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01题目审定表.doc

02任务书.doc

03开题报告.doc

04指导记录.doc

05毕业设计中期检查表.doc

合计图纸9张.dwg

封皮.doc

指导记录封皮.doc

目录.doc

说明书正文.doc

过程管理封皮.doc

过程管理材料.doc

毕业设计(论文)任务书

题目名称东风尖头140自卸汽车改装设计

一、设计目的、意义

全面训练资料查询能力和专业知识综合运用能力,综合训练独立设计能力和工程设计软件的应用能力,提高独立工作能力和素质。

由于自卸汽车的发展和国内购买能力的提高,东风尖头140自卸车的改装设计可以全面训练学生查询相关资料的能力和专业知识的综合运用能力,总体训练独立设计的能力和工程设计软件的应用能力,提高独立工作的能力和素质。对东风尖头140自卸车的改装还可缩短自卸汽车举升机构的研发周期, 降低产品的研发成本,满足市场需求,也是对现有自卸车的改进,提高了工作效率,并为以后进一步的结构优化设计、制造及运动分析奠定了基础。因此,本课题设计研究内容对于全面提高学生工程设计能力和素质,研究自卸汽车改装设计等问题具有重要的显示意义和良好的实用意义。

二、设计内容、技术要求(研究方法)

研究的基本内容

主要技术指标、要求或生产纲领:

外型尺寸:?6500×2460×2600?(mm);货厢尺寸: 3100×2250×750?(mm);

总质量:   ?9750?(kg);            额定质量:?4300?(kg);        

整备质量:  5255?(kg);           最高车速:?85??(km/h);    

发动机功率: 99?(kw);

设计主要内容及分析、校核:

1、选择二类汽车底盘,进行发动机、离合器、变速箱、传动轴、驱动桥以及车轮的选型和校核;

2、根据所选总成进行汽车动力性、经济性、稳定性校核,实现整车的优化匹配;

3、进行车厢结构、锁门机构、取力器及传动系统、举升机构、举升液压系统、车厢与底盘连接结构等的设计与校核;绘制设计车辆的总图和上述部分的结构装配图、零件图。

三、设计完成后应提交的成果

1、设计完整的整体装配图,零、部件图,折合 A0图纸至少3.5张;

2、设计计算说明书:1.5~2.0万字;

3、相关设计资料应齐全。                                      

四、设计进度安排

(1)第1周:领取任务、资料收集,进行调研 ;

(2)第2周:继续调研,整理开题报告制定方案;

(3)第3周:撰写开题报告,开题答辩、设计任务、总体方案草图设计与计算;

(4)第4周:总体设计方案草图审核与修改;

(5)第5-10周:完成图纸各总成、所有零件图的设计、计算与校核;

(6)第11-12周:总图的修订、部件修正、校核、完成计算、修订说明书 ;  

(7)第13周:毕业设计(论文)修改、完善;  

(8)第14周:毕业设计(论文)审核、预审;

(9)第15周:毕业设计(论文)修改、完善;  

(10)第16周:毕业设计(论文)审核、预审 ;

(11)第17周:毕业设计(论文)答辩准备及答辩。

五、主要参考资料

[1]陈家瑞.汽车构造(上.下册)[M].北京:人民交通出版社,1994.

[2]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.

[3]王望予.汽车设计(第四版)[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2004.

[4]刘惟信.汽车设计[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2001.

[5]卞学良.专用汽车结构与设计.机械工业出版社,2008.1版.

[6]王国权、龚国.汽车设计课程设计指导书.机械工业出版社,2010.3版.

[7]参考网址:/zixieche/Products2.html  

摘  要

   去年以来,我国专用车市场取得较好的经营业绩,全国395家改装车企业改装汽车23.06万辆,销售23.05万辆。自卸汽车27125辆,占总量的11.76%。其中中型自卸车占据了很大比重,因为我国是农业大国,因此中型自卸车是具有中国特色的“国情车”,主要应用地区是广大农村及建筑行业,消费对象是广大农民及建筑工地,功能是以县、乡级道路短途运输为主,其他作业为辅,专门为乡镇道路设计。

