) By this time most people had a very well life. (广元市中考题)说明well改为good， good作形容词，修饰名词life.三.句法错误1. 并列连词的混用(1) The world was known to man and the universe was not. (广元市中考题)说明根据行文逻辑，表示并列关系的and 应改为表示转折关系的but.(2) Li Lei was very interested in diving deep into the sea， but wanted to be an explorer. (杭州市中考题)说明根据行文逻辑，表示转折关系的but 应改为表示并列关系的and.(3) He has been to many interesting places in Beijing， and he has not yet been to many other parts of China. 说明根据行文逻辑，表示并列关系的and 应改为表示转折关系的but.(4) “So something must be done to keep the air nice or clean，” said the scientists. (苏州市中考题)说明根据行文逻辑，表示选择关系的or 应改为表示并列关系的and.2. 连接词的用法错误这类错误考查句子与句子之间的关系。连接词的使用错误往往会使句子的逻辑关系发生改变，甚至造成句子的语义逻辑混乱。要想把这类错误纠正出来， 需要考生对上下文有总体的理解，头脑中有个大概的框架。如：(1) They had a wonderful train ride to Chengdu after they went on to Mount Emei by bus. (杭州市中考题)说明根据句子的意思将after改为before，表示“他们坐汽车去峨眉山之前，愉快地坐火车先到了成都”。(2) The result is that they eat a light breakfast， they will work better. (镇江市中考题)说明在 that 后增加if 或when .在表语从句that if / when they eat a light breakfast， they will work better中，包含有if或when引导的状语从句，修饰句子they will work better.句子翻译成：(实验) 结果是如果他们少量地吃点早餐，会工作得更出色。(3) Its different from how people think. (镇江市中考题)说明将how 改为what，what people think是一个宾语从句，疑问代词what在从句中充当宾语，有“的”之意。四.时态与语态错误1. 时态考点错误时态错误几乎是短文改错中必设的改错题类。要有目的地去检查文中的每一个谓语动词的时态与上下文、语境以及该句的时间状语是否相符和一致，基本上集中在一般过去时和一般现在时两种时态上。如：(1) “You are my younger brother. You had it at first.” (郴州市中考题)说明had 改为have，因为这是一个一般现在时态的句子。(2) Last week he goes to Mount Emei in Sichuan Province with his family. (杭州市中考题)说明goes改为went，与一般过去时态的时间状语last week保持一致。(3) Not too long ago， people cant go scuba diving on Hainan Island， or anywhere else. (杭州市中考题)说明cant 改为couldnt，与一般过去时态的时间状语not too long ago保持一致。2. 语态考点错误汉语表达习惯上有时不加“被”字也能表示被动意义，因而有些考生对被动语态不敏感。如：(1) “Many thousands of trees must be plant every year，” he said. (安徽省中考题)说明plant改为planted，构成被动语态。(2) “Sand can be sweeping into the air when there is a drought” (苏州市中考题)说明sweeping改为swept，构成被动语态。(3) He also was liked to make videos.说明将was删去，因为这不是一个被动句。五.一致性错误1. 主谓一致句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上不一致是改错题型中最为常见的。如：(1) This were because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for a long time. (杭州市中考题)说明指示代词this作主语，谓语动词用单数，因此将were改为was.(2) The desert people is friendly. (重庆市中考题)说明people作主语时，谓语动词必须用复数，因此将is改为are.2. 名词单、复数与其修饰词或上下文保持一致名词的单、复数与其修饰词语或上下文不一致也是中考常设的改错题。做这类题目时要注意名词是否与其修饰语一致。如：(1) The animals are useful to the desert people in many way. (重庆市中考题)说明名词way改为ways，与前面的修饰词many一致。(2) As he explored the sea， he took pictures and videos of many thing that people had never seen before. (杭州市中考题)说明thing改为things，与前面的修饰词many一致。有的名词一般不用复数形式，但受到某些量词，如many， several， a number of， a variety of等修饰时，要变成复数形式。(3) They were given kinds of breakfast， and sometimes they got no breakfast at all. (镇江市中考题)说明修饰语kinds of常修饰复数名词，所以breakfast应改为breakfasts.表示事物类别时，名词用复数形式。(4) School child walked with their shirts， coats and anything else they could find pulled up over their nose. (苏州市中考题)说明child改为children，表示名词类别“学生”;nose改成noses，与限定词their保持一致。(5) The middle part of the 20th century brought new ways to help people get over disease. (广元市中考题)说明disease改为diseases，表示名词类别“疾病”。3. 代词与其修饰的名词或其先行词保持一致(1) Too many trees have been cut this years. (苏州市中考题)说明this改为these， 与后面的复数名词years保持一致。(2) They use camels for carrying water， food， tents and another things. (重庆市中考题)说明another改为other， 因为another常修饰单数可数名词。代词的主要功能是指代前面出现过的名词、词组或一个意群，因此代词一定要同它所指代的词在单复数、格或人称上保持一致，这是代词改错的核心。(3) He bought a ship and used them to explore under the sea. (杭州市中考题)说明them改为it，指代前面的单数名词a ship.4.冠词关于英语冠词的用法，从“短文改错”题的角度来看，可能从以下几个方面出题：A. 不定冠词a和an的互改；B. 不定冠词a或an与定冠词the的互改；C. 根据需要添加或删掉冠词。例如：（1）I have a Australian friend. Her name is Ann Bryer. （aan, 1999年盐城市）（2）A ten best stories will win a nice present for Mom. （AThe, 2001年苏州市）（3）If it takes you five hours to get home from work, youll spend same time on your way to the factory. （samethe same, 2001年无锡市）六. 