环境工程微生物学绪论课件.ppt

环境工程微生物学EnvironmentalEngineeringMicrobiology,孙贤波办公室：实验8楼403室64252395,课程的重要性环境工程专业的基础课程应用广泛考核方法平时成绩20%考试成绩80%平时成绩中50%为平时考勤，50%为平时提问成绩教学方式课堂教学实验教学录像,参考书目美RainaM.Maier,IanL.Pepper,CharlesP.Gerba著，张甲耀，宋碧玉，郑连爽等译.环境微生物学.北京：科学出版社，2004BruceE.Rittman，PerryL.McCarty.环境生物技术：原理与应用.北京：清华大学出版社，2002周德庆编.微生物学教程.北京：高等教育出版社，2002,IntroductionofMicrobiology,WhatisMicrobiology?Thestudyofmicroorganisms,alargeanddiversegroupoforganismsthatexistassinglecellsorcellclusters.,ThePurposeofEnvironmentalEngineeringMicrobiology,Howmicroorganismsareclassified(taxonomy).Whattheylooklike(morphology).Howtheyreproducedsothattheirfunctionscanbemaintained.Thebiochemicalreactionsthattheymediate(metabolism)Themajordivisionsamongmicroorganismsbasedupontheirfunctionintheenvironment(trophicgroup),Howinformationaboutstructureandfunctionoforganismsistransmittedandchanged(genetics)Anaspectofgreatimportanceinenvironmentalbiotechnology,thatismicrobialecology,ortheinteractionsamongorganismsandtheirenvironment.,表1环境微生物的研究范畴,Taxonomy（分类学）,传统分类学分类单元又称分类单位、分类阶元或分类群。种以上的系统分类单元自上而下可依次分成7级：界Kingdom（拉：Regnum）门Phylum（拉：Phylum）或Division（拉：Divisio）纲Class（拉：Classis）目Order（拉：Ordo）科Family（拉：Familia）属Genus（拉：Genus）种Species（拉：Species）,ThreeDomainsTheory（三域学说）,WhatareMicroorganisms?,Virus(病毒）Non-cellmicrobesBacteria(细菌）Archaea(古细菌）Algae(藻类）Fungi(真菌:酵母、霉菌）Protozoa(原生动物）,Eukaryotes(真核生物）,Prokaryotes(原核生物),Microorganismsarefree-livingcells,PlantsandAnimalsarecomposedofmanycells,thesearemulticellular.Microorganismsarefree-livingcells.,WhatareProkaryotes?,Prokaryotes:Bacteria(细菌)Archaea(远古细菌)Actinomycetes(放线菌)Mycoplasma(支原体)Rickettsia(立克氏体)Chlamydia(衣原体)Cyanobacteria(蓝细菌),WhatareEukaryoticMicroorganisms?,AlgaeFungiProtozoa,Prokaryoticandeukatypticcells,2019/12/15,16,可编辑,Virus:,Thenomenclatureofmicroorganism,学名属名种的加词（首次命名人）现名定名人定名年份1大肠埃希氏菌（简称“大肠杆菌”）Escherichiacoli（Migula）CastellanietChalmers1919例2枯草芽孢杆菌（简称“枯草杆菌”）Bacillussubtilis（Ehrenberg）Cohn1872菌株(strain)同种不同来源大肠埃希氏菌的两个菌株EscherichiacoliK12(最常用的E.coli菌株；基因组已于1997年发表)E.coliO-157:H7（致病性E.coli，O与H代表其抗原特征；基因组已于2001年发表）,FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,1.Smallvolume,largesurfacearea2.Fastabsorptionandconversion3.Rapidduplicationandgrowth4.Strongadaptability5.Widespreaddistributionanddiversifiedspecies,FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,1.Smallvolume,largesurfacearea.,Figureontheleft:Thesizeofavirusincomparisontoabacterialandanimalcell.,FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,2.FastabsorptionandconversionForexample:5g/lofbacteria(celldryweight)Azotobactervinelandiicanconsumed10g/lofglucosetodoubleitsweightto10g/lwithinlessthan5h.,Howaboutyou?,FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,3.RapidduplicationandgrowthAnEcherischecoli(大肠杆菌）cellcandoubleitselfwithin15minutes,italsomeansitsweightincreasesonefoldwithin15minutes.,Howfastcanyougrow?,?,FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,4.Strongadaptability(Adapttoextremeenvironment,suchashighsaltconcentration,hightemperature,antibioticresistant),FiveCommonCharacteristicsofMicroorganisms,5.Widespreaddistributionanddiversifiedspecies,Populations,communitiesandecosystems,Anecosystemconsistsofmanycommunities.Acommunityconsistsofmanypopulations.Apopulationiscomposedofcellsgenerallyderivedfromasingleparentcell.,ImportantPersonsinMicrobiologyHistory,1684AntonievanLeeuwenhoek(discoveryofbacteria)1857-1864LouisPasteur(lacticacidfermentation,yeastalcoholfermentation,spontaneousgenerationtheory)1881-1884RobertKoch(pureculture,causeoftuberculosis,Kochspostulates,causeof(霍乱)cholera）1889MartinusBeijerinck(conceptofavirus)1929AlexanderFleming(discoveryofpenicilin)1953JamesWatson,FrancisCrick(DNAstructure)1983LucMontagnier(discoveryofHIV),Microorganismsascells,Allcellscontain:蛋白质proteins,核酸nucleicac