本人通过对市场上出现的各种中型自卸汽车的车厢和举升机构进行了较详细地了解,确认了东风尖头140自卸汽车的车厢和举升机构的设计方案,较好地解决了自卸车设计和制造成本较高的问题,给生产、改装自卸汽车的生产企业提供了一种新思路。本文首先对自卸车的设计特点以及国内外发展现状做了相关的概述。接着,从车厢的设计、举升机构的设计、液压系统的设计等方面进行了东风尖头140自卸车的总体设计。其中,车厢设计主要有外形及自动开闭机构的设计,举升机构设计中对举升机构进行了运动分析和受力分析,然后在液压系统设计中,对其工作原理进行了说明并通过计算得出合理的液压装置。最后对自卸车副车架进行了设计。

关键字:自卸汽车 ;车厢 ;副车架;举升机构;液压系统

                     ABSTRACT

Since last year, our country private car market has obtained the good operating results, the national 395 stock car enterprises re-equips automobile 230,600, sells 230,500. Dump truck 27125, account for the total quantity 11.76%. And the medium dump truck occupied the very great proportion, because our country is the large agricultural nation, therefore the medium dump truck has the Chinese characteristic “the national condition vehicle”, mainly applies the area is the general countrysides and the building profession, expends the object is the general farmers and the Construction site, the function is by the county, the township level path short haul primarily, other works for auxiliary, specially for villages and towns road design. Myself through each kind of medium dump truck's compartment which and the lifting organization appeared to the market in carry on had understood in detail that confirmed the east wind tip 140 dump truck's compartments and the lifting organization's design proposal, has solved the dump truck design and the production cost high question well, for the production, the re-equipping dump truck's Production enterprise has provided one kind of new mentality. This article first has made the related outline to dump truck's design feature as well as the domestic and foreign development present situation. Then, from compartment's design, lifting organization's design, hydraulic system's aspects and so on design has carried on the east wind tip 140 dump truck's system designs. And, the compartment design mainly had the contour and the automatic switching mechanism design, in the lifting organization design has carried on the movement analysis and the stress analysis to the lifting organization, then in the hydraulic system design, has carried on the explanation to its principle of work and obtains the reasonable hydraulic unit through the computation. Finally has carried on the design to the dump truck sub-frame.

Key words:Dump truck; Compartment; Sub-frame; Lifting mechanism; Hydraulic system