固定搭配错误(1) When there is not more food for their animals， they move to another place. (重庆市中考题)说明not改为no， 固定词组no more表示“不再”的意思。(2) Its because you become very hungry at noon that you eat too much for lunch. (镇江市中考题)说明very改为so，so+形容词 / 副词+that结果状语从句。(3) This was because there was no machine allowing a person to breathe under water for long time. (杭州市中考题)说明for long time改为for a long time，表示“一段时间”。(4) He was very interested on diving deep into the sea， 说明on改为 in，固定词组be interested in表示“在(方面)有兴趣”。这是一个介词(固定搭配) 方面的错误，介词的误用主要指介词与动词、形容词、名词的搭配、介词惯用词组等方面产生的错误。如：(5) On my way home， I found an old man walking in the front of me. (娄底市中考题)说明介词短语in the front of 表示“在的前部”，而in front of 则表示“在的前面”。(6) We visited him at his workplace between the young trees and asked him about his work. (安徽省中考题)说明between改为among， between表示“两者之间”， 而among则表示“三者或三者以上之中”。(7) And he ran slowly that he couldnt catch it. (娄底市中考题)说明在ran与slowly两词之间加so.七.易混词错误1. 混淆词性的错误词性错误主要表现在形容词、名词、副词的误用上。考生做这类改错题，要根据词在句中所处的位置来确定其词性是否正确。一般说来，形容词修饰名词，副词修饰动词，副词修饰形容词。如：(1) The animals are use to the desert people in many ways. (重庆市中考题)说明use改为useful，useful是形容词，作表语。(2) The desert people are friend. (重庆市中考题)说明friend改为friendly，friendly是形容词，作表语。2. 混淆词义的错误英语中有很多词在拼写上、语义上很相似，但是它们的用法却迥然不同。如：(1) They must always watch for grass or desert plants for their animals. (重庆市中考题)说明watch 改为look.两个动词都表示“看”的意思，但前者表示“很注意地”看，后者与介词for 连用有“寻找”之意。(2) We visited him at his workplace among the young trees and told him about his work. (安徽省中考题)说明told改为asked.根据上下文，用asked“询问”更合适。(3) The wind was blowing so hardly. (娄底市中考题)说明hardly改为hard，这两个词词形很接近，但它们表达的是不同的意思，hardly是否定副词，有“几乎不”的意思，而hard 则表示“猛烈地”之意。(4) We know that the first part of the 20th century saw more large inventions： the helicopter in 1909， movies with sound in 1926， the computer in 1928 and the jet plane in 1930. (广元市中考题)说明large改为great. large表示 “(体积) 大”，而great则有“伟大的”的意思。3. 混淆用法的错误还有一些在意义，概念上容易混淆、用错的词，如：such 与so， ago与before， as与like， many 与much等。如：(1) Too much trees have been cut these years， making the sandstorm problem worse. (苏州市中考题)说明much改为many，前者常用来修饰不可数名词，后者修饰可数名词。八.平行结构在表达相互平行的概念时，要使用相同的语法结构，即动词与动词相配，形容词与形容词相配，分词与分词相配，不定式与不定式相配。平行结构常借助 于and， but， or， not onlybut also 等连词。例如：There is no water and air on the moon.分析：在否定句中，并列成分的列举用 or 不用 and.故将 and 改为 or.例2：Li Ping is too young that he cant join the army.分析：sothat 意为“如此以致”，为固定句式，故将too改为so.例3：It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home.分析：根据and的对称性原则，应将drove改为drive，与前面的meet一致。九. 介词考点介词在单句改错中主要考查介词与动词或副词的误用，以及在固定结构和习惯用法中的多余与遗漏。例如：例1：There are too many people among my family.分析：among后应接复数名词，而family为单数名词，所以among应改为in.例2：We do not seem to get much time to talk about together.分析：talk后边无宾语，所以应删去 about.例3：I wanted to thank you for have me in your home for the Summer holidays.分析：for为介词，后接动名词，have应改为having.例4：So Im really sorry that I wont be able to come in this time.分析：this time为习惯用法，前边不可加介词，故应去掉in.十. 连词考点连词使用不当会造成上下句不衔接。英语中连词按其性质可分为并列连词和从属连词。若句子为复合句，首先判断是何种从句，然后根据主从句之间的关 系判断连接词使用是否准确，是否有遗漏或多余现象;若句子为并列句则要判断句与句之间的关系是并列、转折、选择、递进还是让步关系。例如：例1：The food was very expensive and the service was good.分析：前后语境为转折关系，所以and 应改为but.例2：It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain.分析：认真分析语境可知该句句意为：当我们到达山脚时大约已是正午。显然noon后应加连词when来引导一个时间状语从句。例3：She was smiling but nodding at me.分析：smiling， nodding为递进式并列关系，而不是转折关系，所以but应改为and.例4：It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.分析：该句句意为：看起来我的父母亲把我当成了参观者或客人了，所以and应改为or，表“或者”，属选择性逻辑关系。十一. 形容词与副词考点在单句改错中，形容词和副词的设错主要用来考查考生是否能根据形容词、副词在句中的位置及其他词的修饰与被修饰关系来判断词的正确使用形式，是 否能辨别形容词和副词的混淆使用，形容词的比较等级是否使用正确等。例如：例 1：Im sure well have a wonderfully time together.分析：time 为名词，应用形容词修饰，所以 wonderfully 应改为 wonderful.例2：No one worries much about the radio programs young people listen to，although radios can be very noise.分析：be 为连系动词，应用形容词修饰，所以 noise 应改为 noisy.例 3：He is taller than any student in his class.分析：同一范围内，形容词的比较级必须把自己排除掉，即自己不能与自己相比，故需在 any 后加 other.例4：This box is very heavier than that one.分析：比较级前面一般不能用very，so，too，quite等作