几个公共政策英文案例.doc

Access to US school safety Case:Indicators of School Crime and Safety: 2004 is the seventh in a series of annual reports on school crime and safety. The report presents data on student and teacher victimization, students perception of personal safety, gangs, student reports of bullying, students being called hate-related words and seeing hate-related graffiti, and student alcohol and drug abuse. Between 1992 and 2002, the total crime rate for students ages 12 to 18, as well as rates of theft, violent crimes (including serious violent crimes and simple assault), and serious violent crimes (including rape, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault) declined. Between 1993 and 2003, the percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported being in a fight on school property declined from 16 percent to 13 percent. In 2003, 7 percent of students ages 12 to 18 reported that they had been bullied at school. The percentage of students in this age range who had been bullied increased from 5 percent in 1999 to 8 percent in 2001, but no difference was detected between 2001 and 2003. Between 1993 and 2003, the percentage of students in grades 9-12 who reported carrying a weapon such as a gun, knife, or club on school property within the previous 30 days dropped by half, from 12 percent to 6 percent. In 2003, 12 percent of students ages 12-18 reported that someone at school had used hate-related words against them (i.e., derogatory words related to race, religion, ethnicity, disability, gender, or sexual orientation). During the same period, about 36 percent of students ages 12 and 18 saw hate-related graffiti at school. Twenty-one percent of students ages 12 and 18 reported that street gangs were present at their schools in 2003. Students in urban schools were the most likely to report the presence of street gangs at their school (31 percent), followed by suburban students and rural students (18 and 12 percent, respectively). In 2003, students in grades 9-12 were asked about using drugs on school property. In the 30 days prior to the survey, 5 percent of students reported having at least one drink of alcohol on school property and 6 percent reported using marijuana. Every year from 1998 to 2002, teachers were the victims of approximately 234,000 total nonfatal crimes at school, including 144,000 thefts and 90,000 violent crimes. On average, these figures translate into a rate of 32 thefts, 20 violent crimes, and 2 serious violent crimes per 1,000 teachers annuallyThe SS/HS Initiative draws on the best practices of education, justice, social services, and mental health systems to provide integrated and comprehensive resources for prevention programs and prosocial services for youth. To apply for SS/HS, FY 2004 grantees and their partners proposed an integrated, comprehensive, communitywide, and community-specific plan to address the problems of school violence and alcohol and other drug abuse. This plan focused on six elements: Element 1: Safe school environment. Element 2: Alcohol and other drugs and violence prevention and early intervention programs. Element 3: School and community mental health preventive and treatment intervention services. Element 4: Early childhood psychosocial and emotional development programs. Element 5: Supporting and connecting schools and communities. Element 6: Safe school policiesServices will include, but are not limited to, academic intervention programs, middle school after school programs, alternative-to-in-school-suspension programs, alternative school for at-risk students, bully prevention and character education staff training.Also funded will be counseling services, a district “mini-town” program, an early childhood education program, healthy families program and safety enhancements for school facilities.The funding will address six elements of a comprehensive plan:a safe environment, alcohol and other drug and violence prevention and early intervention programs, school and community mental health preventive and treatment intervention services, early childhood psychosocial and emotional development programs, education reform and safe school policies.Goals of the grant, as defined in the districts application, include: Providing students, schools and communities enhanced comprehensive educational, mental health and law enforcement services that promote healthy childhood development and prevent violence and drug/alcohol abuse. Empowering the community and its stakeholders to provide a youth development approach in its service delivery systems that is built on an asset rather than a deficit model. Restoring protective factors within the community to promote healthy child and youth development. Implementing effective strategies for family and community change and empowermentSuccess:The rate of violent crimes in school settings against students ages 12 to 18 dropped by half between 1992 and 2002, according to a new report released today by the U.S. Department of Education and the U.S. Department of Justice.Discussing about Gender InequalitiesIn 1960, for every 100 boys enrolled in primary school, there were 65 girls. In 1990 the ratio