目  录

摘要Ⅰ

AbstractⅡ

第1章 绪    论1

1.1 课题的提出1

1.2 课题来源及研究意义3

1.3 自卸汽车国内外研究概况及发展趋势4

1.4 研究的内容7

第2章  整车参数的确定及校核9

2.1二类底盘的选择及校核9

2.1.1 整车尺寸参数的确定10

2.1.2总体布局的设计12

2.1.3取力器布置方案的选定12

2.1.4整车性能分析16

   2.2本章小结.24

第3章 液压举升机构的设计25

3.1 液压举升机构时应满足的性能25

3.2 举升系统性能主要评价参数26

3.3 液压举升机构方案的确定27

3.3.1 液压举升机构简述27

3.3.2 液压举升机构方案的选择30

3.4 举升机构几何尺寸的确定30

3.4.1 举升机构安装位置的设计31

3.4.2三角臂的设计32

3.4.3 拉杆长度的设计计算33

3.5力学计算与校核33

3.5.1 机构的坐标计算33

3.5.2 机构受力分析35

3.5.3 拉杆截面尺寸的确定36

3.6 本章小结37

第4章 液压系统的计算38

4.1液压油缸性能参数计算38

4.2 液压泵性能参数计算38

4.3油箱容积与油管内径计算40

4.4系统压力校核41

4.5车厢升降时间的校核41

4.6液压分配阀42

4.7操纵方式的选择44

4.8液压系统原理及液压系统结构布置44

4.9本章小结45

第5章 副车架与车厢及其附件的设计46

5.1 选用的底盘主车架的主要尺寸46

5.2副车架的结构设计46

5.2.1副车架的外形46

5.2.2副车架的选材46

5.2.3 副车架的截面形状47

5.2.4 加强板的布置48

5.2.5 副车架的前端形状及安装位置48

5.2.6 纵梁与横梁的连接设计50

5.3 副车架与主车架的连接设计51

5.4副车架尺寸的确定52

5.5副车架的强度刚度弯曲适应性校核52

5.6车厢形式的选择58

5.7车厢的选材59

5.8车厢的设计规范及尺寸确定60

5.9车厢后拦板开合机构设计与分析61

5.10本章小结62

结    论63

参考文献64

致    谢65

附录A英文原文66

附录B中文翻译70

第1章 绪    论

1.1 课题的提出

自卸汽车又称翻斗车(tipper,dump car),它是依靠自身动力驱动液压举升机构,使货箱具有自动倾卸货物的能力和复位功能的一种重要专用汽车。自卸汽车主要运输砂、石、土、垃圾、建材、煤炭、矿石、粮食、化肥和农产品等散装货物。它具有以下多种分类方式:

1、按用途分类:公路运输的普通自卸车;非公路运输的重型自卸车,主要用于矿区装卸作业与大中型土建工程。

2、按最大总质量级别分类:轻型自卸车(1.8-6吨);中型自卸车(6吨-14吨);重型自卸车(大于14吨)。

3、按传动类型分类:机械传动、液力机械传动和电力传动三种类型。

4、按卸货方式分类:有后倾式、侧倾卸式、三面卸式,以及货厢升高后倾式等多种形式。其中以后倾式应用最广。

5、按倾卸机构分类:直推式与连杆举升式自卸车。直推式又可细分为前置式、后置式等。连杆式又可细分为液压缸前推连杆式、液压缸后推连杆式。

6、按车厢结构分类:一面开启式、三面开启式与无后栏板式。    

自卸车在土木工程中,常与挖掘机、装载机、带式输送机等联合作业,构成装、运、卸生产线,进行土方,沙石、松散物料的装载运输。由于自卸车的装载车厢能自动倾翻一定角度卸料,大大节省卸料时间和劳动力,缩短运输周期,提高生产效率、降低运输成本,并标明装载,是常用的运输机械。自卸汽车自20世纪初出现以来,不断发展,日趋完善,已成为当今货物运输的主要车辆之一。自卸汽车需求快速增长,销量超过载货汽车上升到第一位。主要原因是固定资产投资强劲增长,巨大的投资规模奠定了自卸车市场需求基础;自卸汽车品种增加,不仅适应和满足施工需求,同时向运输市场发展;自卸汽车保持较快发展,已成为公路运输的主力车型。

随着国内基础设施建设需要不断增加,自卸汽车产量近年来一直保持较高产销量,在专用车综合产量中保持领先位置,但在种类、型式、材料运用方面与国外还有一定的差距。

中型自卸车是随着我国农村经济的不断发展,上世纪80年代末发展起来的自卸运输车辆,其最大总重量在6t-14t之间。国家和地方均出台专门的法规对商用车尺寸、排放、车速等各方面性能进行规范,从而促进了中型自卸车的健康发展。自2001年11月10日起,中国正式成为WTO成员国,国内市场逐渐开放。同时,我国亦确立了以扩大内需为主的经济政策,实施西部大开发战略,加大对基建项目的投资力度,农林牧渔、采矿、水利、军工、环保、商业运输、交通、通讯、金融、机场、电力、城市建设和石油开采等行业均快速发展,使各种类型的专用车需求量大增。在广大城乡的沙场、矿山、工地及般的十木工程等的运输作业中型自卸车以其灵活机动、价格低廉的优点得到了广泛的应用。

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[2]徐乃镗.自卸汽车举升机构设计[J].中环动力重型汽车有限公司.2007.

[3]余志生.汽车理论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2000.

[4]卞学良.专用汽车结构与设计[M].机械工业出版社,2008.1

[5]张万民,高杰,李发奎,郭庆杰,刘云章.自卸汽车车厢设计要点[J].重型汽车.1998,(4):10-11.

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内容简介:
附录A英文原文A Brief Description of Lift Truck System Design Martin W.CrouseAbstract: In this paper, dump truck through a brief design analysis, in view of the length of the larger features of heavy-duty dump truck, lifting the system from node Structure design and hydraulic design of the corresponding measures for the lifting of heavy truck design a certain guiding function. Key words: heavy-duty;lifting;system1. The main structure of dump truck Dump truck, including the structure of the main lift system, chassis, frame, vice,component compartments, 2. lifting body design and analysis Heavy-duty dump truck lifting system in the design process of the main issues that need to be addressed include: lifting forms of selection, in the lift car in the process of stability, before and after the bridge, the reasonableness of axle-load distribution and hydraulic system reliability. Chassis by following the design of 7.2 meters on concrete examples of the dump truck, dump truck lifting mechanism on the general idea of system design. 2.1 Compartment volume to determine initial Chassis in accordance with the parameters: Wheelbase 3900mm +1350 mm, rear overhang 900mm, set the quality of 17500kg, and the whole 1600mm rear overhang for the request to determine car-size 5600mm * 2300mm * 1500mm. Determine the initial car position in the chassis for the car back out of the back-end chassis frame870mm. In determining the form of lifting, the need for further analysis of Count before and after the bridge and axle-load distribution of the car to verify the location of the vehicle in the second category is reasonable. 2.2 determine the form of lifting Lift truck used mainly in the form of F-type, T-style, front-straight top form. In F-type, T-style, front-straight top three identified in the form of lifting one of the most suitable, we need three conditions on the analysis of calibration. Lift the form of the three has its own advantages and disadvantages of pre-straight-top compact structure, lifting and high efficiency. Simple process with low costs. However, after lifting the stability of poor road conditions on the higher; F-type and T-type lifting mechanism a good degree of cross-cutting steel, smooth lifting smooth rotation, the fuel tank of the work piston short trip, but the lift coefficient than the Great. In order to determine whether the choice of what kind of lifting the most appropriate form, the author of three cases were done on the theoretical analysis. If the selected F-type and T-type lifting form, the most important of its calculated lift coefficient comparison. By calculating the F-type forms of lifting lifting the smallest coefficient is 1.751, T-type lifting the smallest form of lift force coefficient is 1.799, it is not ideal (usually lift coefficient of 1.6 to 1.7 when the effect of better). The front straight top edge lifting the fuel tank T is greater than 8 tons of it. Taking into account the use of F-type or T-type lifting mechanism, very easy lifting, lifting the need for large tanks, but also to the triangular arm, such as demanding and difficult to achieve. Combination of the foregoing analysis, decided to adopt the prefix form of straight Lift top. Lifting measures to improve the stability of 2.3 Due to the design of the length of the larger car, at the same time, the use of pre-straight lifting top form, so the stability of car is very important, need to take measures to improve the process of lifting carriage vehicle stability, prevent the occurrence of vehicle rollover. Dump Truck car normally used to connect the design of hinge axis and sub-frame connection, the Deputy frame through the U-bolts and connect the main frame structure. The design we have adopted a new structure, flat steel, through welding at the side of fixed with bolts on the main frame, thus greatly reducing the vehicles center of gravity to increase stability. As the car through the hinge axis and the hinge axis to achieve the lifting Block rotation, hinge axis blocks now have a high degree of flat steel to replace the Vice-trailers will need to install seat hinge axis frame in the main beam on the wing surface below the main Frame back-end need to install a Z-shaped beams to support