had risen to 85. In 1980 an average six-year-old girl in a developing country could expect to attend school for 7.3 years. By 1990 this figure had increased to 8.4 years. Since the 1950s the female labor force has grown twice as fast as the male labor force. Worldwide, more than 40 percent of women over 15 years of age are now in the labor force; in developing countries women account for 30 percent of the labor force. (These figures, it should be noted, do not fully reflect womens participation in the informal sector or as unpaid family members in agriculture.) Nevertheless, inequalities between men and women still persist in many important areas.Why Do Gender Inequalities Persist? The causes of the persistent inequality between men and women are only partially understood. In recent years attention has focused on inequalities in the allocation of resources at the household level, as seen in the higher share of education, health, and food expenditures boys receive in comparison with girls. The decisionmaking process within households is complex and is influenced by social and cultural norms, market opportunities, and institutional factors. There is considerable proof that the intrahousehold allocation of resources is a key factor in determining the levels of schooling, health, and nutrition accorded household members. Strategies for the FuturePublic policy can contribute, directly and indirectly, to reducing gender inequalities by, for example: l l Modifying the legal and regulatory framework to ensure equal opportunities l l Ensuring macroeconomic stability and improving microeconomic incentives l l Redirecting public policies and public expenditures to those investments with the highest social returns l l Adopting targeted interventions that correct for gender inequalities at the microlevel. Finally, general policy interventions may not be enough, and programs that specifically target women and girls may be required. Targeting is justifiable on two grounds. First, because women are disproportionately represented among the poor, targeting women can be an effective strategy for reducing poverty (broadly defined to include limited access to services, resources, and other capability-enhancing factors). Second, where gender differences are wide, targeting - for example, the provision of stipends so that girls can attend school - may be needed to capture social gains and increase internal efficiency. Conclusion Governments can no longer afford not to invest in women. The evidence on the high private and social returns to investments in women and girls cannot be ignored. By directing public resources toward policies and projects that reduce gender inequality, policymakers not only promote equality but also lay the groundwork for slower population growth, greater labor productivity, a higher rate of human capital formation, and stronger economic growth. However, none of these developments can be sustained without the participation of women themselves. Governments and collaborating institutions must listen more carefully to the voices of individual women, including policymakers, and to womens groups. By working with others to identify and implement policies that promote gender equality, governments can make a real difference to the future well-being and prosperity of their people. The policy about disposable garbageDisposable plastic bags, food containers and tableware have seriously polluted our environment. For instance, the Bangladeshi Department of Environment has estimated that the bottom of the Buriganga River has layers of plastic bags 5 to 6 feet in depth. In Dhaka, about 9.3million bags are thrown away each day, and only 10-15 percent are put in dustbins.So all these materials which are made of poisonous chemical ingredients are under fire in Asia. For example, in Singapore, retailers are discouraging shoppers from using plastic bags. And also in Bangladesh, Bhutan and India, the policies which are laid down by their governments have taken effects. Its expected that Bangladesh would soon be free of polythene shopping bags. In Dhaka, environmental protection authorities achieved the target effectively. Our country, especially Shanghai should set the target that by 2010, Shanghai Expo, the disposable pollution will have been under control. And there wont be any garbage like these in Huangpu River.Our country can learn their policies and the policies should adapt to our own internal situation: 1. The ban should apply to the production, import, marketing, sale, display, storage, distribution and carrying of the bags, and there are strict penalties for violators. Those who commit an infraction face fines and even imprisonment.2. Considering that plastic does not decompose, the polythene bags clog drains and sewers, resulting in water logging. And to recycle the polythene bags results in the release of hydrogen cyanide gas, which can lead to breathing difficulties and chest problems. So when recycling garbage, we should set apart the organic matter and inorganic matter. Then put them into the right dustbin. So I think that the government can recycle the polythene bags then put them into a hole and fill it. But its not the best way to deal with this problem. The government should lay down a law to ban the production and use of polythene shopping bags. Teach people how to distinguish organic matter and inorganic matter, tell them not to use polythene shopping bags.3. For saving the earth resources, government can re-use the materials that can be recycled. Bags made out of old newspapers, old cement bags and recycled paper, and of course out of jute. And also through this method, we can use the paper bags to replace the plastic one. Then some lay-off workers can be gathered to collect paperold newspapers and school exercise booksand turn them into small bags for shopkeepers and maker store holders. Also glass bottles used for soft drinks are returned for re-use and there are many small-scale scrap collection schemes. And courage people to use these paper bags.4. The disposable culture needs to be discouraged in out country. A few years ago only returnable bottles were used for fizzy drinks but now we have disposable glass bottles (for which no recycling mechanism was developed, and there is no proper collection system either). For these disposable products we also pay a lot more. Re-use culture should be promoted. For drinking water plastic bottles, there should be returnable glass bottles, those will be cheaper, more hygienic and environment friendly. To achieve this task, there is a simple solution. If today, the government decides that there will be no production of plastic bags and plastic bottles, the market will find its own way of packaging, reviving paper and cloth bags. With rich cotton production in our country, falling back on alternatives should not be a problem. And by 2010 Shanghai Expo, our city will show a beautiful and clean imagine to the world. And it will attract much more tourists all over the world to visit if we can well-improve the disposable garbage situation.Estimation and Application of Shadow PriceThe Estimation and Application of Shadow Price in China BACKGROUD: This research report introduces how shadow price is estimated and applied in China, ways to improve the estimation and application level of shadow price is also discussed. The report is basically done according to the requirement of Asia Developmental Bank. OUTLINE: General picture of how shadow price is estimated and applied in China. The research of shadow price in China began in the early 80s, its application in China started in the mid 80s. Ways to estimate shadow price in China: 1) Ways to estimate social discount. ISN decides social discount based on the feedbacks from project evaluation agencies and approximate balance between fund demands and supplies. 2) Ways to estimate shadow exchange rate. MPEECP determines the shadow exchange rate according to the exchange cost. This report gives fairly elaborative comments on such kind of estimation. 3) Ways to estimate shadow salary. MPEECP theoretically regulates that the shadow salary equals the marginal labor output, plus the increased cost of social resources caused by employment, but it has not proposed any specific and feasible way to estimate shadow salary. This has a lot to do with the then-underdeveloped labor market in China. 4) Ways to estimate the shadow price of lands. MPEECP only touches upon the shadow price of farmlands, it does not cover the shadow price of other lands and mineral resources. HMPEECP mistakenly regards the shadow price of mineral resources as zero. 5) Ways to estimate the shadow price of goods. As for tradable goods, the shadow price is estimated according to CIF (cost, insurance and freight) and free on board; As for non-tradable goods, the shadow price is estimated, in theory, according to marginal cost. In reality, the shadow price of many non-tradable goods is calculated based on input-output statement, and therefore is estimated according to average cost instead of marginal cost.Policy of detecting the feasibility of the disease define the problem with the coming of water and spring,people are beginning to pay more attention to disease cotroling.because the terrible experience resisting,sars still reminds us of what we should do.absolutleynwhat happened during winter and spring in the year of 2003 became a terrible memory.so,the goverment should take action to prevent the terrible issue from occuring again. analysis of the problem what goverment should do is detecting the feasibility of the disease and delivering to publics quickly and actually. identify alternatives and select optimal one to solve the problem. here take beijing for example.the beijing health department launched an alarm system friday, helping hospitals to prevent the severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars) this winter and the coming spring. major hospitals should each organize a special team with respiratory and epidemics experts to cope with unidentified pneumonia, said jin dapeng, director of the beijing municipal health bureau. sixty-one hospitals have been assigned to detect sars evidences and collect saliva and blood samples of any patient suffering from unidentified pneumonia. the samples should be sent to the beijing disea