Block after the hinge axis, Z-shaped beam through the bolt assembly back-end fixed in the frame, while the two-axis hinge as much as possible the distance between blocks to increase to increase the car example or stability. Due to the length of the larger car, the design would have to consider the stability of devices used to increase vehicle stability, the stability of the central unit installed on the inside of the location of the former side. Car safety design in the frame around pole between the longeron, the form of simple, safe, reliable, easy to operate. After taking into account the lifting carriage, Block Department hinge axis force is very large, and therefore hinge axis in the Block Office, to strengthen measures to be adopted to increase the hinge axis of the support seat edge. 3. Hydraulic Lift System Design Pre-straight top-style, including the dumping of hydraulic gear pumps,hydraulic cylinder, control valve lift, valve lift, hydraulic tanks, piping, lifting mechanism. Hydraulic system we use an advanced three-loop system. Hydraulic control system schematics,. The dump truck in the three-loop system, the oil will flow to the fuel tank through the valve assembly to return to the only circuit in the oil return to tank, the pump will help to guide the valve through a separate oil circuit only be used as a return circuit, because in most excellent circuit design, the return will be installed in circuit capacity 100gpm use filters to filter the dirt to enter the pump to extend the use of pump parts life. Three-loop system, the main advantages are: to ensure that clean oil will always supply pumps, and not when the dump truck in the position or to maintain only the reliance on the oil pump in the internal volume rotation. 3.1 The main components to choose Hydraulic system is mainly used hiwassee systems, hydraulic cylinder hiwassee selected multi-level cylinder sleeve. 3.2 hydraulic cylinder installation to determine the location The installation of hydraulic cylinder straight-top car and the drivers request there is enough room between that having studied the arrangement of second-class chassis, the cab behind the need to move the location of muffler. The abolition of the Vice-frame, hydraulic oil tanks need to install a beam in the main frame between the two, using the hole on the main frame, the design of the installation of a hydraulic cylinder assembly seat. Block with bolts installed in the main frame about a fixed beam, the hydraulic cylinder support shaft and then installed in the installation of seat, hydraulic cylinder brackets before the board in the car. 4. Concluding remarks These are the lift truck system design process, the main features of the design is the length of the vehicle used in large dump truck front straight top lifting body, the hydraulic system for the three-loop system, the use of pump valve all-in-one structure, working principle of simple and novel structure; At the same time, through the introduction of new structures to solve the process of lifting the car stability. Through more than a specific model of the lifting system of the design process, the lift truck can also reflect the general design of the system. 附录B中文翻译自卸车举升系统设计浅谈 马丁克洛斯摘要:本文通过对自卸车的简要设计分析, 针对长度较大的重型自卸车的特点, 从举升系统的结构设计及液压设计方面提出了相应的措施, 对重型自卸车的举升系统设计有一定的指导作用。关键词:重载;举升;系统1、自卸车主要结构自卸车的结构主要包括举升系统、底盘、副车架、车厢等组成,2、举升机构设计分析重型自卸车举升系统在设计过程中需要解决的主要问题包括:举升形式的选取、车箱在举升过程中的稳定性、前后桥的轴荷分配合理性及液压系统的可靠性。下面将通过底盘上设计7.2米自卸车这一具体事例,阐述自卸车举升机构系统设计的一般思路。2.1初步确定车厢容积根据二类底盘的参数:轴距3900mm+1350mm,后悬900mm,载质量17500kg,及整后悬为1600mm的要求,车箱尺寸确定5600mm*2300mm*1500mm。初步确定车箱在底盘上的位置为车箱后端出去底盘车架后端870mm。在确定举升形式后,需要再通过分析计算前后桥的轴荷分配情况,验证车箱在二类车上的位置是否合理。2.2举升形式的确定自卸车常用的举升形式主要是有F式、T式、前置直顶式等形式。要在F式、T式、前置直顶式三种举升形式中确定一种最合适的,就需要分别就三种情况进行分析校核。三种举升形式各有其优缺点,前置直顶式结构紧凑、举升效率高。工艺简单、成本较低。但举升后稳定性差,对路面情况要求较高;F式和T式举升机构横向钢度好、举升转动圆滑平顺,油缸活塞的工作行程短,但举升力系数较大。为了确定究竟选用哪一种举升形式最合适,笔者分别就三种情况做了理论分析。如果选用F式和T式举升形式,最重要的对其举升力系数进行计算比较。经计算F式举升形式的举升力系数最小是1.751,T式举升形式举升力系数最小是1.799,都不是很理想(通常举升力系数为1.61.7时效果较好)。而前置直顶式油缸举升力T大于8吨就可以了。考虑到采用F式或T式举升机构,举升非常费力,需要大的举升油缸,而且对三角臂等要求很高,不易实现。结合前述的分析,决定采用前置直顶式举升形式。2.3提高举升稳定性措施因本次设计的车箱长度较大,同时又采用前置直顶式举升形式,所以车箱的稳定性非常重要,需要采取措施来提高车厢举升过程中整车的稳定性,防止整车发生侧翻。通常情况自卸车车箱连接设计采用铰轴与副车架连接,副车架通过U型螺栓和连接板与主车架连接的结构。本次设计我们采用了新的结构,扁钢通过焊在侧面的连接板用螺
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